Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern, BWV 1

('How beautifully the morning star shines'),Template:Sfn BWV 1, is a church cantata for Annunciation by Johann Sebastian Bach. In 1725, when the cantata was composed, the feast of the Annunciation (25 March) coincided with Palm Sunday. Based on Philipp Nicolai's hymn "Template:Langr" (1599), it is one of Bach's chorale cantatas. Bach composed it in his second year as Thomaskantor (cantor at St. Thomas) in Leipzig, where the Marian feast was the only occasion during Lent when music of this kind was permitted. The theme of the hymn suits both the Annunciation and Palm Sunday occasions, in a spirit of longing expectation of an arrival. As usual for Bach's chorale cantata cycle, the hymn was paraphrased by a contemporary poet who retained the hymn's first and last stanzas unchanged, but transformed the themes of the inner stanzas into a sequence of alternating recitatives and arias.

is the last chorale cantata of Bach's second cantata cycle, possibly because the librettist who provided the paraphrases for the middle movements of these cantatas was no longer available. Bach scored the work for three vocal soloists, a four-part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two horns, two oboes da caccia, two solo violins, strings and continuo. The chorale melody of Nicolai's hymn appears in the opening and closing choral movements of the cantata. All instruments play in the opening festive chorale fantasia, in which the soprano sings the hymn tune, and the two solo concertante violins represent the morning star. An oboe da caccia accompanies the vocal soloist in the first aria. The strings, including the solo violins, return in the second aria. An independent horn part crowns the closing chorale.

The original performance parts of the cantata, partly written by the composer, are conserved in Leipzig. Commentators writing about the cantata, such as Carl von Winterfeld in the 19th century and W. Gillies Whittaker in the 20th century, were particularly impressed by its opening chorus. The Bach-Gesellschaft published the cantata in 1851 as first work in the first volume of their complete edition of Bach's works. From then on known as Bach's Cantata No. 1, it retained that number in the , published in 1950, and its recording appeared, in 1971, as first work of the first album of Teldec's complete Bach cantata recordings by Harnoncourt and Leonhardt. Template:TOC limit

Background

In 1723, Bach was appointed as Thomaskantor and director musices in Leipzig, which made him responsible for the music at four churches. He provided church music for the two main churches, St. Thomas and St. Nicholas, and occasionally also for two others, the New Church and St. Peter.Template:Sfn Bach took office in the middle of the liturgical year, on the first Sunday after Trinity.Template:Sfn

In Leipzig, cantata music was expected on Sundays and on feast days, except during the tempus clausum ("silent periods") of Advent and Lent.Template:Sfn Lutheran Leipzig observed several Marian feasts, including Annunciation on 25 March, nine months before Christmas.Template:Sfn In 1725, the feast fell on Palm Sunday.Template:Sfn Annunciation was the only occasion for festive music during Lent. The prescribed readings were, as the epistle, Isaiah's prophecy of the birth of the Messiah (Isaiah 7:10–16), and from the Gospel of Luke, the angel Gabriel announcing the birth of Jesus (Luke 1:26–38).Template:Sfn

Cantata cycles

In his first twelve months in office, Bach decided to compose new works for almost all liturgical occasions. These works became known as his first cantata cycle.Template:Sfn In his second year in office, Bach composed a cycle of chorale cantatas, with each cantata based on one Lutheran hymn, for the liturgical occasions.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The choice of hymn for each of the cantatas was probably made according to the wishes of a local minister, who based the choices upon the prescribed readings and his plans for sermons.Template:Sfn Compared to the first cycle, the music has less emphasis on biblical texts, but more on the use of chorale text and melody.Template:Sfn

Bach's earliest extant chorale cantata, , written more than a decade before arriving in Leipzig, followed the principle, that is, it adopted the text of all stanzas of the hymn without modification, the hymn's melody being used throughout. Most of the chorale cantatas Bach wrote in his second year in Leipzig, including , were formatted differently. In this structure, the outer stanzas of the hymn, and its melody, were retained in the outer movements of the cantata: typically the first stanza was set as an opening chorale fantasia, and the last as a closing four-part chorale. The inner stanzas of the hymn were rephrased into recitatives and arias for the cantata's inner movements, their setting mostly not based on the hymn tune.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Hymn

Early print of sheet music, with the header and the initial of the first stanza in elaborate letters

