Alexander Stirling Calder

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Alexander Stirling Calder (January 11, 1870 – January 7, 1945) was an American sculptor and art teacher. He won a silver medal at the World's Fair of 1904 for his statue of Philip François Renault and led the sculpture program for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition after the death of Karl Bitter. His notable works include the Samuel Gross statue, George Washington on the Washington Square Arch in New York City, the Swann Memorial Fountain in Philadelphia, the Depew Memorial Fountain in Indianapolis, and the Leif Erikson Memorial in Reykjavík, Iceland.

He taught sculpture at the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art, the Throop Polytechnic Institute, and the National Academy of Design. His father, Alexander Milne Calder, and son Alexander Calder were also sculptors.

Early life and education

Calder was born on January 11, 1870, in Philadelphia,[1] the oldest of six boys,Template:Sfn to sculptor Alexander Milne Calder and Margaret Stirling. He attended city public schools and enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA) in Fall 1885, at age 15. He studied under Thomas Eakins for several months, until the teacher's forced resignation in February 1886. Calder remained at PAFA, studying under Thomas Anshutz and James P. Kelly. Two of his sculptures were accepted for PAFA's 1887 annual exhibition, a rare honor for a student.[2]Template:Rp He worked from 1889 to 1890 as a demonstrator of anatomy at the academyTemplate:Sfn and graduated in 1890.Template:Sfn

His father designed and was then in the midst of executing, the extensive sculpture program for Philadelphia City Hall. Calder worked as an apprentice on the project during the summers, and is reported to have modeled an arm for one of the figures. He made his first trip to Europe in Summer 1889, and returned there to study the following year.[2]Template:Rp

Calder moved to Paris with Charles Grafly in Fall 1890, and studied at the Académie Julian under Henri Michel Chapu. The following year, he was accepted at the École des Beaux-Arts, where he entered the atelier of Alexandre Falguière.[3][2]Template:Rp

Career

File:Swann Fountain.JPG
Swann Memorial Fountain in Logan Circle, Philadelphia

In 1892, he returned to Philadelphia and began his career as a sculptor in earnest. His first major commission, won in a national competition, was for the Samuel Gross statue for the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Another early commission was for a set of twelve statues of Presbyterian clergymen for the facade of the Witherspoon Building in Philadelphia.[3][2]Template:Rp

He worked as an instructor in modeling at the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art from 1900 to 1906.[3][4] In 1904, he won a silver medal at the World's Fair of 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri, for his statue of Philip François Renault.[1]

He suffered from tuberculosis and moved to Arizona in 1906 to recover his health. After his health recovered, he moved to Pasadena, California, and his family joined him.[3] In Pasadena, he modeled architectural sculpture for the Throop Polytechnic Institute (now the California Institute of Technology). He returned to the east coast in 1910 and settled in Croton-on-Hudson, New York.[2]Template:Rp He taught at the National Academy of Design from 1910 to 1917 and was elected an academician in 1913.[3]

He was placed in charge of the sculpture program for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, California, after the death of Karl Bitter.[1][5] He obtained a studio in New York City and employed the services of model Audrey Munson who posed for him as the model for the Star Maiden statue. For the exposition, Calder completed three massive sculpture groups, The Nations of the East and The Nations of the West, which crowned triumphal arches, and a fountain group, The Fountain of Energy. Following Bitter's sudden death in April 1915, Calder completed the Depew Memorial Fountain in Indianapolis, Indiana.[1]

File:Leifur heppni (603381304).jpg
Leif Erikson Memorial, Reykjavík, Iceland

Hermon Atkins MacNeil and Calder were commissioned to create sculptures for the Washington Square Arch in New York City. George Washington as Commander-in-Chief, Accompanied by Fame and Valor (1914–1916) was sculpted by MacNeil; and George Washington as President, Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice (1917–18) by Calder. These are sometimes referred to as Washington at War and Washington at Peace.[6]

He sculpted a number of ornamental works for Villa Vizcaya, the James Deering estate outside Miami, Florida.[1] These included the famous Italian Barge (1917–1919), a stone folly in the shape of a boat, projecting into Biscayne Bay.[7]

