Battle of Calabria
Template:Short description Template:Use British English Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox military conflict".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
The Battle of Calabria (Script error: No such module "Lang".) on 9 July 1940, was a naval battle during the Battle of the Mediterranean in the Second World War between ships of the Script error: No such module "Lang". and those of the Mediterranean Fleet. The battle took place Template:Cvt to the east of Punta Stilo, Calabria.
Both fleets went to sea to protect convoys that reached their destinations and both had signals intelligence giving them notice of their opponent's intentions and both had air support, the Italians from land-based aircraft and the British from the aircraft carrier Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"..
The battle involved many ships on both sides but it was indecisive and the ships returned to base; it was the first battleship engagement between the Italians and the British.
Background
Convoy TCM
When Italy entered the Second World War, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, commander of the Italian forces in Libya demanded reinforcements and supplies. Graziani also wanted to wait for spring before invading Egypt, much to the disgust of Benito Mussolini, the Italian dictator, who wanted a victory to match that of Germany over France. Graziani claimed another 13,000 troops and Template:Cvt of supplies but since the declaration of war on 10 June, the Script error: No such module "Lang". had delivered little of this in solo ship voyages and submarine deliveries. Plans were made to run a convoy from Naples with 2,190 troops, 72 Fiat M11/39 tanks, 232 other vehicles, Template:Cvt of supplies and Template:Cvt of fuel to sail on 6 July.Template:Sfnm
A close escort was provided by the 5th, 6th and 14th Torpedo Boat Squadrons with Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".. The four ships from Naples would rendezvous with the freighter Francesco Barbero from Catania, escorted by Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".. The 2nd Light Cruiser Division with the 6-inch cruisers Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and the 10th Destroyer Squadron comprising Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". would also join the escorts.Template:Sfn
A reconnaissance sortie by the Script error: No such module "Lang". mistakenly reported on 7 July that British cruisers had arrived in Malta, having seen the destroyers Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and this prompted Script error: No such module "Lang". to prepare a much larger escort effort in case of action with the Mediterranean Fleet.Template:Sfn A second group sailed Template:Cvt to the east consisting of six heavy cruisers and another four destroyers. The main battle group consisted of the battleships (Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".), eight light cruisers and another 16 destroyers.Template:Sfn
Operation MA 5
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
The British were involved in a similar convoy action. The fleet sailed from Alexandria bound for Malta where the destroyers would deliver supplies and a limited number of specialist reinforcements. Two convoys from Malta to Alexandria were waiting to being back fleet stores and civilians from Malta to Alexandria. The fast Convoy MF 1 with three ships at Template:Cvt and the slow Convoy MS 1 with five ships at Template:Cvt were waiting to depart Malta. The destroyers Diamond and Jervis had been sent to Malta to join Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". to escort the convoys. Distant cover was provided by the Mediterranean Fleet (Admiral Andrew Cunningham) in three groups of ships, Force A, with five cruisers and a destroyer; Force B, with the battleship Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and five destroyers and Force C, the main battle group, with the battleships Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., the aircraft carrier Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and eleven destroyers. Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., had to return to Alexandria with a burst steam pipe on the early hours of 8 July.Template:Sfn
Prelude
8 July
At 14:40 on 8 July two Italian Cant Z.506 seaplanes from Tobruk spotted the British fleet and shadowed it for nearly four hours. Campioni ordered his fleet to defend the convoy by turning eastwards and preparing for action. Comando Supremo (supreme command of the armed forces) was reluctant to risk its warships in a night action and they ordered the fleet to avoid contact.Template:Sfn The Italians suffered technical problems on three destroyers and two light cruisers that, with several additional destroyers, were detached to refuel in Sicily. To make up for the detachments another destroyer group was summoned from Taranto. The Italian fleet had 16 destroyers available.Template:Sfn