First publication of the hymn in Nicolai's 1599

Bach's cantata is based on Philipp Nicolai's hymn with the same name. Nicolai wrote the hymn when he was pastor in Unna and faced an outbreak of the plague, intending it to project a view of a heavenly world as counterpoint to pain and suffering in the real world.Template:Sfn Nicolai published the hymn in 1599 as part of a collection titled ('Mirror of the joys of eternal life') in 1599.Template:Sfn The hymn tune with which Nicolai published his text, Zahn No. 8359,Template:Sfn is reminiscent of a 1538 melody published in the Strasbourg Psalter in 1539 with the song , possibly by Jakob Dachser, Zahn No. 1705.Template:Sfn

The image of the morning star is taken from Revelation 22:16 ("I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star."). In its title, Nicolai indicated the hymn as ('Bridal song') of the soul addressing Jesus as its heavenly bridegroom,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn which refers to Psalm 45, described as a bridal song in the Luther Bible, and to the Song of Songs.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Nicolai did not write a paraphrase of the biblical texts, but used elements from them for the seven stanzas of his hymn.Template:Sfn He also alludes to the nativity.Template:Sfn

The hymn was associated with EpiphanyTemplate:Sfn but also with the Annunciation.Template:Sfn Expressing the longing for the arrival of the Saviour, it can be connected to the reading about Jesus' birth being announced to Mary. The theme of arrival was also fitting for Palm Sunday, when the arrival of Jesus in Jerusalem is celebrated.Template:Sfn

Libretto

Performance part (basso continuo) of première

Original continuo performance part, with bass figures written by the composerTemplate:Sfn

A librettist retained the first and last stanzas of the hymn and paraphrased the other stanzas, using the second stanza for the first recitative, the third stanza for the first aria, the fourth stanza and part of the fifth for the second recitative, and the sixth stanza for the second aria. Bach scholar Alfred Dürr wrote: "The librettist must be credited with the empathy he shows for that fervour which characterises Nicolai's poem and which has made his hymns into an enduring possession of the Protestant Church."Template:Sfn

While the identity of the librettist, a "poetically and theologically competent specialist", is not certain, scholars have suggested Andreas Stübel, a Leipzig intellectual who held controversial theological views.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

First performance

For the first performance of the cantata, on 25 March 1725, Bach helped copy out his composition score for the musicians participating in the premiere.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Johann Andreas Kuhnau, a main copyist of Bach at the time, produced most of this performance material, that is, all performance parts, except the figured bass part (partly written by the composer) and one of the oboe da caccia parts (written by the composer's son Wilhelm Friedemann).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

was to be the last newly-composed chorale cantata of Bach's second cantata cycle.Template:Sfn If Stübel was the librettist, his death in January 1725 would explain the end of the chorale cantatas in the second cycle, because Bach lost a competent collaborator and source of inspiration.Template:Sfn Bach returned to other texts for the remaining liturgical times of Easter, Pentecost and Trinity. The completion of the cycle of chorale cantatas was so important to him that he included the early chorale cantata for Easter, , in 1725, and over the following decade added a few chorale cantatas for some missing occasions.Template:Sfn

Music

The title page of the extant 18th-century set of performance parts of BWV 1, written around 1750 by an unknown scribe, mentions the occasion (Annunciation), the cantata's title (incipit) and scoring, and its composer.Template:Sfn

Scoring and structure

Bach structured the cantata in six movements. Both text and tune of the hymn are retained in the outer choral movements, a chorale fantasia and a four-part closing chorale, which frame a sequence of alternating recitatives and arias. Bach scored the work for three vocal soloists (soprano (S), tenor (T) and bass (B)), a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two horns (Co), two oboes da caccia (Oc), two solo violins (Vs), strings consisting of two violin parts (Vl) and one viola part (Va), and basso continuo.Template:Sfn A festive scoring like this, including brass, was usually employed on holidays. The duration of the cantata is given as 25 minutes.Template:Sfn

In the following table of the movements, the scoring, keys and time signatures are taken from Dürr.Template:Sfn The continuo, which plays throughout, is not shown.