He taught at the Art Students League of New York from 1918 to 1922.[3]

Two of his major commissions of the 1920s were the Swann Memorial Fountain in Logan Circle,[8] and the architectural sculpture program for the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.[9]

He was one of a dozen sculptors invited to compete in Oklahoma's Pioneer Woman statue competition in 1926–27,[10] which was won by Bryant Baker. In 1927, he was also commissioned by the Berkshire Museum to sculpt the woodwork and fountain of the museum's Ellen Crane Memorial Room in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.[11]

In 1929, he won the national competition for a monumental statue of Leif Eriksson, to be the gift of the United States to Iceland in commemoration of the 1000th anniversary of the Icelandic Parliament.[5]

Personal life

Calder married portrait painter Nanette LedererTemplate:Sfn on February 22, 1895, and they lived in Philadelphia for the first decade of their marriage. They had two children: Margaret Calder Hayes and Alexander Calder.[2]Template:Rp

Calder died on January 7, 1945, and was interred at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.[12]

Legacy

Works from Alexander Stirling Calder will be displayed at a new museum under construction for his son's work in Philadelphia.[13]

Selected works

Title Image Year Location/GPS Coordinates Material Height Notes
Dr. Samuel D. Gross Memorial[14] File:Statue of Samuel D. Gross.jpg 1895–1897 Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		bronze Template:Cvt
File:Samuel D Gross LOC 00109v (cropped).jpg
Posthumous portrait of Dr. Gross, based on Thomas Eakins's 1875 painting.

From 1897 to 1970, the statue stood on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.:
Bust of Major General John F. Hartranft[15] File:Hartranft Smith Arch.JPG 1898 Smith Memorial Arch,
West Fairmount Park,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		bronze Template:Cvt Gen. Hartranft was a U.S. Medal of Honor recipient for the First Battle of Bull Run.
Class of 1892 Drinking Fountain[16]
(The Scholar and the Football Player) 		1900 Quadrangle Dormitories,
University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Script error: No such module "Coordinates"., 		bronze Template:Cvt
File:University of Pennsylvania- its history, traditions, buildings and memorials- also a brief guide to Philadelphia (1918) (14578112798).jpg
Located under the arch at the top of the North Steps.
Overmantel frieze: The Boar Hunt File:Fireplace in Keil Hall - Mercersburg Academy (Chambersburg, PA.).jpg c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1900 Keil Hall,
Mercersburg Academy,
Mercersburg, Pennsylvania
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		carved oak Modeled by Calder, carved by John J. Maene.[17]
Sewell Cross[18]
Major General William Joyce Sewell Monument 		File:Sewell Memorial, The World's Work, Sept 1910, p.13386.jpg 1901 Harleigh Cemetery,
Camden, New Jersey
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		green granite Template:Cvt Modeled by Calder, carved by Leland & Hall Company.

Gen. Sewell was a U.S. Medal of Honor recipient for the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Calder was awarded PAFA's 1905 Walter Lippincott Prize for the Sewell Cross.[2]Template:Rp
Man Cub: "Sandy" Calder at Age 3 File:Man Cub MET 22.89.jpg 1901–02 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 		plaster
(original lost) 		Template:Cvt PAFA purchased Calder's plaster original in 1905, and used it to make a 1906 bronze cast.[19]
The plaster was either returned to Calder or lost (by 1941).[2]Template:Rp
A 1922 bronze cast is at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[20]
Sundial[21] File:Calder sundial Hort Center.JPG 1903–1905 Fairmount Park Horticultural Center,
West Fairmount Park,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		marble Template:Cvt Located in the Sunken Gardens:
File:2008-Subaru-Cherry-Blossom-Festival-of-Greater-Philadelphia-1.jpg
Missouri: The Queen of Rivers[22] File:The World almanac and encyclopedia (1904) (14598348608).jpg 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition,
St. Louis, Missouri 		plaster Calder won a silver medal for his sculpture at the 1904 World's Fair.[2]Template:Rp
Philip François Renault[23] File:Calder Renault 1904 SAAM-J0050225.jpg plaster
Calder Cross[24]
William Hickman Harte Memorial Cross 		File:Sterling Calder Celtic Cross.JPG c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1905 Chippiannock Cemetery,
Rock Island, Illinois
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		granite Template:Cvt Master William Hickman Harte was a Union naval officer who died in the June
17, 1862 Battle of Saint Charles, following the sinking of the USS Mound City.
Fifty years later, Harte's son located his Arkansas grave, and commissioned
this cenotaph for their home town cemetery.[25]
Henry Charles Lea Monument[26] File:Henry Charles Lea monument, Laurel Hill Cemetery.jpg 1911 Laurel Hill Cemetery,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		bronze
File:HC Lea grave LH Philly.jpg
Henry Charles Lea was a noted historian.
The seated figure is Clio, the Muse of History:
Stretching Girl[27] c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1911 National Academy of Design,
Manhattan, New York City 		bronze Template:Cvt Calder's NAD diploma piece, presented following his election as an Academician
in 1913.[28] Robert Henri painted Calder's NAD diploma portrait.[28]