From 10:00 to 18:40, 72 land-based bombers of the Script error: No such module "Lang". (the Italian Royal Air Force) attacked the British. Unlike the dive-bombers favoured by the Germans, Italian bombers operated in formations from about Template:Cvt. Scores of bombs were dropped by the Italians and hit Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". on its compass platform. The captain, six officers and eleven ratings were killed, three officers and six ratings were wounded. The forward fire control and the steering equipment was destroyed and command was moved to the emergency station.Template:Sfn
8/9 July
At 15:10 on 8 July, Cunningham's fleet steamed toward Taranto, to cut the Italians' return route. At dusk, Cunningham changed course from 310° to 260° and slowed the fleet speed. During the first hours of 9 July, they took a 305° course, to avoid the Italian air reconnaissance while keeping their fleet between the Italian squadron and the Gulf of Taranto.Template:Sfn By 12:30, the Italian Supreme Command was unaware of the situation of the British fleet. Campioni told his fleet to scramble by 14:00 about Script error: No such module "convert". south east of Cape Spartivento in search of the British. Campioni eventually received reports of the British position at 13:30, and six Ro.43 floatplanes launched shortly after by the Italian cruisers spotted the British warships 30 miles closer than supposed. By late evening of 8 July, the Italian convoy had arrived in Benghazi unscathed.Template:Sfn
Battle
9 July
Afternoon
At noon on 9 July the two fleets were Template:Cvt apart. Cunningham could not close the distance to engage with the further back formation of Malaya and the significantly slower Royal Sovereign (Template:Cvt vs Template:Cvt) and advanced with Warspite. At 13:15, Eagle launched several unsuccessful sorties by Swordfish torpedo-bombers against the Italian heavy cruisers, which they mistook for battleships. At 13:10, Script error: No such module "Lang". had instructed Campioni to engage one of the two forces facing him but they had planned to keep the action close to Italy and were deliberately moving north to draw the British closer to their airbases. By 14:00 Cunningham had cut off the Italian fleet from Taranto.Template:Sfn
The British cruiser group was spread out in front of Warspite and at 15:15 they caught sight of the Italian main battle force. The two groups opened fire at Template:Cvt. Italian range finding was better than the British and within three minutes they had found the distance even though they were firing at extreme range. Although British range finding was not as good and they had trouble with their rounds falling short, British gun laying was better and they were able to place their rounds in much tighter groups. Generally the gunnery of the two forces was fairly well matched. After only a few minutes the range was down to Template:Cvt and British gunnery improved. By 15:22, the Italian fire came dangerously close to the British cruisers and Vice Admiral John Tovey decided to disengage.Template:Sfn At this point splinters from a Template:Cvt shell fired by the cruiser Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". hit Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., damaging her catapult and the Fairey Seafox reconnaissance aircraft beyond repair. The cruisers continued to open the range and by 15:30 fire ceased.Template:Sfn
One group of Italian light cruisers, mistaken for the heavy cruisers of the Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., was on the British side of the battle line and was soon within range of Warspite. Once again the British fire fell short and neither target, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., were hit in the initial salvos. By this time Warspite was also out of position and circled to allow Malaya to catch up. Royal Sovereign was still well to the rear.Template:Sfn The Italian commander decided to take on Warspite, and started moving his two battleships into position. At 15:52 Giulio Cesare opened fire at a range of Template:Cvt. Conte di Cavour held her fire, as Italian doctrine was for battleships to fight one-on-one. It had been discovered during the Battle of Jutland that more than one ship firing at a single target made it very difficult to identify the fall of shot. Conte di Cavour had been assigned to Malaya and Royal Sovereign, which did not enter the engagement.Template:Sfn
Warspite, not aware of the Italian firing patterns, split her guns between the two ships. During the exchange one of Giulio CesareTemplate:'s rounds fell long and caused splinter damage to WarspiteTemplate:'s escorting destroyers Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., which had formed up on the far side of the action.Template:Sfn At 15:54 Malaya opened fire, well out of range, hoping to cause some confusion on the Italian ships. The Italian heavy cruisers came into action and started firing on Warspite at 15:55 but had to break off as the British cruisers returned.Template:Sfn
