Highways in Croatia
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Highways in Croatia are the main transport network in Croatia. The Croatian classification includes several categories of highways:[1]
- The main motorway routes are prefixed with an A (for autocesta) followed by one or two digits. They are controlled-access highways with tolls using a ticket system.
- Expressways (brza cesta) are toll-free limited-access highways with grade-separated intersections and fast speed limits. They are similar to the motorways, but are not always dual carriageways and may have no emergency lanes. Their speed limit is always lower than that of the motorways. They either have standalone designations or are parts of non-motorway state routes, such as the D prefixed highways described further below.
- Roads dedicated for motor vehicles (cesta namijenjena isključivo za promet motornih vozila), which is another category of limited-access highways. They usually have multiple lanes and separated carriageways but may have at-grade intersections. This class of roads has no specific numbering convention, only a dedicated traffic sign. State routes (D roads) or portions thereof may be designated in this manner. An example is Jadranska Avenue in Zagreb, designated as Ž1040, a county road.[2]
Other than the motorway routes, the national road classification includes the following enumerated categories of routes in the national highway system, with decreasing order of priority:[2]
- State roads, which are marked by letter D (državna cesta) and a single, double or triple digit number.
- County roads always are marked by letter Ž (županijska cesta) and a four digit number.
- The lowest classification comprises local roads, marked by letter L (lokalna cesta) and a five digit number.
Road operators differ according to the classification system: The designated motorways are operated by three different concessionaires. The state roads are maintained almost exclusively by Hrvatske ceste, while the county and local roads are managed by various county authorities. The road maintenance agencies are governed by various laws issued by the Parliament as well as bylaws issued by the Ministry of Transport.[1][3]
Motorways
The primary high-speed motorways are called Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA".; singular: Script error: No such module "Lang".), and they are defined as roads with at least three lanes in each direction (including hard shoulder) and a speed limit of not less than Script error: No such module "convert".. They are marked with a special road sign, similar to the road sign depicting a motorway/autoroute/autobahn in other parts of Europe.[4] The Croatian motorway (Script error: No such module "Lang".) network is Script error: No such module "convert". long.[5]
Motorways in Croatia are defined by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure.[3][6][7] The same applies to names of the motorway interchanges and rest areas.[8]
History
A major reason for the motorway construction "mania" of the 2000s is a previous political halt of the major Croatian highway project, today's A1, in the 1970s and 1980s under former Yugoslavia. When Croatia declared independence in 1991, the only true motorways in the country were Rijeka–Kikovica (the westernmost part of today's A6), Zagreb–Karlovac (the northernmost part of today's A1) and Zagreb–Slavonski Brod (the central part of today's A3), the latter being part of the Brotherhood and Unity Highway. The dream to connect the two largest Croatian cities Zagreb and Split with a motorway (Script error: No such module "Lang".) went back to the times of the Croatian Spring. However, the construction of this project had not happened during Yugoslav period.
In 2005, the Zagreb–Split route was constructed. In addition, the A1 was extended towards Dubrovnik (currently at Ploče), and the A3 was extended so it connects Zagreb to Croatian borders with both Serbia (near Lipovac) and Slovenia (near Bregana). There is also a motorway from Zagreb to Rijeka, the A6, as well as the A4 motorway from Zagreb to the northeast (Hungarian border) as well as the A2 motorway from Zagreb to the northwest (Slovenian border). The A9 between Pula and the Slovenian border is also largely completed.