Another bronze cast is at the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
in Bentonville, Arkansas.[29]
An American Stoic: Portrait of Najinyankte[30][31] 1912 Rhode Island School of Design Museum,
Providence, Rhode Island 		bronze Template:Cvt A standing Sioux man wrapped in a blanket.
Star Maiden[32] File:StarASC.jpg 1913–1915 Oakland Museum,
Oakland, California 		bronze Template:Cvt
File:The story of the exposition; being the official history of the international celebration held at San Francisco in 1915 to commemorate the discovery of the Pacific Ocean and the construction of the (14579801637).jpg
The Star Maidens were balustrade figures surrounding the Court of the Universe:
Fountain of Energy (destroyed) File:Calder Fountain of Energy SAAM-J0050248.jpg

File:Perry Energy sculpturemuralso00panarich 0006.jpg

File:Fountain energy.jpg

File:Panama-Pacific International Exposition – Opening day.jpg 		1913–1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition,
San Francisco, California 		staff
File:Fountain of Energy Stirling Calder 1915.jpg
"Energy, the Lord of the Isthmian Way, rides grandly upon the earth. His
outstretched arms have severed the lands and let the waters pass. Upon
his mighty shoulders stand Fame and Glory, heralding the coming of a
conqueror. Energy, the Power of the Future, the Superman, approaches."[33]
File:Calder EasternHemisphere Todd vol.1 opp. p.194.jpg
The globe featured a large reclining female figure with the head of a lioness,
The Eastern Hemisphere, and a large reclining male figure with the head of
a bull, The Western Hemisphere:
4 sculpture groups were clustered around the globe:
The Atlantic Ocean, The Pacific Ocean, The North Sea, The South Sea
File:Fountain energy atlantic.jpg File:PacificASC.jpg File:Fountain energy northsea.jpg File:Calder South Sea Fountain of Energy PPIE 1915.jpg
12 Nerieds riding dolphins were spaced around the pool's perimeter:
File:Calder Nereid Riding Dolphin 1.jpg File:Calder Nereid Riding Dolphin 2.jpg
The Nations of the East[34] (destroyed) File:Nationa of the East.jpeg

File:Calder Arch Rising Sun Story of Expo vol.2 p.139.jpg 		1913–1915 atop The Arch of the Rising Sun,
Panama–Pacific International Exposition,
San Francisco, California 		staff
The Nations of the West[35] (destroyed) File:The Nations of the West - Project Gutenberg eText 16960.jpg

File:Todd Story of Exposition vol.2 opp. p.142.jpg 		1913–1915 atop The Arch of the Setting Sun,
Panama–Pacific International Exposition,
San Francisco, California 		staff
File:Calder Enterprise American Architect Dec 1920 p.779.jpg
Crowning figure: Enterprise
File:Todd Story of Exposition vol.2 opp. p.70.jpg
Central figure: The Mother of Tomorrow
Depew Memorial Fountain File:DepewFountain.jpg 1915–1917 University Park,
Indianapolis, Indiana
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		bronze Crowning figure:
Template:Cvt
File:Depew Memorial Fountain - Maquette.jpg
Calder completed this commission following sculptor Karl Bitter's 1915 death.

