Ansuz (rune)

Template:Short description Template:Infobox rune Template:Contains special characters Ansuz is the conventional name given to the a-rune of the Elder Futhark, ᚨ. The name is based on Proto-Germanic *ansuz, denoting a deity belonging to the principal pantheon in Germanic paganism.

The shape of the rune is likely from Neo-Etruscan a (File:EtruscanA-01.png), like Latin A ultimately from Phoenician aleph.

Name

In the Norwegian rune poem, óss is given a meaning of "estuary" while in the Anglo-Saxon one, ᚩ takes the Latin meaning of "mouth". The Younger Futhark rune is transliterated as ą to distinguish it from the new ár rune (ᛅ), which continues the jēran rune after loss of prevocalic *j- in Proto-Norse *jár (Old Saxon ).

Since the name of File:Gothic Letter Ahsa.svg a is attested in the Gothic alphabet as or , the common Germanic name of the rune may thus either have been *ansuz "god", or *ahsam "ear (of wheat)".

Development in Anglo-Saxon runes

The Anglo-Saxon futhorc split the Elder Futhark a rune into three independent runes due to the development of the vowel system in Anglo-Frisian. These three runes are ᚩ (transliterated o), "oak" ᚪ (transliterated a), and ᚫ "ash" (transliterated æ).

Development in Younger Futhark

File:Forasrun.svg

Variations of the rune in Younger Futhark.

The Younger Futhark corresponding to the Elder Futhark ansuz rune is ᚬ, called óss. It is transliterated as ą. This represented the phoneme /ɑ̃/, and sometimes /æ/ (also written ᛅ) and /o/ (also written ᚢ). The variant grapheme ᚯ became independent as representing the phoneme /ø/ during the 11th to 14th centuries.

Rune poems

It is mentioned in all three rune poems:

Rune Poem:	English Translation:
Old Norwegian ᚬ Óss er flæstra færða fǫr; en skalpr er sværða.	Estuary is the way of most journeys; but a scabbard is of swords.
Old Icelandic ᚬ Óss er algingautr ok ásgarðs jöfurr, ok valhallar vísi. Jupiter oddviti.	God is aged Gautr and prince of Ásgarðr and lord of Valhalla.
Old English ᚩ Ōs bẏþ ordfruma ælcre spræce wisdomes wraþu and witena frofur, and eorla gehwam eadnẏs and tohiht.	The mouth is the source of all language, a pillar of wisdom and a comfort to wise men, a blessing and a joy to every knight.
Notes: In the Icelandic poem, Óss refers to Odin.