The construction of additional motorways has noticeably slowed in the 2010s, but it continues. since 2021[update]Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., the Cerovlje–Rijeka section of A8, the remaining part of the Istrian Y, is being upgraded from semi-highway status.[9] The other motorways are in various early stages of development, coming up to a total of 11 motorway routes. The A1 is considered unfinished as it is planned to be extended from Ploče to Dubrovnik.[10]
Operators
The network is managed by 3 operators, of which one is under full government control and other two are operated by joint ventures.[5]
| Operator | Ownership | Motorway | Length (in 2024)[5] | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BINA Istra | BINA Fincom (67%) Bouygues (16%) Hrvatske autoceste (14.8%) Istarska autocesta (2.2%) |
A8, A9 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Under concession until 2041. |
| Autocesta Zagreb – Macelj | Pyhrn Concession Holding GmbH (51%) Republic of Croatia (49%) |
A2 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Under concession until 2032. |
| Hrvatske autoceste | Republic of Croatia (100%) | A1, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A10, A11, Krk bridge | Script error: No such module "convert". | A6 and A7 were operated by Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb until 31 December 2020.[5] |
Motorways and sections
List of motorways
| Motorway | Route[5] | Length (in 2024) |
Description | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Motorway-A1-Hex-Green.svg A1 | Zagreb - Split - Dubrovnik | Script error: No such module "convert". | The A1 starts in Lučko interchange, a part of Zagreb bypass where the A3 motorway junction is located. The motorway proceeds south from Zagreb to Karlovac and further on to Bosiljevo 2 interchange where the A6 motorway branches off towards Rijeka. The route continues south to Gospić, Zadar, Šibenik, Split. The southernmost sector of the motorway proceeds from Split to Ploče and Metković.[maps 1] | Section between Ploče and Dubrovnik is planned |
| File:Motorway-A2-Hex-Green.svg A2 | Zagreb - Macelj | Script error: No such module "convert". | The A2 starts on the border with Slovenia near Macelj. The motorway passes west of Krapina and proceeds south towards Zagreb. The southernmost section of the motorway forms a part of Zagreb bypass and it terminates at Jankomir interchange with the A3 motorway.[maps 2] | |
| File:Motorway-A3-Hex-Green.svg A3 | Bregana - Zagreb - Lipovac | Script error: No such module "convert". | The A3 starts on the border of Slovenia near Bregana. The motorway passes north of Samobor and proceeds west towards Zagreb, passing to the south of the city and forming a part of Zagreb bypass, where the route contains junctions with the A2, A1 and A4 motorways. It continues east to Kutina, Slavonski Brod, Sredanci interchange with the A5 motorway and further east to Županja and terminating on the border of Serbia near Lipovac.[maps 3] | |
| File:Motorway-A4-Hex-Green.svg A4 | Zagreb - Goričan | Script error: No such module "convert". | The A4 starts on the border of Hungary near Goričan. The motorway passes near Čakovec and Varaždin south towards Zagreb and the southernmost part of the route is a part of Zagreb bypass, where the motorway terminates in Ivanja Reka interchange, where the traffic defaults to the westbound A3 motorway.[maps 4] | |
| File:Motorway-A5-Hex-Green.svg A5 | Beli Manastir - Osijek - Bosnian border | Script error: No such module "convert". | The A5 starts near Beli Manastir and proceeds south bypassing Osijek and Đakovo, meets the A3 motorway at Zoljani interchange and proceeds south to Svilaj border bridge where it connects on Bosnian A1 motorway.[maps 5] | Section to Hungarian border is under construction. |
| File:Motorway-A6-Hex-Green.svg A6 | Rijeka - Bosiljevo 2 | Script error: No such module "convert". | The A6 starts in Bosiljevo 2 interchange, branching off from the A1 motorway and proceeds west bypassing Delnice to Rijeka and the Orehovica interchange with the A7 motorway.[maps 6] | |
| File:Motorway-A7-Hex-Green.svg A7 | Rupa - Matulji - Diračje - Orehovica - Šmrika | Script error: No such module "convert". | The A7 starts at the border of Slovenia and heads south to Rijeka, passes the city as Rijeka bypass. The Rijeka bypass section comprises an interchange with the A6 motorway and proceeds east terminating near Šmrika where the traffic defaults to the D8 state road.[maps 7] | Section east of Rijeka is under construction. |
| File:Motorway-A8-Hex-Green.svg A8 | Kanfanar - Matulji | Script error: No such module "convert". | The A8 spans between Kanfanar and Matulji, i.e. the A9 and A7 motorways. As of September 2024, the Kanfanar–Vranja section is brought to the motorway standards, with new tube of Učka tunnel opened and the rest is a limited access two-lane route.[maps 8] | |
| File:Motorway-A9-Hex-Green.svg A9 | Umag - Pula | Script error: No such module "convert". | The A9 starts near Umag and the Slovenian border, meets the A8 motorway at Kanfanar interchange, and proceeds south to Pula, forming the western arm of Istrian Y.[maps 9] | |
