Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)

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The Cathedral of Our Lady (Template:Langx) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Antwerp, Belgium. Today's seat of the Diocese of Antwerp started in 1352 and, although the first stage of construction was ended in 1521, has never been fully completed. It was constructed in the Gothic style by architects Jan and Pieter Appelmans. It contains a number of significant works by the Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens, as well as paintings by artists such as Otto van Veen, Jacob de Backer and Marten de Vos. The cathedral is the largest Gothic church in Belgium, with its tower rising 123 meters (404 ft) over the city.

The belfry of the cathedral is included in the Belfries of Belgium and France entry in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[1]

History

Before 1124

The first Christian missionaries arrived in the 7th century. The first parish church dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul was constructed in the current Sint Michielsstraat. After the Viking raids in 836, the church was damaged and restored, and subsequently dedicated to Saint Michael. In the 10th century, a group of 12 secular canons were connected to this church. They would dedicate all of their time to the Liturgy of the Hours, and mainly opposed the beliefs of the established Roman Catholic Church. Upon hearing of their dissident behavior, the bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai (to which Antwerp belonged at the time) then sent Norbert of Xanten to discipline them. In 1124, Norbert of Xanten convinces 4 of the secular canons to start a norbertine abbey and thus the parish church becomes a monastery church, known as St. Michael's Abbey. The 8 other secular canons prefer to keep their freedom and move to a different location, a chapel dedicated to Our Lady, the Virgin Mary.[2]

This chapel becomes Antwerp's new parish church, and is located between the Saint Michael residential area, and an older settlement around the area of Het Steen.

Our Lady's church

Becoming more popular, the chapel is demolished and replaced by a much bigger romanesque church. The three-aisled nave corresponded in width to the cathedral's current central aisle, the inner and partly the middle aisles. The cloverleaf-shaped eastern section with a full aisle had a width of no less than 42 m. In 1294, the church gets a novum opus extension, indicating the first signs of gothic architecture.[3]

Our Lady's cathedral and damage

File:Wenceslaus Hollar, Antwerp Cathedral, 1649, NGA 11584.jpg
Antwerp Cathedral, Wenceslaus Hollar, 1649, National Gallery of Art

In 1352, construction was begun on a new Our Lady's church which would become the largest Gothic church in Belgium. In the beginning, it was to be provided with two towers of equal height. In 1521, after nearly 170 years, the new church of Our Lady was ready. The south tower reached only as far as the third-string course.

During the night of 5–6 October 1533, the new church caught fire. The Antwerp mayor Lancelot II of Ursel is credited with playing a major part in the salvation of the church.[4] Through his active help and coordination, the cathedral is said to have been saved from total ruin. Nevertheless, 57 altars had not been saved and went up in flames. Lancelot suffered serious injuries but survived the ordeal according to the letters of the Italian chronicler Francesco Guicciardini.[5] The completion of the second tower was delayed due to the fire and was ultimate abandoned. The church was made the cathedral of the bishopric of Antwerp in 1559. It lost this title in 1801 during the period of French occupation of Belgium by the promolgation of the Concordat of 1801. It was made a cathedral again in 1961.[6][7]

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Descent from the Cross (1612–1614, Antwerp Cathedral).jpg
Descent from the Cross, Peter Paul Rubens[8]

During the Iconoclasm of 20 August 1566 (part of the Beeldenstorm at the start of the Eighty Years' War), Protestants destroyed a large part of the cathedral's interior. The eye-witness Richard Clough, a Welsh Protestant merchant then in Antwerp, wrote that the cathedral: "looked like a hell, with above 10,000 torches burning, and such a noise as if heaven and earth had got together, with falling of images and beating down of costly works, such sort that the spoil was so great that a man could not well pass through the church. So that in fine [short], I cannot write you in x sheets of paper the strange sight I saw there, organs and all destroyed."[9][10][11]

File:Cathedral Antwerp July 2015-14a.jpg
Main nave

When Antwerp came under Protestant administration in 1581 a number of artistic treasures were once again destroyed, removed or sold. With the fall of Antwerp in 1585 Roman Catholic authority was restored.

In 1794 the French revolutionaries who conquered the region plundered Our Lady's Cathedral and inflicted serious damage.[6] Around 1798, the French administration intended to demolish the building but after each blow, the cathedral was able to recover. In 1816, various important works of art were returned from Paris, including three Rubens masterpieces. Over the course of the 19th century, the church was completely restored and refurnished.

The Cathedral was looted and vandalized in 1914 by German soldiers after the Siege of Antwerp (1914). Many of its treasures were taken to Berlin and not returned until after the Armistice of 11 November 1918

Between 1965 and 1993, a complete restoration took place.[6]

Musical life

File:Cornelis Schut - Assumption of Mary.jpg
Assumption of Mary by Cornelis Schut

At the beginning of the 15th century, the cathedral's choir started developing an active musical life, and as a result, the cathedral's importance in the history of music soon soared. Johannes Ockeghem, one of the most important composers of the 15th century, served here as a vicar-singer in 1443, and so did Jacob Obrecht between 1492 and 1497. Sixteenth-century choirmasters included Antoine Barbe, Geert van Turnhout, Séverin Cornet, and Andreas Pevernage.[12] Organists who worked at the cathedral include Henry Bredemers (1493–1501), who went on to become a teacher to Philip the Handsome's children and the renowned English composer John Bull (1615–1628), who fled to Flanders from his home country escaping justice. From 1725 to 1731 Willem de Fesch served as Kapelmeester, followed from 1731 to 1737 by Joseph-Hector Fiocco, and from 1737 by André-Joseph Blavier. Lesser known but locally important figures, such as Jacobus Barbireau and Andreas Pevernage, also worked at the cathedral.

