Arabic Wikipedia
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The Arabic Wikipedia (Template:Langx) is the Modern Standard Arabic version of Wikipedia. It started on 9 July 2003. As of Template:Currentmonth Template:Currentyear, it has Template:NUMBEROF articles, Template:NUMBEROF registered users and Template:NUMBEROF files and it is the [[List of Wikipedias|Template:Ordinal largest]] edition of Wikipedia by article count, and ranks 7th in terms of depth among Wikipedias. It was the first Wikipedia in a Semitic language to exceed 100,000 articles[1] on 25 May 2009, and also the first Semitic language to exceed 1 million articles, on 17 November 2019.[2]
Three varieties of Arabic have their own Wikipedia: Standard, Egyptian, and Moroccan. Additionally, Maltese, derived from Arabic, has its own Wikipedia.
History
At the emergence of the Wikipedia project in 2001, there were calls to create an Arabic domain raised by Arab engineers.[3] The domain was created as "ar.wikipedia.org" but no serious activity took place except with anonymous users who experimented with the idea.[4] Until 7 February 2003, all contributors to the Arabic Wikipedia were non-Arab volunteers from the International Project Wikipedia[5] that handled the technical aspects. Elizabeth Bauer, who used the user name Elian in the Arabic Wikipedia, approached many Arabic speakers who potentially might be interested in volunteering to spearhead the Arabic project. The only group who responded was the ArabEyes team who were involved in Arabizing the Open Source initiatives. Elian's request was conservatively received and the ArabEyes team was ready to participate but not take a leadership role[6] and then declined to participate on the second of February 2003. During this negotiation time, volunteer users from the German Wikipedia project continued to develop the technical infrastructure of the Arabic Wikipedia backbone.[7][8]
In 2003 Rami Tarawneh (Template:Langx), a Jordanian PhD student in Germany who originated from Zarqa, encountered the English Wikipedia and began to edit content. Contributors encouraged him to start an Arabic Wikipedia.[9] The Arabic Wikipedia opened in July 2003.[10] By that year a significant group of contributors included Tarawneh and four other Jordanians studying in Germany.[9]
On 7 February 2004,[11] one member from the ArabEyes, Isam Bayazidi (Template:Langx), volunteered with 4 other friends to be involved with the Arabic Wikipedia and assumed some leadership roles. In 2004, Bayazid was assigned the SysOp responsibilities and he, with another 5 volunteers, namely Ayman, Abo Suleiman, Mustapha Ahmad and Bassem Jarkas[12] are considered to be the first Arabs to lead the Wikipedia project and they are attributed for working on translating and enforcing the English policies to Arabic. The Arabic Wikipedia faced many challenges at its inception. In February 2004, it was considered to be the worst Wikipedia project among all other languages. However, in 2005, it showed phenomenal progress by which in December 2005, the total number of articles reached 8,285.[13] By that time, there were fewer than 20 contributors and the administrators and contributors made efforts to recruit new users.[9]
In 2007 the secret police in an unspecified country detained Tarawneh and demanded that he reveal the IP address of a contributor. To protect the Wikipedian, the administrators forged a dispute that was the presumed reason for Tarawneh losing his administrator access, so the secret police was unable to obtain the IP. In response to the incident, the rules now state that no one user may have access to all information about the Wikipedia's users.[9]
In 2008 the Wikipedia had had fewer than 65,000 articles and was ranked No. 29 out of the Wikipedias, behind the Esperanto Wikipedia and the Slovenian Wikipedia. Noam Cohen of The New York Times reported that, to many of the attendees of the 2008 Wikimania conference in Alexandria, Egypt, the "woeful shape of the Arabic Wikipedia has been the cause of chagrin."[14] Cohen stated that out of Egyptians, fewer than 10% "are thought to have internet access" and of those with internet access many tend to be knowledgeable in English and have a preference of communicating in that language.[14] The Arabic Wikipedia had 118,870 articles as of 15 January 2010.