| File:Motorway-A10-Hex-Green.svg A10 | Bosnian border - Ploče interchange | Script error: No such module "convert". | The A10 starts at Bosnian border, where it connects to A1 motorway in Bosnia and runs to the Ploče interchange, where it connects to A1 motorway.[maps 10] | |
| File:Motorway-A11-Hex-Green.svg A11 | Zagreb - Sisak | Script error: No such module "convert". | The A11 starts at Jakuševec interchange and runs south to Sisak interchange. It was connected to A3 in November 2015 and it is opened to Sisak in October 2024.[maps 11] |
Motorway sections under construction
| Motorway | County | Length | Section | Description | Scheduled completion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Motorway-A5-Hex-Green.svg A5 | Osijek-Baranja | Script error: No such module "convert". | Branjin Vrh border crossing–Beli Manastir | Construction of four lane motorway started in September 2023.[11] | September 2025[12] |
| File:Motorway-A7-Hex-Green.svg A7 | Primorje-Gorski Kotar | Script error: No such module "convert". | Novi Vinodolski bypass | Construction began in September 2021 and will consist of two lane expressway that will match the left lane of the future motorway.[13] | Second half of 2026[14] |
| File:Motorway-A8-Hex-Green.svg A8 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Učka Tunnel–Matulji | Construction of additional two lanes started in September 2023.[15] | End of 2026[16] | |
| File:Motorway-A9-Hex-Green.svg A9 | Istria | Script error: No such module "convert". | Mirna Bridge and Lim Bay Viaduct | Construction of bridge and viaduct for upgrading motorway on four lanes in total, the construction started in February 2024.[17] | End of 2026[16] |
Planned motorway sections
| Motorway | County | Length | Section | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Motorway-A1-Hex-Green.svg A1 | City of Zagreb, Zagreb and Karlovac | Script error: No such module "convert". | Zagreb–Karlovac | Upgrade to six lanes, the start of the works is planned for 2026.[18] |
| Karlovac | Script error: No such module "convert". | Karlovac–Bosiljevo 2 | Upgrade to six lanes. Start of works after completion of the Zagreb-Karlovac section.[18] | |
| Dubrovnik-Neretva | Script error: No such module "convert". | Metković–Pelješac | The construction is planned to begin in 2026. | |
| Script error: No such module "convert". | Rudine–Osojnik (Dubrovnik) | The construction was planned to begin in the spring of 2024 and construction in 2025. | ||
| Script error: No such module "convert". | Osojnik–Nova Mokošica border crossing | Planning started. | ||
| File:Motorway-A2-Hex-Green.svg A2 | Krapina-Zagorje | Script error: No such module "convert". | Đurmanec–Macelj | The construction of tunnels Sveta Tri Kralja and Brezovica so the section is upgraded to four lane motorway was expected to begin in the fall of 2022.[19] |
| File:Motorway-A3-Hex-Green.svg A3 | Zagreb and City of Zagreb | Script error: No such module "convert". | Jankomir–Ivanja Reka | The plan is to build an extra lane in each direction. First phase was expected to start in 2023 with the subsection Jankomir–Lučko.[20] |
| File:Motorway-A7-Hex-Green.svg A7 | Primorje-Gorski Kotar | Script error: No such module "convert". | Križišće–Novi Vinodolski | Design started in 2020[21] and competition for construction begun in January 2024.[22] Construction will begin in mid-2025.[14] |
| Script error: No such module "convert". | Novi Vinodolski bypass | Public competition to start in Q1 2025 for construction of remaining two lanes that will match the right lane of the motorway.[14] | ||
| Primorje-Gorski Kotar and Lika-Senj | Script error: No such module "convert". | Novi Vinodolski–Senj | Design started in 2023.[21] | |
| Lika-Senj | Script error: No such module "convert". | Senj–Žuta Lokva | A public consultation is in progress with a planned start of design in 2024.[23] |
Traffic cost revenue
In 2022, the network had a traffic of 80,172,262 vehicles, including 70,344,584 light vehicles and 9,827,678 heavy vehicles (difference by axle height).[5]
The travel cost is 9.00 euros per 100 km for light vehicles in closed system and 6.00 euros in open toll system, while for heavy ones are 39.00 euros per 100 km in closed system and 21.00 in open system.[5]
Those costs generate a revenue of 426.5 millions of euros (without VAT) in 2022.[5]
Accidents
Two third of motorway fatalities (67%) occurred in the third of the year between July and October.[24][25]
Expressways
There is a wide variety of types of expressways in Croatia, in terms of number of lanes, accessibility and types of intersections comprised. They range from four lane expressways with grade-separated intersections and limited access - distinguished from the motorways by lack of emergency lanes only - to four or six lane urban expressways with numerous at-grade intersections and traffic lights or two lane limited access roads with grade separated intersections. The expressways include both incomplete motorways, built in stages,[8] and some state roads (with either limited access, more than two traffic lanes, grade-separated intersections or any combination thereof). There are even some instances of county roads which may be regarded expressways such as Jadranska Avenue (Ž1040).
As a rule, the expressways are not tolled; however, major tunnels on the expressways are tolled.