|}

Movements

Bach provided a rich orchestration. The sparkle of the morning star is illustrated by two solo violins, first in the first chorus, and reappearing with the other strings in the second aria.Template:Sfn The sound of the oboe da caccia, first heard in the opening chorus, returns in the first aria. In the closing chorale, the four-part harmony setting of the hymn tune, performed by choir and colla parte instruments, is complemented by a counter-melody played by the second horn.Template:Sfn The scoring is reminiscent of , written for Epiphany 1724.Template:Sfn Bach would later use the pair of horns in Part IV of his Christmas Oratorio, dealing with the naming of Jesus as announced to Mary.Template:Sfn

1

<score sound="1"> << << \new Staff { \clef treble \time 12/8 \key f \major

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "french horn" \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t 
   \relative c { 
   R1. | r8 r a8 c a c f( c) c c( a) a |
   a4 r8 r4. r2. |
   r8
   }

} \new Staff { \clef treble \time 12/8 \key f \major

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "viola"
   \relative c' { 
   r8 r f c'4 d8 bes4\trill a8 bes( g) a |
   a16[ f' e f c f] a[ f e f c f] a,[ f' e f c f] a[ f e f c f] |
   a,4 c8 g'4 a8 f4\trill e8 f( d) e |
   e8
   }

} \new Staff { \clef bass \time 12/8 \key f \major

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "bassoon"
   \relative c { 
   f,4. f'2. e4. | f4 f,8 f'4 f,8 f'4 f,8 f'4 f,8 | 
   f'4. e d g | c,8
   }

} >> >> \layout { indent = #0 } \midi { \tempo 4. = 60 } </score> The first movement, "" ('How beautifully the morning star shines'),Template:Sfn is a stately, richly coloured chorale fantasia for the chorus.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The of the chorale melody is sung in long notes of dotted minims by the sopranos.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn A substantial orchestral 12-bar ritornello or sinfonia begins the movement, with the solo instruments in the foreground; its wide harmonic range contrasts with the chorale, which remains mostly in the tonic key of F major.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Bach achieves "unusual animation" by setting the hymn not in common time but Template:Music.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The scintillating semiquaver passagework of two solo concertante violins illustrate the sparkle of the morning star.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn A baroque pastoral imagery is established by the addition of two other pairs of solo instruments which play pronouncedly below the range of the higher solo violin bariolage, resulting in a transparent multilayered musical texture:Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn the two pairs of horns and oboes da caccia, all associated with the hunt and nature, evoking a bucolic landscape.Template:Sfn

The text of the hymn is reflected in the music iconography: the horn calls signify the majesty of the king, while the virtuosic concertante violin passagework signifies the morning star and joy in the universe.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Musical analysis of the chorale fantasia makes specific references to the 10 lines of the hymn text; an English metrical translation is given here as an ad hoc composite, combining two early 18th-century sources, the Lyra Davidica and the Psalmodia Germanica, as well as a late 19th-century translation by M. Woolsey Stryker.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Manuscript performance part (soprano) of the first performance

The cantus firmus in the soprano part, as used for the first performance of the cantataTemplate:Pb(copyist J. A. Kuhnau)Template:Sfn

The 12-bar sinfonia is based on themes that are derived directly from the cantus firmus (notated here in the soprano clef); in particular the leap of a fifth in the opening theme and the recurring triads.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Thus, as conductor John Eliot Gardiner notes, the movement begins intimately with a phrase of the second solo violin, with an orchestral tutti as response. The phrase is reprised a fifth higher by the first solo violin, again answered by the full orchestra. An inversion of the last three quavers in the first theme provides a second theme, which is heard amongst the three different solo instrumental groups—horns, oboes da caccia and violins—and is echoed individually, before an orchestral tutti on a cadence, heralding the entrance of the soprano.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The sinfonia is similar in structure to a concerto grosso where different pairs of solo instruments compete against each other.Template:Sfn