Bitter's 1915 maquette for the fountain:
George Washington as President,
Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice[6] 		File:Washington in Peace Calder.jpg 1917–18 Washington Square Arch,
Washington Square,
Manhattan, New York City
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		marble Template:Cvt
File:The Washington Square Arch, Greenwich Village, NY (5).jpg
Sometimes called Washington at Peace.
Hermon Atkins MacNeil modeled Washington at War (1914–16).
The pair flank the north side of the arch.
The Great Stone Barge[36][37]
(Delights and Terrors of the Sea) 		File:Coco Grove FL Vizcaya barge02.jpg 1917–1919 "Villa Vizcaya" (James Deering estate),
Coconut Grove, Florida
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		limestone
File:American Architect Feb 28, 1917 p.147.jpg
Calder's barge sculptures were criticized for being "excessively erotic."Template:Sfn

The eroded sculptures were used to cast concrete replicas in 1981.[38]
Garden sculpture File:Calder Vizcaya AmericanArchitect Dec1920 p.730.jpg File:Vizcaya - panoramio (13).jpg File:Busts - Vizcaya Museum and Gardens - Miami, Florida - DSC08625.jpg File:Shepherd group - Vizcaya Museum and Gardens - Miami, Florida - DSC08703.jpg File:Gate - Vizcaya Museum and Gardens - Miami, Florida - DSC08283.jpg File:Villa Vizcaya - IMG 8050.JPG
The Little Dear with the Tiny Black Swan
(Leda and the Swan)[39] 		File:Calder Little Dear 1921 SAAM-J0050084.jpg 1918–1921 Denver Art Museum,
Denver, Colorado 		bronze Template:Cvt A Template:Cvt version is a promised gift to Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.[40]
Swann Memorial Fountain[41]
(Fountain of Three Rivers) 		File:Logan Square in Phila..JPG 1920–1924 Logan Circle,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		bronze Central figures:
Template:Cvt
File:Swann Fountain Delaware.JPG
Wilson Eyre, architect.

The female allegorical figures represent the Schuylkill River and the
Wissahickon Creek.
The male Lenni Lenape figure represents the Delaware River.
Naiad with Tragic Mask[42]
Model for a Fountain 		File:Calder Naiad with Tragic Mask SAAM-J0050115.jpg c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1920 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 		painted plaster Template:Cvt A bronze cast is at the Reading Public Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania.[43]
A larger plaster version is at the Montclair Art Museum in Montclair, New Jersey.[44]
Scratching Her Heel[45] File:Scratching Her Heel MET 270706.jpg 1921 Metropolitan Museum of Art,
Manhattan, New York City 		bronze Template:Cvt Another bronze cast is at the Telfair Museum of Art in Savannah, Georgia.[46]
The Last Dryad[47] File:Calder Last Dryad SAAM-J0050118-000001.jpg 1921 Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 		plaster Template:Cvt
File:The Last Dryad by Alexander Stirling Calder - University of California, Berkeley - DSC04911.JPG
A 1926 bronze cast is at the University of California, Berkeley.
Shakespeare Memorial[48]
(Tragedy and Comedy, Hamlet and the Fool) 		File:Shakespeare monument - panoramio.jpg 1923–1926 In front of the Free Library of Philadelphia,
Logan Square,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		bronze Template:Cvt
File:Shakespeare Memorial Philly.JPG
Gilbert McIlvaine, architect

Touchstone and Prince Hamlet:

Another bronze cast is at Brookgreen Gardens.[49]
Head of George Bellows[50] 1925 Conner-Rosenkranz Gallery,
Manhattan, New York City 		plaster Template:Cvt A bronze cast is at the New York Historical Society.[51]
Our Lady and the Holy Child[52]
(A Study in French Gothic Style) 		File:Calder Our Lady 1926 SAAM-J0050097.jpg 1926 St. Mary's of Redford Church,
Detroit, Michigan 		marble Template:Cvt Located in a niche behind the High Altar.[53]
Pioneer Woman (Self-Reliant)[54] File:Calder Pioneer Woman SAAM-S0000367.jpg 1926–27 Woolaroc Museum,
Bartlesville, Oklahoma
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		bronze Template:Cvt One of twelve bronze models created by American sculptors for the 1927
Pioneer Woman statue competition. Bryant Baker won the commission.
His heroic-sized Pioneer Woman was dedicated in 1930, in Ponca City, Oklahoma.