List of completed expressways
| Number | Length | Control cities (or other appropriate route description) |
|---|---|---|
| File:Državna cesta D1.svg D1 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Karlovac interchange (A1) - Cerovac Vukmanićki[26] (four lane dual carriageway/two lane single carriageway, with at-grade intersections) |
| Script error: No such module "convert". | Dugopolje interchange (A1) - Split[27] (four lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) | |
| Script error: No such module "convert". | Udbina western bypass[28] (two lane single carriageway, with grade separated intersections) | |
| File:Državna cesta D2.svg D2 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Osijek southern bypass[29] (four lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) |
| File:Državna cesta D8.svg D8 | Script error: No such module "convert". | sections through and near Split[30] (four lane dual carriageway, with at-grade intersections) |
| Script error: No such module "convert". | Duboka interchange – Zaton Doli (two lane single carriageway, with grade separated intersections) | |
| File:Državna cesta D10.svg D10 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Sveta Helena interchange (A4) - Križevci[31] (four lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) |
| File:Državna cesta D12.svg D12 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Vrbovec 2 interchange (D10) - Farkaševac[32] (four lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) |
| File:Državna cesta D14.svg D14 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Zabok interchange (A2) – Zlatar Bistrica (D29) (two lane single carriageway, with grade separated intersections) |
| File:Državna cesta D33.svg D33 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Šibenik interchange (A1) - Šibenik (Vidici interchange)[33] (two lane single carriageway, with grade separated intersections) |
| File:Državna cesta D76.svg D76 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Zagvozd (Biokovo toll booth) - Baška Voda (D8) (two/four lane single carriageway with grade separated intersections) |
| File:Državna cesta D220.svg D220 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Bisko interchange (A1) - Čaporice (D60) (four lane dual carriageway/two lane single carriageway, with grade separated intersections) |
| File:Državna cesta D404.svg D404 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Draga interchange (A7) - Rijeka (Brajdica interchange) (three/four lane single carriageway, with grade separated intersections) |
| File:Državna cesta D424.svg D424 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Zadar 2 interchange (A1) - Zadar (Gaženica Port)[34] (four lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) |
| File:Državna cesta D425.svg D425 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Karamatići toll station (A1) - Ploče (Čeveljuša interchange) (four lane dual carriageway/two lane single carriageway, with grade separated intersections) |
| File:Državna cesta D522.svg D522 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Gornja Ploča interchange (A1) - Udbina[28] (two lane single carriageway, with grade separated intersections) |
Expressway sections constructed but not opened
| Number | Length | Section |
|---|---|---|
| File:Državna cesta D5.svg D5 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Sava Bridge (four lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) |
| File:Državna cesta D12.svg D12 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Farkaševac - Breza (two lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) |
Expressway sections under constructions
| Number | Length | Section | Scheduled completion |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Državna cesta D5.svg D5 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Okučani interchange (A3) - Novi Varoš (four lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) | Mid-2026 |
| Script error: No such module "convert". | Novi Varoš - Stara Gradiška (four lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) | July 2025 | |
| File:Državna cesta D8.svg D8 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Mravince interchange (D1) - TTTS (four lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) | - |
| File:Državna cesta D10.svg D10 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Križevci - Kloštar Vojakovački (two lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) | 2026 |
| File:Državna cesta D12.svg D12 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Breza - Bjelovar (two lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) | Spring 2026 |
| Script error: No such module "convert". | Špišić Bukovica - Virovitica interchange (two lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) | 2026 | |
| File:Državna cesta D35.svg D35 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Varaždin interchange (D2) - Cerje Tužno (two lane dual carriageway, with at-grade intersections) | April 2028 |
Planned expressway sections
| Number | Length | Section | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Državna cesta D12.svg D12 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Bjelovar - Bulinac (two lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) | Construction started in Summer 2025 and Scheduled completion 2028. |
| Script error: No such module "convert". | Bulinac - Velika Pisanica (two lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) | Construction started in Mid-2026 and Scheduled completion 2029. | |
| Script error: No such module "convert". | Velika Pisanica - Špišić Bukovica (two lane dual carriageway, with grade separated intersections) | Construction started in 2027 and Scheduled completion 2031. |
State roads
State roads are defined by legislation[2] as important routes for road traffic between various parts of the country. Classification of a road as a state road does not describe actual conditions of the road itself.
State roads in Croatia are assigned one, two or three digit numbers which generally comply with the following pattern[35] (although there are some exceptions to the rules):
- 1-9 are assigned to trunk roads, normally of considerable length, spanning between borders of various neighboring countries. An obvious exception to this is the D9 state road; however, it spans from Bosnia and Herzegovina border and the Adriatic Sea, along the southernmost portion of Pan-European Corridor Vc.