After the sinfonia, the first line of the soprano cantus firmus is countered by the lower voices with a version of the first theme, doubled by instruments. Throughout the fantasia, whenever the cantus firmus is exposed, it is doubled by the horn. The other nine lines are punctuated by instrumental episodes of differing lengths. Some are quite short, where other pairs of instruments briefly play the first theme. For line 2, the tenor, followed by the alto, sing the cantus firmus in diminution, i.e. sung at twice the speed, with dotted crotchets instead of minims. Line 5 is similar, but this time the alto is followed by the tenor. In the episode between lines 2 and 3, the second themes are heard. Between lines 3 and 4 there is a recurrence of the sinfonia with different solo instruments allocated to the parts. Between lines 4 and 5, there is a two bar episode with the first theme; and between lines 5 and 6, the second theme is heard again. The vocal lines 4–6 are a repetition of lines 1–3, reflecting the over-arching bar form of the movement.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The extended instrumental passage between lines 6 and 7 features a duet between the two concertante violins, with the first theme countering the semiquaver bariolage.Template:Sfn In line 7 the word "" ('lovely') is sung to plain chords in the choir, punctuated by one bar of the first theme; in line 8 the same happens for the word "" ('kindly').Template:Sfn After a two-bar episode similar to the violin duet, the whole orchestra and chorus are heard in line 9, with rolling quavers, in contrary motion. A 4-bar episode for the concertante violins leads to fugal entries in the lower voices and the climactic tenth line: with animated accompaniment from the entire orchestra and lower voices, the sopranos sing a descending scale to the words "" ('high and most sublime in splendour'). The orchestral ritornello closes the movement.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Dürr and Richard Jones write that the chorale fantasia is "a movement of jubilant splendour, colourful profusion, and Advent joy".Template:Sfn W. Gillies Whittaker describes the long movement as "one of the most unforgettable pictures in musical art" with "kaleidoscopic changes of the fascinating material".Template:Sfn

2

The tenor expresses in secco recitative the belief "" ('You, very son of God and Mary').Template:Sfn The text is crafted paraphrasing the second stanza of the hymn, and also alludes to the annunciation from the Gospel reading.Template:Sfn

3

<score sound="1"> << << \new Staff { \clef treble \time 4/4 \partial 8 \key bes \major

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "oboe" \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t 
   \relative c' { 
   f8 | d[ bes16( a bes8) d] es bes16( a bes c d es) | 
   f8[ bes,16( a bes8) f'] g\trill( f) f bes | 
   g[ f16( es f8) bes] es,( d16 c d8) bes | 
   f'8[ g16( f g8) es] c4 }

} \new Staff { \clef bass \time 4/4 \key bes \major

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "cello"
   \relative c {
   r8 | bes4 r8 bes c4 r8 c |
   d4 r8 d es d16 c d8 bes |
   es4 r8 d c f bes, g' |
   d bes es c f4 }

} >> >> \layout { indent = #0 } \midi { \tempo 4 = 66 } </score> In the first aria, the soprano renders "" ('Fill utterly, you divine celestial flames'),Template:Sfn accompanied by an obbligato oboe da caccia, an instrument in alto range. The instruments illustrate the celestial flames in coloraturas.Template:Sfn Two oboe parts exist for the obbligato instrument, one in the normal clef for an oboe da caccia, the other in a "fingering notation". Ulrich Leisinger, editor of a publication by Carus, noted that it is unclear if the latter was meant to help a player not experienced in the instrument, or if actually two players alternated, which would make breathing easier.Template:Sfn

4

In another secco recitative, "" ('No earthly gloss, no fleshly light could ever stir my soul'), the bass contrasts earthly light with heavenly light.Template:Sfn The terms "" ('joyful radiance') and "" ('refreshment') are emphasised by a melisma.Template:Sfn Editor Leisinger summarised: "Nothing worldly pleases the soul, only that semblance of joy which is sent by God alone (for which the morning star can evidently serve as an image)".Template:Sfn

5

<score sound="1"> << << \new Staff { \clef treble \time 3/8 \key f \major

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "violin" \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t 
   \relative c { 
   a16( bes c) a bes d |
   c( f) bes,8.\trill( a32 bes) |
   a16\p( bes c) a bes d |
   c( f) bes,8.\trill( a32 bes) |
   a8 }

} \new Staff { \clef bass \time 3/8 \key f \major

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "cello"
   \relative c {
   f4 g8 | a g c, | f4\p g8 | a g c, | f, }

} >> >> \layout { indent = #0 } \midi { \tempo 8 = 100 } </score> The text of the fifth movement, "" ('Our mouths and the tones of strings'),Template:Sfn paraphrases the stanza ('Pluck the strings of the cittern').Template:Sfn The aria is sung by the tenor who, following the text, is accompanied by strings only, including the two solo violins from the first movement.Template:Sfn An expression of thanks and praise, it is intensified by a dance-like motion, described as "graceful minuet pulse" by Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann.Template:Sfn The soloist sings coloraturas on the repeated word ('singing').Template:Sfn