Calder received a $10,000 honorarium for his model.[55]
Bust of John James Audubon[56] File:Calder Audubon 1927 SAAM-S0000369.jpg 1927 Hall of Fame for Great Americans,
Bronx Community College,
Bronx, New York City
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		bronze
Leif Eriksson Memorial[57]Script error: No such module "anchor". File:Reykjavik-31-Hallgrimskirche-Leifur Eiriksson-2018-gje.jpg
File:LeifurEiriksson10.JPG 		1929–1932 Hallgrímskirkja Cathedral,
Reykjavík, Iceland 		bronze Template:Cvt
File:Áletrun á styttu af Leifi Eiríkssyni.JPG
Gift of the United States commemorating the 1000th anniversary of the
founding of the Althing, Iceland's parliament.

The statue appeared on a U.S. postage stamp and an Icelandic coin.

Calder's plaster model is at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.[58]

File:View from the top of Hallgrímskirkja.JPG
A bronze cast is at the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, Virginia.[59]

View from the cathedral's tower, looking west to the Atlantic Ocean:
Cruel Nature: Self-Portrait at Age 60[60][61] File:Calder Cruel Nature 1930 SAAM-J0050231.jpg c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1930 National Portrait Gallery,
Washington, D.C. 		terra cotta Template:Cvt
Robert Henri: The Painter-Teacher with the
Gift of Friendship[62][63]
(Posthumous Bust of Robert Henri) 		File:Calder Robert Henri SAAM-J0050172.jpg 1934 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 		plaster
(unlocated)[64] 		Template:Cvt Calder and Henri (1865–1929) had been friends since 1885, when both were first-year
students at PAFA.[2]Template:Rp
Calder's widow had a bronze cast made of the bust in 1947, which she donated to PAFA.[2]Template:Rp
Posthumous Bust of John Singer Sargent[65] File:Calder Sargent 1934 SAAM-J0050237.jpg c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1934 Bronx Community College,
Bronx, New York City 		plaster
Introspection File:Calder Introspection 1935 SAAM-J0050044.jpg c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1935 plaster
Continental Post Rider[66] File:Sculpture "Continental post rider," by Alexander Stirling Calder at the Ariel Rios Federal Building, Washington, D.C LCCN2013634477.tif 1936 William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building,
Washington, D.C. 		aluminum Template:Cvt
Bust of William Penn[67] File:Wmpennhofjeh.JPG 1936 Hall of Fame for Great Americans,
Bronx Community College,
Bronx, New York City
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		bronze
Nature's Dance[68][69]
(The Dance of Life) 		File:Calder Dance of Life SAAM-J0050049.jpg 1938 Brookgreen Gardens,
Murrells Inlet, South Carolina
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		Indiana limestone Template:Cvt
Bishop William White[70][71] File:Bishop William White by Alexander Stirling Calder, Washington Memorial Chapel.jpg 1940 Washington Memorial Chapel,
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 		bronze The Right Reverend White was the first bishop of the American Episcopal Church.

Calder's last major commission.
Bust of Winston Churchill[72] File:Calder Churchill 1943 SAAM-J0050194.jpg 1943 plaster Inscription: "HAVE FAITH, HAVE HOPE, DELIVERANCE IS SURE." JULY 14, 1941.