At 15:59 two shells from Giulio Cesare fell very close to Warspite, then one of WarspiteTemplate:'s Template:Cvt rounds hit the rear deck of Giulio Cesare, exploding in the funnel, and setting off the stored ammunition for one of her Script error: No such module "convert". anti-aircraft guns. Two seamen were killed and several wounded.Template:Sfn The fumes from the burning ammunition were sucked down into the engine room, which had to evacuate and shut down half of the boilers. Giulio CesareTemplate:'s speed quickly fell off to Template:Cvt and Conte di Cavour took over. Giulio Cesare and Warspite were well over Script error: No such module "convert". apart and the hit was one of the longest-range naval gunfire successes in history.Template:Efn
It would appear that Warspite was in an excellent position to deal some serious blows to the slowing Giulio Cesare but she once again executed a tight turn to allow Malaya to catch up. With her guns suddenly silenced during the turn, rangefinders on Malaya discovered what the Italians had been intending to avoid, that her rounds were falling Template:Cvt short of Giulio Cesare.Template:Sfn At 16:01 the Italian destroyers generated smoke and the battleships got under cover.Template:Sfn
Evening
At 15:58 Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". re-opened fire on her counterpart in the British line, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and soon two groups of Italian cruisers (Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., closely followed by Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) came into range with the main British cruiser group. Firing continued as both groups attempted to form up and at 16:07 Bolzano was hit three times by 6-inch shells from Neptune, temporarily locking her rudder and causing two fatalities in the torpedo room. A near miss on the destroyer Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". caused minor damage.Template:Sfn Two of the four damaged boilers in Giulio Cesare were repaired, allowing the battleship to reach Template:Cvt.Template:Sfn Admiral Campioni, considering the possibility of his remaining battleship, Conte di Cavour, having to face three enemy battleships and an aircraft carrier, decided to withdraw the battleships towards Messina.Template:Sfn
Over the next hour both fleets made long-range torpedo runs with their destroyers, without success. At 16:40, Italian aircraft made an attack with 126 aircraft, reporting damage on Eagle, Warspite and Malaya; because of a misunderstanding, fifty of the Italian aircraft attacked the Italian ships for six hours, without damage. The battle ended at 16:50 with both sides withdrawing.Template:Sfn The destroyer Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., sent to Augusta in Sicily, was hit by a torpedo launched from a Swordfish at 09:40 the next day and sank in shallow water. She was refloated and returned to service in December 1941.Template:Sfnm
Aftermath
Analysis
After the battle both fleets turned for home. This allowed the Italians to claim a victory of sorts, as their cargo ships were already past the action by this time and sailed safely for Libya.Template:Sfn The British ships also reached Alexandria along with their escort. Although the battle was indecisive, British sources claimed that the Royal Navy asserted an important "moral ascendancy" over their Italian counterpart.Template:Sfn
Other sources dispute those claims, pointing out that, in the aftermath of the battle, the moods of the two commanders were quite different. Campioni wrote that, even having been able to employ only two old refurbished battleships, the battle gave to every man in the fleet, from the senior officers to the seamen, the impression of being able to cope with the British on equal terms. Cunningham was dismayed by the performance of his two older units, whose lack of speed permitted the Italians to dictate the course of the action and whose guns were out-ranged by those of the two Italian battleships and those of the heavy cruisers. Cunningham dismissed the Royal Sovereign as a "constant source of anxiety", and asked the Admiralty for two or three more Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".s, possibly equipped with radar, a new carrier with an armoured deck, the heavy cruisers Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and enough smaller ships to cover the major units.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The Italian Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". battleships Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". at Taranto, both almost ready for action were only a few hours from the scene. The ships were still undergoing trials, and Littorio had suffered an electrical fault on one of her main turrets. The battleships would have tipped the balance of firepower well onto the Italian side.Template:Sfn Even without these ships the fleets were fairly even. Despite Italian superiority in aircraft, due to the nearby land-based aircraft of the Script error: No such module "Lang"., the attacks proved ineffective, achieving little apart from the damage to Gloucester. Despite this, the battle reports of the airmen were exaggerated to the point of claiming damage to half of the British fleet.Template:Sfn British gunnery proved superior, while the Italian salvos were too widely dispersed due to technical reasons.Template:Sfn