6

<score sound="1"> << << \new Staff { \clef treble \time 4/4 \partial 4 \key f \major \set Staff.midiInstrument = "french horn"

 \relative c' {
 f4^"Corno II" | g8 c, f f, a f a c | f16 bes a g f8 g a4\fermata }

} \new Staff { \clef treble \key f \major \set Staff.midiInstrument = "choir aahs"

 \relative c'
 << { f4 | c' a f c' | d d c\fermata } \\
 { c,4 | c c d f | bes bes a } >>

} \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Wie4 bin ich doch so herz -- lich froh, } \new Staff { \clef bass \key f \major \set Staff.midiInstrument = "choir aahs"

 \relative c'
 << { a4 | g a a a | f f' f } \\
 { f,4 | e f d a | bes8[ c] d e f4\fermata } >>

} >> >> \layout { indent = #0 } \midi { \tempo 4 = 70 } </score> The closing chorale, ""Template:Sfn ('How heartily glad I am indeed'),Template:Sfn is complemented by an independent part of the second horn,Template:Sfn while the other instruments play colla parte with the four-part chorale sung by the choir. Thus, the last chorale cantata in the second cantata cycle reaches an "air of baroque festive splendour".Template:Sfn

Reception

When the composer died in 1750, the autograph composition scores of the chorale cantata cycle presumably went with Friedemann, Bach's eldest son, to Halle, where they were later sold: most of these manuscripts, including that of , went lost without further trace. Bundles of original performance parts of the chorale cantatas, including , were briefly owned by the composer's widow, Anna Magdalena, who sold them to the St. Thomas School.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Apart from Bach's motets, these chorale cantatas were the only works of the composer which were performed with some continuity in Leipzig between the composer's death and the 19th-century Bach Revival.Template:Sfn Over a century later, the St. Thomas School deposited the original performance part manuscripts of the chorale cantata cycle in the Bach Archive in Leipzig, for conservation.Template:Sfn

Carl von Winterfeld's description of the cantata, published in 1847, focuses mostly on the composition's opening movement.Template:Sfn Writing in the second half of the 19th century, Philipp Spitta listed 35 Bach chorale cantatas in alphabetical order in the second volume of his biography Johann Sebastian Bach, but assumed that all these works were composed late in Bach's career.Template:Sfn He wrote: "In these thirty-five cantatas a series of the most beautiful and the best known Protestant chorales of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is subjected to elaborate treatment."Template:Sfn He noted that in , the chorale, which was not originally written for the occasion of the Annunciation, had to be connected by expanded poetry to the topic of the feast.Template:Sfn Building on Spitta's educated guesswork about the time of origin of Bach's church cantatas—which was later proven to be largely mistakenTemplate:Sfn—Reginald Lane Poole listed the cantata as the last one composed by Bach, thus ranging it as a very mature work.Template:Sfn

In the 1906 , the third yearbook of the Neue Bachgesellschaft, Woldemar Voigt wrote about the cantata:

The same volume presents an overview of performances of Bach's works between late 1904 and early 1907: two are listed for , one in Leipzig, and one at the Bethlehem Bach Festival in Pennsylvania.Template:Sfn Albert Schweitzer, in his book J. S. Bach, published in 1908 and translated in 1911, still dated the chorale cantatas to 1734 and later. Schweitzer wrote in a short passage about the first movement of that Bach's "music converts the text into an expression of mystical exuberance. In the orchestral accompaniment the themes of the separate hues of the chorale are largely employed as motives."Template:Sfn

In 1950, the cantata was listed as BWVTemplate:Nbsp1 in the .Template:Sfn Dürr's comprehensive study of the chronology of Bach's cantatas was first published in the late 1950s: in it, the cantata's time of origin was fixed to Bach's second year in Leipzig.Template:Sfn In preparation of the 2018 Bachfest Leipzig, three Bach experts were asked to name their favourites among Bach's cantatas: Gardiner, Michael Maul (then the festival's new director), and Peter Wollny, the director of the Bach Archive. 15 cantatas appeared in the lists of all three, including .Template:Sfn

Publication

Page of a 19th-century sheet music of the score of a Bach cantata, with the title and three bars of music

First page of the first volume of the Bach Gesellschaft edition (1851)

