Alsophila (plant)

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File:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG
Unfurling frond of Alsophila dealbata (silver fern)

Alsophila is a genus of tree ferns in the family Cyatheaceae.[1] It has also been considered to be a section in the subgenus Cyathea of the genus Cyathea.

Description

Species of Alsophila have a treelike growth habit, with an erect trunk that rarely branches, or sometimes a more shrublike habit, with a creeping stem. Their fronds are large, with a strawlike stalk (stipe), dark brown or black in colour. Brown or dark brown scales are present, with distinct margins. The blade (lamina) of the frond is divided one to three times (one- to three-pinnate). The sori (spore-producing structures) are rounded and borne on smaller veins on the lower surface of the frond. An indusium (a covering to the sori) may or may not be present; if present initially, it may be lost as the frond ages.[2]

Alsophila is now separated from the other genera in the family Cyatheaceae primarily on the basis of molecular phylogenetic studies.[1] The scales on the stalks (petioles) provide a morphological distinction. Alsophila has scales with distinct margins, unlike Sphaeropteris, and with an apical hair or spine (seta), unlike Cyathea. The ornamentation of the spores also distinguishes Alsophila and Cyathea.[3][4]

Taxonomy

The genus Alsophila was erected by Robert Brown in 1810.[5] It is placed in the family Cyatheaceae.[1] The division of the family into genera has had a long and controversial history.[4] Three or four clades have been suggested based on molecular phylogenetic studies. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) accepts three genera, placing the Gymnosphaera clade within Alsophila.[1] In 2018, Dong and Zuo proposed the relationship shown in the cladogram below, and provided names in Gymnosphaera for species they considered to belong in this genus.[6] Script error: No such module "Clade".

Older sources, such as the New Zealand Organisms Register as of October 2000Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Large and Braggins (2004), place Alsophila within a broadly defined Cyathea.[7][8]

Species

The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) accepted the genus Alsophila with 275 species.[1] As of December 2023Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Plants of the World Online accepted 248 species.[9]

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Formerly placed here

(Partial list)