As of July 2012 there are around 630 active Arabic Wikipedia editors around the world. Ikram Al-Yacoub of Al Arabiya says that this is "a relatively low figure."[15] At the time there were hundreds of thousands of Wikipedia articles on the Arabic Wikipedia.[9] The Wikimedia Foundation and the nonprofit group Taghreedat established the "Arabic Wikipedia Editors Program" intended to train users to edit the Arabic Wikipedia.[15] By the end of June 2014, the number of articles had reached 384,000.[16]
Iraqi volunteers have translated much of English Wikipedia into Arabic Wikipedia.[17] More recently, a project named Bayt Alhikma has translated more than 10,000 articles about science and other topics in Arabic. The number of active users in Arabic Wikipedia is increasing quickly, reaching the 10,000 mark for first time on 10 February 2021.[18]
Evaluation
At Wikimania 2008, Jimmy Wales argued that high-profile arrests like those of Egyptian blogger Kareem Amer could be hampering the development of the Arabic Wikipedia by making editors afraid to contribute.[19]
In 2010, Tarek Al Kaziri, from Radio Netherlands Worldwide, believed that the Arabic Wikipedia reflected the Arabic reality in general. Low participation lowers the probability that the articles are reviewed, developed and updated, and political polarisation of participants is likely to lead to biases in the articles.[20]
According to Alexa Internet, on 26 November 2014, the Arabic Wikipedia was the 10th most visited language version of Wikipedia over a month, with the "ar.wikipedia.org" subdomain attracting approximately 1.8% of the total visitors of the "wikipedia.org" website,[21] despite being ranked no. 22 in terms of the article count. In terms of page views, it was ranked 11th in September 2018 with the same nine Wikipedias above it plus the Polish one.[22] Among the larger Wikipedias, it has one of the lowest ratios of new editors retention and one of the highest rates of edit reversions.[23]
Usage and page views by country
Florence Devouard, the former president of the Wikimedia Foundation, stated in 2010 that the largest number of articles on the Arabic Wikipedia were written by Egyptians and that the Egyptians were more likely to participate in the Arabic Wikipedia compared to other groups.[24]
Generally, Arabic Wikipedia, as of 2018, is the most popular language version of Wikipedia in most Arab countries, except Tunisia, Comoros, Chad, Lebanon, Qatar, Bahrain and the UAE. Arabic Wikipedia has its highest percentages in Egypt, Libya and the countries of the Levant (except Israel and Lebanon) and the Arabic peninsula.[25] This discrepancy happens because of the deficits of Wikipedia in Arabic regarding quality and quantity, while in the latter three the lead of English there is associated with the fact that most residents there are migrants from various countries, such as India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Philippines and other countries, where English is the most popular language there.
As of December 2022, Arabic receives around to 180 to 260 million pageviews per month, depending on the season. The most pageviews are recorded in winter and spring.[26]
Censorship
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Criticisms and controversies
Allegations of bias
The Arabic Wikipedia has been criticized for an alleged Middle Eastern-centric content bias on religious and political topics.[27][28][29][30][31] A 2014 Wired article described the Arabic Wikipedia, with over 690,000 registered users and more than 240,000 articles, as being "far more than a translation of its English counterpart." Its articles often reflect a worldview shaped by the region's religious and political sensitivities, differing significantly from Western perspectives. Wired reported that Jordanians, upon viewing the English Wikipedia, felt it portrayed what they saw as a racist depiction of Arabs, particularly in representations of Arabs in the desert with camels, and started their own Wikipedia as a result.[27]
During the Gaza war, the Arabic Wikipedia website displayed a logo in the colors of the Palestinian flag and a banner urging "an end to the genocide", sparking criticism from the Israeli Wikimedia Foundation and other Israeli commentators.[32][29] The site also chose to shut down for one day (on December 23, 2023) in solidarity with Gaza. Users were unable to edit during the blackout.[33]
A June 2024 article in the Jerusalem Post criticized the Arabic Wikipedia's article on the war for downplaying Hamas' attacks on civilians and Iran's involvement, among other issues.[32]
Criticism of content
In mid-2020, the Arabic Wikipedia was criticized for deleting its version of the article on Sarah Hegazi after a deletion discussion that found there was a consensus the article did not meet the criteria for notability.[34] Some Arabic LGBT activists on social media accused the Arabic Wikipedia of bias against the LGBT community, and claim the action to be part of censorship, hate-speech, and homophobia in the Middle East. The news website Raseef22 criticized Arabic Wikipedia's policies, and said that the project was controlled by prejudiced administrators who reject articles about minorities and women. The administrators of the Arabic Wikipedia said that the deletion process is a normal procedure and has nothing to do with the subject or targeting specific issues.[30][31]
In April 2022, the European Union's East StratCom Task Force reported that four pro-Kremlin disinformation news outlets (SouthFront, NewsFront, InfoRos and Strategic Culture Foundation) were referenced in 70 articles of the Arabic Wikipedia. This made it the second Wikipedia edition most affected by such disinformation, behind the Russian Wikipedia.[35]
References
Notes
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- ↑ Archived discussions about International languages. Refer to section "Provisional is Best, Sort by Population". Template:Webarchive Note the comment "Outside jokes, the french and german wikipedias is more developed than the one of hindi or Arab.". Last accessed 4 August 2014
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ The discussion page of Svertigo that shows the non-Arab volunteers working on the Arabic Wikipedia in late 2003
- ↑ a b c d e Template:Cite magazine (Archive)
- ↑ Panović, Ivan (University of Oxford Faculty of Oriental Studies). "The Beginnings of Wikipedia Masry Template:Webarchive." al-Logha Series of Papers in Linguistics, 2010. 8: 93-127. (sourced content from p. 94)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ These were Ayman, Abo Suleima, Mustapha Ahmad and Bassem Jarkas
- ↑ Wikipedia Statistics - Arabic Wikipedia. Accessed on 4 August 2014
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (Archive)
- ↑ a b Al-Yacoub, Ikram. "'Taghreedat' to offer Arab Tweeps their own search engine." (Archive) Al Arabiya. Thursday 19 July 2012. Retrieved on 24 August 2012.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ List of Wikipedias Template:Webarchive List of Wikipedias - Meta (10 February 2021 version)
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". () "« Les Egyptiens sont effectivement les plus nombreux à participer dans la Wikipedia arabe, c’est-à-dire que les statistiques montrent que le plus grand nombre d’articles dans la Wikipedia arabe sont envoyés par des Egyptiens.[...]"
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- ↑ a b Template:Cite magazine
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