Mediterranean Fleet
| Name | Flag | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Force A, Vice-Admiral John Tovey | |||
| 7th Cruiser Squadron | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag, escorted Convoy MF 1 from 12 July |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Damaged, escorted Convoy MF 1 from 12 July |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 12 July, joined Warspite |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Damaged |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 12 July, joined Warspite |
| Force B, Vice-Admiral Andrew Cunningham, C-in-C Mediterranean Fleet | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | D-class destroyer | Damaged |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | H-class destroyer | Joined Convoy MF 1, 11 July |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | H-class destroyer | Damaged |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | H-class destroyer | Joined Convoy MF 1, 11 July |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Joined Convoy MF 1, 11 July |
| Force C, Vice-Admiral Sir Henry Pridham-Wippell | |||
| 1st Battle Squadron | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 11 July, escorted Convoy MS 1 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 11 July, escorted Convoy MS 1 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Aircraft carrier | 11 July, escorted Convoy MS 1 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | D-class destroyer | 11 July, escorted Convoy MS 1 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | D-class destroyer | 11 July, escorted Convoy MS 1 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | H-class destroyer | 11 July, escorted Convoy MS 1 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | H-class destroyer | 11 July, escorted Convoy MS 1 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | H-class destroyer | 11 July, escorted Convoy MS 1 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 11 July, escorted Convoy MS 1 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | J-class|destroyer | 11 July, escorted Convoy MS 1 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | J-class|destroyer | 11 July, escorted Convoy MS 1 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | V-class destroyer | 11 July, escorted Convoy MS 1 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | V-class destroyer | 11 July, escorted Convoy MS 1 |
Fleet Air Arm
| Squadron | Flag | Type | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 813 Naval Air Squadron | Template:Naval | Swordfish | Torpedo-Spotter-Reconnaissance | Spotted for the fleet |
| 813 Naval Air Squadron | Template:Naval | Sea Gladiator | Fighter | 3 aircraft, flown by volunteers |
| 824 Naval Air Squadron | Template:Naval | Swordfish | Torpedo-Spotter-Reconnaissance | Made two torpedo attacks on Italian Fleet |
Convoy MF 1
| Name | Year | Flag | GRT | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1916 | File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom | 7,769 | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1929 | File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt | 1,553 | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1928 | File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom | 3,220 | Ex-Italian ship |
Convoy MS 1
| Name | Year | Flag | GRT | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1934 | File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom | 1,934 | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1919 | File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom | 6,578 | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1920 | File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway | 3,204 | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1926 | File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom | 2,697 | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1928 | File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom | 8,281 |
Convoy escorts, Malta to Alexandria
