Linguolabial consonant
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Linguolabials or apicolabials[1] are consonants articulated by placing the tongue tip or blade against the upper lip, which is drawn downward to meet the tongue. They represent one extreme of a coronal articulatory continuum which extends from linguolabial to subapical palatal places of articulation. Cross-linguistically, linguolabial consonants are very rare. They are found in a cluster of languages in Vanuatu, in the Kajoko dialect of Bijago in Guinea-Bissau, in Umotína (a recently extinct Bororoan language of Brazil), and as paralinguistic sounds elsewhere. They are also relatively common in disordered speech, and the diacritic is specifically provided for in the extensions to the IPA.
Linguolabial consonants are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet by adding the "seagull"Template:Sfnp diacritic, Template:Unichar, to the corresponding alveolar or dental consonant. Template:Harvcoltxt additionally suggest these sound may be equivalently transcribed with the apical diacritic, Template:Unichar, on the corresponding bilabial consonant.[2] However, Template:Harvcoltxt reject this transcription, as linguolabials may be articulated either apical or laminal. The labial consonants Template:Angbr IPA have also been used.[3] The choice of the base consonant may depend on whether the author analyses the linguolabial as being phonologically labial or alveolar.
By analogy of the distinction made between labiodentals and dentolabials, labiolinguals may be distinguished as consonants articulated by placing the bottom of the tongue tip or blade against the lower lip.
Description
Linguolabials are produced by constricting the airflow between the tongue and the upper lip. They are attested in a number of manners of articulation including stops, nasals, and fricatives, and can be produced with the tip of the tongue (apical), blade of the tongue (laminal), or the bottom of the tongue (sublaminal).Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Acoustically they are more similar to alveolars than bilabials. Linguolabials can be distinguished from bilabials and alveolars acoustically by formant transitions and nasal resonances.Template:Sfnp
List of consonants
| IPA (variant transcriptions) |
Description | Example | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | |||
| Template:IPA common/audiocell | Template:IPA common/audiocell | linguolabial nasal | Araki | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | "laugh"[4][5][6] |
| Template:IPA common/audiocell | Template:IPA common/audiocell | voiceless linguolabial plosive | Tangoa | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | "butterfly"[7] |
| Template:IPA common/audiocell | Template:IPA common/audiocell | voiced linguolabial plosive | Kajoko dialect of Bijago | Script error: No such module "IPA". | "stone"Template:Sfnp | |
| Template:IPA common/audiocell or Template:IPA common/audiocell | Template:IPA common/audiocell | voiceless linguolabial fricative | Big Nambas | Script error: No such module "IPA". | "he is asthmatic" | |
| Template:IPA common/audiocell or Template:IPA common/audiocell | Template:IPA common/audiocell | voiced linguolabial fricative | Tangoa | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | "stone"[7] |
| Template:IPA common/audiocell | labiolingual lateral flap (uses lower lip) | Piraha (part of allophone for /ɡ/, [ɺ͡ɺ̼]) | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | "hoe"[8] | |
| Template:IPA common/audiocell | Template:IPA common/audiocell | labiolingual trill (uses lower lip) |
Coatlán Zapotec | (paralinguistic) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | used as mimesis for a child's flatulence.[9] |
| Template:IPA common/audiocell or Template:IPA common/audiocell | Template:IPA common/audiocell or Template:IPA common/audiocell | linguolabial click release (potentially multiple consonants) | Coatlán Zapotec | (paralinguistic) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | used as mimesis for eating soup or a pig drinking water[9] |
Linguolabials as a diachronic stage in sound shifts
In Vanuatu, some of the Santo–Malekula languages have shifted historically from bilabial to alveolar consonants via an intermediate linguolabial stage, which remains in other Santo and Malekula languages.
While labials have become linguolabial before nonrounded vowels in various languages (e.g. Tangoa, Araki, Nese), the sound shift went further in languages such as Tolomako, which shifted the linguolabials to full alveolar consonants: *b > *[p] > p̈ Script error: No such module "IPA". > t [t]; *m > m̈ Script error: No such module "IPA". > n [n]. Thus, POc *bebe Template:Gloss > Script error: No such module "IPA". (spelled Script error: No such module "Lang". in Tangoa or in Araki[10]) later became Script error: No such module "IPA". in Tolomako. Likewise, POc *tama Template:Gloss > Script error: No such module "IPA". (cf. Tangoa Script error: No such module "Lang"., Araki Script error: No such module "Lang".[11]) > Tolomako Script error: No such module "IPA"..
See also
Notes
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- ↑ The term apicolabial is older, but Ladefoged and Maddieson point out that often these sounds are not apical.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". An example of such usage in an IPA publication is in A. Haudricourt (1968) de lɑ̃ːg melanezjɛn a tɔ̃ ɑ̃ nuvɛl kaledɔni. Le Maître Phonétique, vol. 46 (83), no. 129.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ A. François (2008), An online Araki-English-French dictionary. Electronic publication: entry m̈ana
- ↑ Audio link: excerpt from a text in Araki language (sentence s75), showcasing the form Script error: No such module "Lang". (source: Pangloss archive).
- ↑ a b Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ A. François, An online Araki-English-French dictionary. Electronic publication: entry p̈ep̈e
- ↑ A. François, An online Araki-English-French dictionary. Electronic publication: entry r̄am̈a
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References
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".