Activating transcription factor 2
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox gene Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF2 gene.[1]
Function
This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined.[1]
The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32.[2] The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton.[3] ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK.[4] ATF-2 phosphorylation in response to treatment of cells with tumor promoter phorbol ester has been demonstrated.[5]
Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors.[6][7] ATF-2 may mediate oncogenesis caused by mutant Ras protein[8] and regulate maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype of some types of epithelial cells.
ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its C-terminal (serine 472 and 480 in mouse; serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks.[9] Mice with mutations of these two serines are sensitive to irradiation and easier to tumorigenesis under p53 knockout background.
Interactions
Activating transcription factor 2 has been shown to interact with
- C-jun,[10][11][12]
- Casein kinase 2, alpha 1,[13]
- CREB binding protein,[14]
- CSNK2A2,[13]
- JDP2,[15]
- MAPK14,[16][17][18]
- MAPK8,[16][17][18][19]
- Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3[20]
- NCOA6,[21]
- RUVBL2,[22]
- UBE2I.[23]
See also
References
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External links
Further reading
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External links
- PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2