| Name | Flag | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | D-class destroyer | 9–14 July |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | J-class destroyer | 9–14 July |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | V-class destroyer | 9–14 July |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | H-class destroyer | Joined convoy, 11 July |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | H-class destroyer | Joined convoy, 11 July |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Template:Naval | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Joined convoy, 11 July |
Script error: No such module "Lang". order of battle
Battlefleets
| Name | Flag | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Fleet, Admiral Inigo Campioni | |||
| 5th Battleship Division, Vice-Admiral Bruto Brivonesi | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Cavour-class battleship | Flag |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Cavour-class battleship | Damaged |
| 4th (Light) Cruiser Division, Vice-Admiral Alberto Marenco di Moriondo | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 8th (Light) Cruiser Division, Vice-Admiral Antonio Legnani | |||
| Abruzzi | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 7th Destroyer Squadron, Script error: No such module "Lang". [Commander] Amleto Baldo | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 8th Destroyer Squadron, Script error: No such module "Lang". Luigi Liannazza | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 15th Destroyer Squadron, Script error: No such module "Lang". [Captain] Template:Ill | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 16th Destroyer Squadron, Script error: No such module "Lang". Ugo Salvadori | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 14th Destroyer Squadron, Script error: No such module "Lang". Giovanni Galati | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 2nd Fleet, Admiral Riccardo Paladini | |||
| 1st (Heavy) Cruiser Division, Vice-Admiral Pellegrino Matteucci | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 3rd (Heavy) Cruiser Division, Vice-Admiral Carlo Cattaneo | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag, Inigo Campioni |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Heavy cruiser | Damaged |
| 7th (Light) Cruiser Division, Vice-Admiral Luigi Sansonetti | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag |
| Duca d'Aosta | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 9th Destroyer Squadron Script error: No such module "Lang". [Captain] Lorenzo Daretti | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag, damaged |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 11th Destroyer Squadron, Script error: No such module "Lang". Carlo Margottini | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 12th Destroyer Squadron, Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Ill | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
Convoy TCM
| Name | Year | Flag | GRT | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1920 | File:Flag of Italy (1861–1946).svg Merchant Navy | 11,398 | 6–8 July, Naples to Benghazi |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1933 | File:Flag of Italy (1861–1946).svg Merchant Navy | 4,023 | 6–8 July, Naples to Benghazi |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1940 | File:Flag of Italy (1861–1946).svg Merchant Navy | 6,342 | 6–8 July, Naples to Benghazi |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1939 | File:Flag of Italy (1861–1946).svg Merchant Navy | 6,339 | 6–8 July, Naples to Benghazi |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1940 | File:Flag of Italy (1861–1946).svg Merchant Navy | 6,430 | 7–8 July, Catania to Benghazi |
.svg){kind=link}
Convoy escorts
| Name | Flag | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd Light Cruiser Division | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Flag, Script error: No such module "Lang". Ferdinando Casardi |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 10th Destroyer Squadron, Script error: No such module "Lang". Franco Garofalo | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 5th Torpedo Boat Squadron | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 6th Torpedo Boat Squadron | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| 14th Torpedo Boat Squadron | |||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | |
Script error: No such module "Lang". ships
| Base | Battleships | 8-inch cruisers | 6-inch cruisers | Destroyers | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naples | — | — | — | 4 | 4 |
| Catania | — | — | — | 2 | 2 |
| Augusta | — | 4 | 2 | 12 | 18 |
| Messina | — | 2 | — | 4 | 6 |
| Palermo | — | — | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| Taranto | 2 | — | 6 | 16 | 24 |
| Total | 2 | 6 | 12 | 42 | 62 |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
| Name | Abbr. | English |
