Pinus nigra

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Pinus nigra, the Austrian pine[1] or black pine, is a moderately variable species of pine, occurring across Southern Europe from the Iberian Peninsula[2] and Lower Austria to the eastern Mediterranean, on the Anatolian peninsula of Turkey, Corsica and Cyprus, as well as Crimea and in the high mountains of Northwest Africa.

Description

Pinus nigra is a large coniferous evergreen tree, growing to Template:Convert high at maturity and spreading to Template:Convert wide. The bark is gray to yellow-brown, and is widely split by flaking fissures into scaly plates, becoming increasingly fissured with age. The leaves ('needles') are thinner and more flexible in western populations.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The ovulate and pollen cones appear from May to June. The mature seed cones are Template:Convert (rarely to 11 cm) long, with rounded scales; they ripen from green to pale gray-buff or yellow-buff in September to November, about 18 months after pollination. The seeds are dark gray, Template:Convert long, with a yellow-buff wing Template:Convert long; they are wind-dispersed when the cones open from December to April. maturity is reached at 15–40 years; large seed crops are produced at 2–5 year intervals.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Pinus nigra is moderately fast growing, at about Template:Convert per year. It usually has a rounded conic form, that becomes irregular with age. The tree can be long-lived, with some trees over 500 years old. Multiple pests can damage P. nigra, including T. piniperda.

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Taxonomy

The species is divided into two subspecies, each further subdivided into three varieties.[3] Some authorities (e.g. Flora Europaea) treat several of the varieties at subspecific rank, but this reflects tradition rather than sound taxonomy, as the distinctions between the taxa are small.[4]

Subspecies
  • P. nigra subsp. nigra in the east of the range, from Austria, northeast and central Italy, east to the Crimea and Turkey. Needles stout, rigid, 1.5–2 mm diameter, with 3–6 layers of thick-walled hypodermal cells.
    • P. nigra subsp. nigra var. nigra (syn. Pinus nigra var. austriaca, Pinus nigra subsp. dalmatica) (Austrian pine): Austria, Balkans (except southern Greece).
    • P. nigra subsp. nigra var. caramanica (Turkish black pine): Turkey, Cyprus, southern Greece.
    • P. nigra subsp. nigra var. italica (Italian black pine): central Italy (Villetta Barrea, in Abruzzo National Park)
    • P. nigra subsp. nigra var. pallasiana (syn. Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) (Crimean pine): Crimea, Cyprus.
  • P. nigra subsp. salzmannii in the west of the range, from southern Italy to southern France, Spain and North Africa. Needles slender, more flexible, 0.8–1.5 mm diameter, with 1–2 layers of thin-walled hypodermal cells.
    • P. nigra subsp. salzmannii var. salzmannii (Pyrenean pine): Pyrenees, Southern France, Northern Spain.
    • P. nigra subsp. salzmannii var. corsicana (syn. Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, Pinus nigra var. maritima) (Corsican pine): Corsica, Sicily, Southern Italy.
      • P. nigra subsp. laricio Koekelare [5]
    • P. nigra subsp. salzmannii var. mauretanica (Atlas Mountains black pine): Morocco, Algeria.
File:Pin laricio Corse.jpg
Pinus nigra var. corsicana—Corsican pine, in Corsica

The Plants of the World Online and The Gymnosperm Database accept five subspecies and one variety.[6][7]

  • Pinus nigra subsp. dalmatica (Vis.) FrancoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (synonyms P. dalmatica Vis.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. nigra var. dalmatica (Vis.) BusinskýScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. nigra f. leucodermoides Fukarek & M.NikolicScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".).[8] Endemic to Croatia, where it is found on the islands of Brač, Hvar, and Korčula and the Pelješac peninsula. The IUCN Red List assessed it as endangered.[9]
  • Pinus nigra subsp. laricio Palib. ex MaireScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (synonyms P. altissima CarrièreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. italica HerterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. karamana Mast.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. laricio Poir.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. nigra var. calabrica (Loudon) C.K.Schneid.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. nigra var. corsicana (Loudon) Hyl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. nigra var. maritima (Aiton) MelvilleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. sylvestris var. maritima AitonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)[10] – Corsican Pine. Native to Corsica, Sicily, and the southern Apennines in Calabria.[7] The IUCN Red List assesses the subspecies as least-concern.[11]
  • Pinus nigra subsp. nigra eastern Austria to the Balkan Peninsula – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia.[12]
  • Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) HolmboeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (synonyms P. fenzleyi Antoine & Kotschy ex CarrièreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. nigra subsp. caramanica (Loudon) BusinskýScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. pallasiana Lamb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. pontica K.KochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. taurica (Loudon) Steud.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) Native to Cyprus, the East Aegean Islands, Crimean Peninsula, North Caucasus, and European and Asiatic Turkey.[13]
  • Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii (Dunal) FrancoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (synonyms P. nigra var. mauretanica Maire & Peyerimh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. nigra var. 'monspeliensis (Lavallée) SlavinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. pyrenaica Lapeyr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., P. salzmannii DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – south-central France (Cévennes forest) to the Pyrenees, Spain, northern Morocco (Rif Mountains), and Algeria (Hodna Mountains).[14]
  • Pinus nigra f. seneriana (Saatçioglu) Kandemir & MataraciScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – northwestern Turkey.[15]
  • Pinus nigra var. yaltirikiana AlptekinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – northern Turkey.[16]