File:Cathedral of Our Lady exterior detail.jpg
Statues of bishops on the tympanum

Significant architectural details

The church's one finished spire is Template:Convert tall,[13] the tallest church tower in the Benelux. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor commented that the spire should be kept under glass, and Napoleon compared the spire to Mechlin lace.[14] The largest bell in the tower requires 16 bell ringers.[15]

The west portal features statues which include the missionary Saint Willibrord. He is thought to have spent time in Antwerp in the 7th century.

Major works of art

File:Stained-glass Antwerp 4.jpg
Stained-glass windows. From left to right: Our Lady of Stekske, by Stalins & Janssens, 1878; Saint Ursula and Saint Gaspar, by E. Didron, 1873; and Dedication of the statue of Our Lady of Lourdes by archbishop Deschamps, by Stalins & Janssens, 1885

The cathedral holds a number of major works of art:

Two of these artworks were confiscated by Napoleon and moved to France, The Raising of the Cross (which was actually the main altar piece of the St Walburga church) and The Descent from the Cross, but were returned to the cathedral in the 19th century.[14] The Paintings were stolen again by the Imperial German Army in 1914 and taken to the Berlin Palace where they were kept until after the Armistice of 11 November 1918 when they were returned.

Carillon

The cathedral has a carillon with 49 bells. The largest bell or bourdon is named Karolus. It was cast on the Groenplaats in 1507 by the brothers Willem & Jaspar Moer from 's Hertogenbosch and weighs 6,434 kilograms (14,185 lb). The inscription indicates that the bell was intended as an hour bell, storm bell and triumphal bell. Karolus was the third storm bell that served in the tower. The bell was consecrated on 15 August 1507 in the presence of Karel, Lord of the Netherlands (the later Emperor Charles V), after whom the bell is named.

Burials

File:Artus Quellinus II - Praalgraf van bisschop Marius Ambrosius Capello.jpg
Tomb of bishop Ambrosius Capello, by Artus Quellinus II

Inside the Cathedral some important graves still can be found, amongst them family members of the noble houses of Rubens, Fourment, Goubau, Tucher, Plantin, Moretus, de Borrekens, etc. Some stones were resited there after Saint-Michael's abbey church was lost.[16] Template:Columns-list

Facts and figures

  • Capacity: 2,400 seats. In principle, the cathedral can hold 25,000 people.[6]
  • The cathedral has 7 aisles, 125 pillars and 128 windows (of which 55 are stained-glass).[6]
  • In 1533 there were 57 permanent altars in the cathedral.[6]
  • The nineteenth-century Schyven organ has 90 registers and 5,770 pipes.[6]
  • The cathedral has a carillon with 49 bells.[6]
  • The heaviest bell is Karolus (1507), weighing Template:Convert.[6]
  • Maintenance of the cathedral costs 1.5 million euros per year.[6]

Gallery

Gallery

See also

Notes

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References

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External links

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Template:Tallest buildings and structures in Belgium Template:Catholic Church in Belgium Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Geschiedenis van Antwerpen, sedert de stichting der stad tot onze ..., Volume 3
  5. ↑ Descrittione di tutti i Paesi Bassi p.98
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named OWFF
  7. ↑ The bishopric of Antwerp was abolished during this period
  8. ↑ analysed in Arnade, 146 (quoted); see also Art through time Template:Webarchive
  9. ↑ Spicer, 109 (spelling modernized); see also Arnade, 146–148
  10. ↑ Eye-witness Account of Image-breaking at Antwerp, Universiteit Leiden Template:Webarchive
  11. ↑ Nicolas Sander, an English Catholic exile who was a professor of theology at Louvain, described the destruction in the church: "these fresh followers of this new preaching threw down the graven [sculpted] and defaced the painted images, not only of Our Lady but of all others in the town. They tore the curtains, dashed in pieces the carved work of brass and stone, brake the altars, spoilt the clothes and corporesses, wrested the irons, conveyed away or brake the chalices and vestiments, pulled up the brass of the gravestones, not sparing the glass and seats which were made about the pillars of the church for men to sit in. ... the Blessed Sacrament of the altar ... they trod under their feet and (horrible it is to say!) shed their stinking piss upon it ... these false bretheren burned and rent not only all kind of Church books, but, moreover, destroyed whole libraries of books of all sciences and tongues, yea the Holy Scriptures and the ancient fathers, and tore in pieces the maps and charts of the descriptions of countries in": Miola, 58–59, 59 quoted
  12. ↑ John A. Rice, Saint Cecilia in the Renaissance: The Emergence of a Musical Icon (Chicago, 2022).
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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