  • Cyathea decurrens (Hook.) Copel.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila decurrens Hook.)
  • Cyathea stokesii (E.D.Br.) N.Hallé & J.FlorenceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila stokesii (E.D.Br.) R.M.Tryon)
  • Gymnosphaera acrostichoides (Alderw.) S.Y.Dong (as Alsophila acrostichoides Alderw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Gymnosphaera andersonii (J.Scott ex Bedd.) Ching & S.K.Wu (as Alsophila andersonii J.Scott ex Bedd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Gymnosphaera annae (Alderw.) S.Y.Dong (as Alsophila annae Alderw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Gymnosphaera atropurpurea (Copel.) Copel. (as Alsophila atropurpurea (Copel.) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Gymnosphaera austroyunnanensis (S.G.Lu) S.G.Lu & Chun X.LiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila austroyunnanensis S.G.Lu)
  • Alsophila baileyana (Domin) S.Y.Dong (as Alsophila baileyana DominScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Gymnosphaera biformis (Rosenst.) Copel. (as Alsophila biformis Rosenst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Alsophila lilianae R.M.TryonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Gymnosphaera boivinii (Mett. ex Ettingsh.) Tardieu (as Alsophila boivinii Mett. ex Ettingsh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Alsophila boiviniiformis (Rakotondr. & Janssen) Christenh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
    • Gymnosphaera boivinii var. madagascarica (Bonap.) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila madagascarica Bonap.)
  • Gymnosphaera capensis (L.f.) S.Y.Dong (as Alsophila capensis (L.f.) J.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Gymnosphaera commutata (Mett.) S.Y.Dong (as Alsophila commutata Mett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Gymnosphaera denticulata (Baker) Copel. (as Alsophila denticulata BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and A. acaulis MakinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Gymnosphaera gigantea (Wall. ex Hook.) S.Y.Dong (as Alsophila gigantea Wall. ex Hook.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., A. helferiana C.PreslScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., A. polycampta KunzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., A. rheosora ChristScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., and A. umbrosa Wall. ex Ridl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Gymnosphaera glabra Blume (as Alsophila glabra (Blume) Hook.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., A. dubia Bedd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., A. reducta Alderw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., and A. vexans Ces.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Gymnosphaera henryi (Baker) S.R.GhoshScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila henryi Baker)
  • Gymnosphaera hornei (Baker) Copel.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila hornei Baker)
  • Gymnosphaera impolita (Rakotondr. & Janssen) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila impolita (Rakotondr. & Janssen) Christenh.)
  • Gymnosphaera khasyana (T.Moore ex Kuhn) ChingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila khasyana T.Moore ex Kuhn)
  • Gymnosphaera lurida (Blume) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila lurida (Blume) Hook.)
  • Gymnosphaera metteniana (Hance) TagawaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila metteniana Hance)
  • Gymnosphaera mildbraedii (Brause) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila mildbraedii Brause)
  • Gymnosphaera nicklesii Tardieu & F.BallardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila nicklesii (Tardieu & F.Ballard) R.M.Tryon)
  • Gymnosphaera ogurae (Hayata) TagawaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila ogurae Hayata)
  • Gymnosphaera phlebodes (Lehnert & Coritico) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila phlebodes Lehnert & Coritico)
  • Gymnosphaera podophylla (Hook.) Copel. (as Alsophila podophylla Hook.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., A. kohchangensis C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., and A. rheosora BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Gymnosphaera poolii (C.Chr.) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila poolii C.Chr., A. coursii Tardieu, and A. vestita BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Gymnosphaera ramispina (Hook.) Copel. (as Alsophila ramispina Hook.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., A. amaiambitensis Alderw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., A. hallieri Alderw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., and A. kenepaiana Alderw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..)
  • Gymnosphaera ramispinoides (M.Kato) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila ramispinoides Lehnert)
  • Gymnosphaera rebeccae (F.Muell.) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila rebeccae F.Muell.)
  • Gymnosphaera rouhaniana (Rakotondr. & Janssen) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila rouhaniana (Rakotondr. & Janssen) Christenh.)
  • Gymnosphaera rubella (Holttum) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila rubella (Holttum) R.M.Tryon)
  • Gymnosphaera salletii (Tardieu & C.Chr.) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila salletii (Tardieu & C.Chr.) R.M.Tryon)
  • Gymnosphaera salvinii (Hook.) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila salvinii Hook. (syn. Cyathea salvinii)
  • Gymnosphaera scandens (Brause) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila scandens Brause (syn. Cyathea scandens)
  • Gymnosphaera schlechteri (Brause) Copel.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila schlechteri Brause)
  • Gymnosphaera schliebenii (Reimers) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila schliebenii Reimers)
  • Gymnosphaera subdubia (Alderw.) S.Y.DongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila subdubia Alderw.)
  • Sphaeropteris australis (C.Presl) R.M.TryonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila leichhardtiana F.Muell.)
  • Sphaeropteris celebica (Blume) R.M.Tryon (as Alsophila celebica (Blume) Mett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Sphaeropteris crinita (Hook.) R.M.Tryon (as Alsophila crinita Hook.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Sphaeropteris lunulata (G.Forst.) R.M.TryonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila lunulata (G.Forst.) R.Br. ex Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Alsophila gazellae KuhnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Alsophila haenkei C.PreslScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Alsophila marianna (Gaudich.) Gaudich.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Alsophila naumannii KuhnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Alsophila ponapeana Hosok.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Alsophila rugosula (Copel.) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Alsophila veitchii Baker, and Alsophila vitiensis Carruth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Sphaeropteris samoensis (Brack.) R.M.TryonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alsophila samoensis Brack.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Alsophila plagiostegia (Copel.) R.M.Tryon)

Distribution and habitat

The genus Alsophila is native in tropical and subtropical areas, from North and South America, through Africa, Madagascar and tropical Asia, to eastern Australasia as far south as the subantarctic Auckland Islands.[9][2] It is found in moist montane forests, on slopes or in ravines, forming part of the lower canopy, middle understorey, or ground layers.[2]

Cultivation

Alsophila species all require frost-free or virtually frost-free, permanently moist, shaded conditions. Those which have been grown in Europe outside their native habitat include A. australis, A. cunninghamii, A. dealbata, A. leichhardtiana and A. rebeccae.[11] Other species are grown in their native regions. In Australia, A. australis is commonly grown and is a robust species, capable of tolerating some sun if kept in moist soil.[12] A. dregei is a popular garden plant in South Africa, with plants being collected for use from the wild sufficiently often to cause it to become extinct in some areas.[13]

Culture

The silver fern, Alsophila dealbata has become a widely recognised symbol of New Zealand, although it is not an official national symbol.[14]

In the 1971 comedy film A New Leaf, Henrietta Lowell (played by Elaine May) is a botanist whose dream is to classify a new species of fern. On a honeymoon trip, she indeed discovers a new species which she names Alsophila grahami after her new husband Henry Graham (Walter Matthau). She describes the plant as having a vestigial indusium.

References

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  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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