Distribution and habitat

Pinus nigra is a tree of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome. The majority of the range is in Turkey. It is found in the higher elevations of the South Apennine mixed montane forests ecoregion in southern Italy and the Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests ecoregion in Sicily. There are remnant populations in the Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests ecoregion, and in the higher Atlas Mountains in Morocco and Algeria.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

It is found at elevations ranging from sea level to Template:Convert, most commonly from Template:Convert. Several of the varieties have distinct English names.[17] It needs full sun to grow well, is intolerant of shade, and is resistant to snow and ice damage.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

It has naturalized in parts of the midwestern states of the United States,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". normally south of the normal native ranges of native pines.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Oldest tree

File:En Yaşlı Karaçam Ağacı “Anıt Ağaç” Uşak'ta! (Banaz-Bahadır Köyü-Tepedelen Mevkii).jpg
The world's oldest black pine tree is about 1,000 years old and is in Turkey

The world's oldest black pine, located in the Banaz district of Uşak, Turkey, is estimated to be 1000 years old. This makes it significant in the country, which is known for a very dry climate, inhospitable for most trees. It has a height of 11 meters, a diameter of 3 meters and a circumference of 9.60 meters.[18]

Ecology

In Mediterranean Europe and the Anatolian Peninsula (Asia Minor), trees usually associated with this species include Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Serbian spruce (Picea omorika), Bosnian pine (Pinus heldreichii), Norway spruce (Picea abies), Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani), European silver fir (Abies alba) and related firs. Several species of juniper (Juniperus spp.), and various broadleaf trees are associates.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Climate and provenance

Pinus nigra is a light-demanding species, intolerant of shade but resistant to wind and drought.[19] The eastern P. nigra subsp. nigra exhibits greater winter frost hardiness (hardy to below −30 °C) than the western P. nigra subsp. salzmannii (hardy to about −25 °C).[20]

Different provenances (seed sources by geographic area) or varieties are adapted to different soil types: Austrian and Pyrenees origins grow well on a wide range of soil types, Corsican origins grows poorly on limestone, while Turkish and Crimean origins grow well on limestone. Most provenances also show good growth on podzolic soils.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

As an invasive species

Pinus nigra has become naturalised in a few areas of the US. In New Zealand it is considered an invasive species and noxious weed, along with lodgepole pine (P. contorta) and Scots pine (P. sylvestris), due to their habitat conversion nature in tussock grassland plant communities, shading out the native bunch grasses as their forest canopy develops.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Uses

File:Crepuscular rays in the woods of Kasterlee, Belgium.jpg
Pinus nigra var. corsicana—Corsican pine plantation, in Belgium

Lumber

The timber of European black pine is similar to that of the European Scots pine (P. sylvestris) and the North American red pine (P. resinosa), being moderately hard and straight-grained. It does however tend to be rougher, softer, and not as strong, due to its faster growth. It is used for general construction, fuel, and in paper manufacture.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In the United Kingdom, Pinus nigra is important both as a timber tree and in plantations (primarily Corsican pine subsp.). Recently however, serious problems have occurred with red band needle blight disease, caused by the fungus Dothistroma septosporum, resulting in a major recent decline in forestry planting there.[21]

In the United States it is of low importance as a timber species.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". However, the fungus Dothistroma septosporum is widespread and rapidly spreading out of control throughout the United States.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The species is not recommended for landscaping, especially in groups or rows.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

As an ornamental

File:Bonsai Crni bor na izložbi u Čakovcu.jpg
Bonsai Pinus nigra

In the US and Canada, the European black pine is planted as a street tree, and as an ornamental tree in gardens and parks. Its value as a street tree is largely due to its resistance to salt spray (from road de-icing salt) and various industrial pollutants (including ozone), and its intermediate drought tolerance. It is planted with great success as far north as Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.[22]

In the UK the tree is planted as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens.

In both the US and UK most of the specimens planted are from Austrian sources, the P. nigra subsp. nigra and P. nigra subsp. nigra var. nigra seed selections. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, when demand for natural trees was extremely high, its rapid growth, deep green color and low cost made it briefly a popular Christmas tree,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". but the extreme length of the needles (making it very difficult to decorate) soon led to its fall from favor, and it has long since been abandoned in the US for that purpose.

Pinus nigra is also used in bonsai.

As a windbreak

P. nigra is planted for windbreaks and shelterbelts in the US, recommended for windbreaks in the Northern Great Plains on medium to deep moist or upland soils.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal use

In Turkey, this pine (subsp. pallasiana) was and is used in various ways, both topically and internally, as well as for construction and for livestock. Among its uses are curing acne, common cold, osteomyelitis, and viral infections; acting as an oral antiseptic; treating cracked hands and feet in the winter; and sealing wooden roofs.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

See also

References

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External links

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  1. ↑ Template:PLANTS
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Christensen, K. I. (1993). Comments on the earliest validly published varietal name for the Corsican Pine. Taxon 42: 649-653.
  4. ↑ Farjon, A. (2005). Pines Drawings and Descriptions of the Genus Pinus 2nd ed. Brill Template:ISBN.
  5. ↑ Belgische Dendrologie Belge Pinus Nigra Laricio Koekelare
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Farjon, A. 2013. Pinus nigra subsp. dalmatica The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T34191A2850164. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34191A2850164.en. Accessed 14 February 2025.
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Farjon, A. 2013. Pinus nigra subsp. laricio. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T20453493A20453502. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T20453493A20453502.en. Accessed 14 February 2025.
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm Template:ISBN.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Gymnosperm Database: Pinus nigra
  21. ↑ Forestry Commission: Red band needle blight
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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