- 10-99 are assigned to arterial roads on the mainland.
- 100s are assigned to island roads
- 200s are assigned to border crossing access roads.
- 300s are assigned to junction roads, connecting towns or cities (but not other state roads) to motorways or other major roads. Notable exceptions to this are D307 and D310 state roads, although the D307 originally did not connect to the D29, but only to the A2 motorway.
- 400s are assigned to mainland port and airport access roads.
- 500s are assigned to connecting roads, connecting two different state roads. Notable exceptions to this rule are the D503 which connects to a port and the D516 which connects to a border crossing checkpoint.
- 600s are provisional designations. For example, the road containing Pelješac bridge, from Komarna (D8) to Ston (D416), was designated as D674.[36]
At the moment the state roads in Croatia have a combined length of Script error: No such module "convert"..
D1 - D9
D10 - D77
D100 - D128
| Number | Control cities (or other appropriate route description)[2] | Length |
|---|---|---|
| File:Državna cesta D100.svg D100 | Porozina (ferry port) - Cres - Mali Lošinj (Ž5159) | 80.5 km |
| File:Državna cesta D101.svg D101 | D100 - Merag (ferry port) | 10.9 km |
| File:Državna cesta D102.svg D102 | Šmrika (D8) - Krk - Baška | 48.3 km |
| File:Državna cesta D103.svg D103 | D102 - Rijeka Airport | 1.7 km |
| File:Državna cesta D104.svg D104 | D102- Valbiska (ferry port) | 10.1 km |
| File:Državna cesta D105.svg D105 | Lopar (ferry port) - Rab - Mišnjak (ferry port) | 22.7 km |
| File:Državna cesta D106.svg D106 | Žigljen (ferry port) - Novalja - Pag - Ražanac - Posedarje (D8) | 73.8 km |
| File:Državna cesta D109.svg D109 | Veli Rat - Savar - Sali | 41.9 km |
| File:Državna cesta D110.svg D110 | Muline (ferry port) - Ugljan - Tkon (ferry port) | 41.6 km |
| File:Državna cesta D111.svg D111 | Maslinica - Grohote - Stomorska | 17.8 km |
| File:Državna cesta D112.svg D112 | Rogač (ferry port) - D111 | 1.9 km |
| File:Državna cesta D113.svg D113 | Supetar - Nerežišće - Sumartin (ferry port) | 39.4 km |
| File:Državna cesta D114.svg D114 | Milna - Sutivan - Supetar (D113) | 18.8 km |
| File:Državna cesta D115.svg D115 | Gornji Humac (D113) - Bol | 11.4 km |
| File:Državna cesta D116.svg D116 | Hvar - Milna - Starigrad (ferry port) - Sućuraj | 77.8 km |
| File:Državna cesta D117.svg D117 | Komiža - Podhum - Vis | 19.9 km |
| File:Državna cesta D118.svg D118 | Vela Luka - Kapja - Dubovo - Korčula | 43.5 km |
| File:Državna cesta D119.svg D119 | Ubli - Lastovo | 9.5 km |
| File:Državna cesta D120.svg D120 | Pomena - Polače - Sobra - Saplunara | 42.9 km |
| File:Državna cesta D121.svg D121 | Murter - Tisno - D8 | 14.0 km |
| File:Državna cesta D123.svg D123 | Sobra (ferry port) - D120 | 1.1 km |
| File:Državna cesta D124.svg D124 | Brbinj (ferry port) - Brbinj - D109 | 1.7 km |
| File:Državna cesta D125.svg D125 | Zaglav (ferry port) - D109 | 1.1 km |
| File:Državna cesta D126.svg D126 | Trogir (D315) - Arbanija - Slatine | 8.3 km |
| File:Državna cesta D128.svg D128 | Uvala Mikavica - Žirje (ferry port) | 3.8 km |
Tolls
In the Republic of Croatia, primarily a closed toll system is applied to the entire motorway network tolls with multiple entrances and exits. The use of motorways is charged by mileage and vehicle category. At the entrance on the motorway, the user picks up the entrance card (or a record recorded on the ENC device) and the payment is made on exit toll stations according to the length of the trip. The open system is in use at toll stations Bregana(A3) and Rupa(A7).[5]
Safety
Croatia had 70 road deaths per million inhabitants estimated in 2022.[5]
See also
- Transport in Croatia
- Hrvatske autoceste
- Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb
- BINA Istra
- Autocesta Zagreb – Macelj
- Hrvatske ceste
- List of controlled-access highway systems
- Evolution of motorway construction in European nations
- Speed limits in Croatia
Maps
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References
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