The Bach-Gesellschaft chose as first composition in the first volume of the Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe (BGA). Robert Schumann, the publisher of the , Thomaskantor Moritz Hauptmann and philologist Otto Jahn had initiated this first complete edition of Bach's works a century after the composer's death.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Its first volume was published in 1851, edited by Hauptmann.Template:Sfn Leisinger mentioned three reasons why the 's choice to open their edition with this cantata made sense:Template:Sfn

• The text of the cantata consisted of words and thoughtful paraphrases of a traditional chorale, countering mid-19th-century views that "wretched" late Baroque lyrics were an obstacle for reviving Bach's vocal music.
• The cantata's designation for a Marian feast could make it attractive for a Catholic audience too, thus helping to establish the nation-wide importance of the BGA edition.
• Choosing a particularly well-crafted and mature composition, like this cantata, would add to the prestige of its composer, confirming the perception he had composed nothing but masterpieces.

Template:Ill prepared a vocal score for a publication by Edition Peters in Leipzig in 1875.Template:Sfn Breitkopf & Härtel, the publisher of the BGA, began a series of vocal scores of Bach's cantatas, titled , with this cantata appearing around 1890. They published another version in the same series around 1932, with an English text by Mevanwy Roberts, All glorious doth the day-star shine, a French text by Henriette Fuchs, , and a piano reduction by Günter Raphael.Template:Sfn Possibly in 1928, a score of the cantata was published in the series by Eulenburg in Leipzig; Arnold Schering had revised the BGA, based on the original vocal parts.Template:Sfn

An English version was published in London as a vocal score, as part of Novello's Original Octavo Edition, possibly in 1927. The translation, titled How Brightly Shines yon Star of Morn was made by Paul England, and the piano reduction prepared by John E. West. In the U.S., a vocal score appeared in Philadelphia around 1947, titled How Bright and Fair the Morning Star, as No. 88 of the Choral Series of the Association of American Choruses.Template:Sfn The New Bach Edition (, NBA) published the work in 1995, edited by Matthias Wendt, with critical commentary added the same year.Template:Sfn Carus published a critical edition in German and English as part of its in 1998, edited by Reinhold Kubik.Template:Sfn In the 21st century, Bach Digital published high-resolution facsimile images of the manuscript parts from the first quarter of the 18th century.Template:Sfn

Recordings

The conductor Fritz Lehmann recorded Bach's cantatas with the Berliner Motettenchor and the Berliner Philharmoniker with Deutsche Grammophon in the early 1950s. The recordings of nine cantatas, including , were reissued in 2018.Template:Sfn Fritz Werner recorded around 50 of Bach's church cantatas with the Heinrich-Schütz-Chor Heilbronn and the Pforzheim Chamber Orchestra, mostly in the 1960s, including .Template:Sfn

In 1971, was the first cantata recorded for the Teldec series—a project aiming to record all church cantatas by Bach on period instruments in historically informed performances, conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt and Gustav Leonhardt.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn All vocalists were male singers, as during Bach's tenure in Leipzig. Harnoncourt conducted the first four cantatas (BWV 1 to 4), with the and the , with a soprano soloist from the boys' choir and a countertenor for the alto part.Template:Sfn Helmuth Rilling, who began a recording of all Bach cantatas in 1969 and completed it in 1985,Template:Sfn recorded in 1980, with the Gächinger Kantorei and Bach-Collegium Stuttgart.Template:Sfn

Pieter Jan Leusink conducted all Bach church cantatas with the Holland Boys Choir and the Netherlands Bach Collegium in historically informed performance, but with women for the solo soprano parts.Template:Sfn Gardiner, who in 2000 conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage with the Monteverdi Choir, performing and recording Bach's church cantatas on the occasion for which they written, recorded at St Peter's Church, Walpole St Peter.Template:SfnTemplate:Rp Masaaki Suzuki, who studied historically informed practice in Europe, began recording Bach's church cantatas with the Bach Collegium Japan in 1999, at first not aiming at a complete cycle, but completing all in 2017.Template:Sfn They released in 2007.Template:Sfn

Cited sources

Template:Div col By title

By author

• Template:Cite magazine
• Template:Cite magazine
• 8133493 at jpc.

External links

• Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern, BWV 1: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
• Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern: BWV 001 on the website of the J. S. Bach Foundation (includes video).