Architectural sculpture

  • Four figures of famous actresses, marble, I. Miller Building, Broadway and West 46th Street, Manhattan, New York City, 1927–1929:
File:University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.JPG
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

Medallions

  • Life as a Dance (c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1938), Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York City[90]

References

Citations

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  1. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Gadzinski, Cunningham, Panhorst et al.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ John William Leonard, ed., Men and Things: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries (New York: L. R. Hamersly & Company, 1908), p. 374.
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ ‘’Exhibition of Models for a Monument to the Pioneer Woman’’ at the Chicago Architectural Exhibition, East Galleries, Art Institute of Chicago, June 25 to August 1, 1927
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Anna Margaretta Archambault, A Guide Book of Art, Architecture, and Historic Interest in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company, 1924), p. 250.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Minda Powers-Douglas, Chippiannock Cemetery (Arcadia Publishing, 2010), p. 98.[1]
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ a b David B. Dearinger, Paintings & Sculpture at the National Academy of Design, Volume 1: 1826–1925 (Hudson Hills Press, 2004), p. 84.
  29. ↑ Stretching Girl, from Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ An American Stoic, from Bonham's Auction House.
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Stella G. S. Perry, The Sculpture and Mural Decorations of the Exposition: A Photo Survey of the Art of the Panama–Pacific International Exposition (San Francisco: Paul Elder and Company, Publishers, 1921), p. 16.[2]
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ The Little Dear with the Tiny Black Swan, from Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Naiad with Tragic Mask, from PAFA.
  43. ↑ Naiad with Mask, from Reading Public Museum.
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Tragedy and Comedy, from SIRIS.
  50. ↑ George Bellows, from SIRIS.
  51. ↑ George Wesley Bellows, from SIRIS.
  52. ↑ Our Lady and the Holy Child, from SIRIS.
  53. ↑ Our Lady and the Holy Child, from Andy Hoxie via Flickr.
  54. ↑ Pioneer Woman, from SIRIS.
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ John James Audubon, from SIRIS.
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Leif Ericson, from SIRIS.
  59. ↑ Leif Ericson, from SIRIS.
  60. ↑ Self-mask, from SIRIS.
  61. ↑ A. Stirling Calder Self-Portrait, from National Portrait Gallery.
  62. ↑ Robert Henri, from PAFA.
  63. ↑ Bust of Robert Henri, from SIRIS.
  64. ↑ Model of Bust of Robert Henri, from SIRIS.
  65. ↑ Bust of John Singer Sargent, from SIRIS.
  66. ↑ Continental Post Rider, from SIRIS.
  67. ↑ William Penn, from SIRIS.
  68. ↑ Nature's Dance, from SIRIS.
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ [3] Template:Webarchive
  71. ↑ Right Reverend William White, from SIRIS.
  72. ↑ Winston Churchill, from SIRIS.
  73. ↑ Witherspoon Building Figures, from SIRIS.
  74. ↑ A. Stirling Calder, "The Relationship of Sculpture to Architecture," The American Architect, vol. 68, no. 2346 (8 December 1920), p. 778.
  75. ↑ Spandrel figures, from SIRIS.
  76. ↑ Oakland Auditorium Panels, from SIRIS.
  77. ↑ South Frieze, from SIRIS.
  78. ↑ Pediment at Missouri State Capitol, from SIRIS.
  79. ↑ Ethel Barrymore as Ophelia, from SIRIS.
  80. ↑ Rosa Ponselle as Norma, from SIRIS.
  81. ↑ Marilyn Miller as Sunny, from SIRIS.
  82. ↑ Mary Pickford as Little Lord Fauntleroy, from SIRIS.
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Sources

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Fairmount Park Art Association, Sculpture of a City: Philadelphia's Treasures in Bronze and Stone, Walker Publishing Co., Inc, New York. NY 1974
  • Falk, Peter Hastings, ed., Who was Who in American Art, Sound View Press, Madison Connecticut, 1985
  • Gadzinski, Cunningham, Panhorst et al., American Sculpture in the Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1997
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Opitz, Glenn B ed., Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers, Apollo Book, Poughkeepsie NY, 1986
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Proske, Beatrice Gilman, Brookgreen Gardens Sculpture, Brookgreen Gardens, South Carolina, 1968

Further reading

External links

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Template:Alexander Stirling Calder Template:Alexander Calder Template:Authority control

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