|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | — | Usually two Script error: No such module "Lang". of the same aircraft type |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | — | Two Script error: No such module "Lang". of multi-engined machines, three Script error: No such module "Lang". of single-engined aircraft |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | — | Area command reporting to Script error: No such module "Lang". in Rome |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Aut. | Independent Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". under Script error: No such module "Lang". command |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | C.T. | Land fighters |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | C.M. | Maritime fighters |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | B.T. | Land bombers |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | B.M. | Floatplanes |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | B.a.T. | Dive bombers |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | R.M. | Reconnaissance floatplanes |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | R.S.T. | Str R, Land Strategic Reconnaissance |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | O.A. | Tac R, Land Tactical Reconnaissance |
| Aerosiluranti | A.S./Script error: No such module "Lang". | Torpedo bomber |
Sicily
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Type | No. | Role | Base | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1° Div Aerea C.T. "Aquila" (Palermo) | |||||||
| 1° Stormo C.T. | |||||||
| 17° | 71a, 72a, 80a | Fiat CR.32 | 26 | Fighter | Palermo | ||
| 157° | 384a, 385a, 386a | Fiat CR.32 | 17 | Fighter | Trapani | ||
| 6° | 79a, 81a, 88a | Macchi C.200 | 26 | Fighter | Catania | ||
| 3a Div Aerea B.T. "Centauro" (Catania) | |||||||
| 11° Stormo B.T. | |||||||
| 33°, 34° | 59a, 60a, 67a, 68a | SM.79 | 33 | Bomber | Catania | ||
| 34° Stormo B.T. | |||||||
| 52°, 53° | 214a, 215a, 216a, 217a | SM.79 | 27 | Bomber | Catania | ||
| 41° Stormo B.T. | |||||||
| 59°, 60° | 232a, 233a, 234a, 235a | SM.79 | 18 (33) | Bomber | GelaTemplate:Efn | ||
| 11a Div Aerea B.T. "Nibbio" (Castelvetrano) | |||||||
| 30° Stormo B.T. | |||||||
| 87°, 90° | 192a, 193a, 194a, 195a | SM.79 | 27 | Bomber | Castelvetrano | ||
| 36° Stormo B.T. | |||||||
| 108°, 109° | 256a, 257a, 258a, 259a | SM.79 | 32 | Bomber | Castelvetrano | ||
| 96° Gruppo B.a.T. (Pantellaria) | |||||||
| 96° | 236a, 237a | SM.85 | 4 | Dive-Bomber | Pantelleria | ||
| 83° Gruppo R.S.T. | |||||||
| 83° | 184a, 186a, 189a | Z.501 | 21 | Str R | Augusta | ||
| 83° | 143a | Z.501 | 6 | Str R | Melenas | ||
| 83° | 144a | Z.501 | 6 | Str R | Marsala | ||
| 83° | 170a | Z.506B | 7 | Str R | Augusta | ||
| 83° | Sezione | Z.506B | 3 | Str R | Marsala-Stagnone | Script error: No such module "Lang". (float plane) | |
| 76° Gruppo Auton.O.A. | |||||||
| 76° | 30a | Ro.37 | 6 | Tac R | Palermo-Boccadifalco | ||
Sardinia
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Type | No. | Role | Base | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3° Gruppo Auton C.T. (Monserrato) | |||||||
| 3° | 153a, 154a, 155a | CR.42 | 27 | Fighter | Monserrato | ||
| 8° Stormo B.T. (Villacidro) | |||||||
| 27°, 28° | 18a, 52a, 10a, 19a | SM.79 | 32 | Bomber | Villacidro | ||
| 31° Stormo B.M. (Villacidro) | |||||||
| 93°, 94° | 196a, 197a,198a | Z.506B | 24 | Bomber | Cagliari-Elmas | Floatplanes | |
| 32° Stormo B.T. (Decimomannu) | |||||||
| 38°, 89° | 49a, 50a, 228a, 229a | SM.79 | 30 | Bomber | Decimommanu | ||
| 19° Gruppo Auton Script error: No such module "Lang". (Alghero) | |||||||
| 19° | 100a, 101a, 102a | Ba.88 | 13 | Attack | Alghero | ||
| 85° Gruppo Auton R.S.T. (Cagliari-Elmas) | |||||||
| 85° | 146a, 183a, 188a | Z.501 | 18 | Str R | Alghero | ||
| 85° | 148a | Z.501 | 6 | Str R | Vigna de Valle | ||
| 85° | 199a | Z.506B | 7 | Str R | Santa Giusta | ||
| 85° | 124a | Ro.37 | 4 | Tac R | Cagliari-Elmas | ||
| 85° | 5a Sezione | Z.501 | 4 | Str R | Olbia | Coastal reconnaissance | |
| 85° | 613a Sezione | S.66 | 5 | Rescue | Cagliari-Elmas | Script error: No such module "Lang". (flying boat) | |
Notes
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Bibliography
<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". First published as Action Imminent: Three Studies of the Naval War in the Mediterranean Theatre during 1940 (1980) William Kimber, London. Template:ISBN
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Search engine used for ships not in Jordan 2006
Further reading
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
External links
- Pages with script errors
- Pages with broken file links
- Conflicts in 1940
- 1940 in Italy
- Calabria
- Malta Convoys
- Battle of the Mediterranean
- Naval battles of World War II involving Australia
- Naval battles of World War II involving Italy
- Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
- Mediterranean convoys of World War II
- July 1940 in Europe
- Stilo