Turing Award

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The ACM A. M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for contributions of lasting and major technical importance to computer science. It is generally recognized as the highest distinction in the field of computer science and is often referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Computing".[1][2][3][4][5] As of 2026Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., 81 people have been awarded the prize, with the most recent recipients being Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard, who won in 2025.

The award is named after Alan Turing, also referred as "Father of Computer Science", who was a British mathematician and reader in mathematics at the University of Manchester. Turing is often credited as being the founder of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence,[6] and a key contributor to the Allied cryptanalysis of the Enigma cipher during World War II.[7] From 2007 to 2013, the award was accompanied by a prize of Template:US$, with financial support provided by Intel and Google.[1][8] Since 2014, the award has been accompanied by a prize of Template:US$ million, with financial support provided by Google.[9][10]

The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis. The youngest recipient was Donald Knuth, who won in 1974 at the age of 36,[11] while the oldest recipient was Alfred Aho, who won in 2020 at the age of 79.[12] Three women have been awarded the prize: Frances Allen (in 2006),[13] Barbara Liskov (in 2008),[14] and Shafi Goldwasser (in 2012).[15]

Photo of The Turing Award on display at Nokia Bell Labs, August 2025.
The Turing Award of 1983, given to Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, on display at Nokia Bell Labs.

Recipients

Recipients of the ACM Turing award
Year Recipient(s) Photo Citation Affiliation at time of award
1966 Script error: No such module "Sort". File:No image.svg "for his influence in the area of advanced computer programming techniques and compiler construction"[16][17] Carnegie Mellon University
1967 Script error: No such module "Sort". Maurice Wilkes for contributions including being "the builder and designer of the EDSAC, the second computer with an internally stored program" and introducing program libraries (together with David Wheeler and Stanley Gill)[18][19] University of Cambridge
1968 Script error: No such module "Sort". File:No image.svg "for his work on numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes"[20][21] Bell Labs
1969 Script error: No such module "Sort". Marvin Minsky "for his central role in creating, shaping, promoting, and advancing the field of artificial intelligence"[22][23] Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1970 Script error: No such module "Sort". File:No image.svg "for his research in numerical analysis to facilitate the use of the high-speed digital computer, having received special recognition for his work in computations in linear algebra and 'backward' error analysis"[24][25] National Physical Laboratory
1971 Script error: No such module "Sort". John McCarthy Award citation refers to McCarthy's lecture "The Present State of Research on Artificial Intelligence"[26][27] Stanford University
1972 Script error: No such module "Sort". Edsger W. Dijkstra "for fundamental contributions to programming as a high, intellectual challenge; for eloquent insistence and practical demonstration that programs should be composed correctly, not just debugged into correctness; for illuminating perception of problems at the foundations of program design"[28][29] Eindhoven University of Technology
1973 Script error: No such module "Sort". Charles Bachman "for his outstanding contributions to database technology"[30][31] General Electric Research Laboratory (now under Groupe Bull, an Atos company)
1974 Script error: No such module "Sort". Donald Knuth "for his major contributions to the analysis of algorithms and the design of programming languages, and in particular for his contributions to 'The Art of Computer Programming' through his well-known books in a continuous series by this title"[32][33] Stanford University
1975 Script error: No such module "Sort". File:No image.svg in collaboration with J. C. Shaw and others, for "basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing."[34][35][36] RAND Corporation
Script error: No such module "Sort".

Herbert A. Simon

Carnegie Mellon University
1976 Script error: No such module "Sort". Michael O. Rabin "for their joint paper 'Finite automata and their decision problem',[37] which introduced the idea of nondeterministic machines"[38][39][40][41] Princeton University
Script error: No such module "Sort". Dana Scott University of Chicago
1977 Script error: No such module "Sort". John Backus "for profound, influential, and lasting contributions to the design of practical high-level programming systems, notably through his work on FORTRAN, and for seminal publication of formal procedures for the specification of programming languages"[42][43] IBM Research
1978 Script error: No such module "Sort". File:No image.svg "for having a clear influence on methodologies for the creation of efficient and reliable software, and for helping to found the following important subfields of computer science: the theory of parsing, the semantics of programming languages, automatic program verification, automatic program synthesis, and analysis of algorithms"[44][45] Stanford University
1979 Script error: No such module "Sort". File:KEI with ATW NY Aug 1989 (cropped) - Ken Iverson.png "for his pioneering effort in programming languages and mathematical notation resulting in what the computing field now knows as APL, for his contributions to the implementation of interactive systems, to educational uses of APL, and to programming language theory and practice"[46][47] IBM Research
1980 Script error: No such module "Sort". Tony Hoare "for his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages"[48][49] University of Oxford
1981 Script error: No such module "Sort". File:No image.svg "for his fundamental and continuing contributions to the theory and practice of database management systems"[50][51] IBM Research
1982 Script error: No such module "Sort". Stephen Cook for "his advancement of our understanding of the complexity of computation in a significant and profound way"; the citation in particular mentions his paper "The Complexity of Theorem Proving Procedures," which is credited with founding the theory of NP-completeness[52][53] University of Toronto
1983 Script error: No such module "Sort". Dennis Ritchie "for their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the UNIX operating system"[54][55] Bell Labs
Script error: No such module "Sort". Ken Thompson
1984 Script error: No such module "Sort". Niklaus Wirth "for developing a sequence of innovative computer languages, EULER, ALGOL-W, MODULA and PASCAL"[56] University of Zurich
1985 Script error: No such module "Sort". Richard M. Karp "for his continuing contributions to the theory of algorithms including the development of efficient algorithms for network flow and other combinatorial optimization problems, the identification of polynomial-time computability with the intuitive notion of algorithmic efficiency, and, most notably, contributions to the theory of NP-completeness"[57] University of California, Berkeley
1986 Script error: No such module "Sort". John Hopcroft "for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures"[58][59] Cornell University
Script error: No such module "Sort". Robert Tarjan Bell Labs, Princeton University
1987 Script error: No such module "Sort". File:No image.svg "for significant contributions in the design and theory of compilers, the architecture of large systems and the development of reduced instruction set computers (RISC); for discovering and systematizing many fundamental transformations now used in optimizing compilers including reduction of operator strength, elimination of common subexpressions, register allocation, constant propagation, and dead code elimination"[60] IBM Research
1988 Script error: No such module "Sort". Ivan Sutherland "for his pioneering and visionary contributions to computer graphics, starting with Sketchpad, and continuing after"[61] Sun Microsystems
1989 Script error: No such module "Sort". William Kahan "for his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis" and as "one of the foremost experts on floating-point computations"[62] University of California, Berkeley
1990 Script error: No such module "Sort". Fernando J. Corbató "for his pioneering work organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems, CTSS and Multics"[63] Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1991 Script error: No such module "Sort". File:No image.svg The award citation mentions three primary contributions: his mechanization of the Logic of Computable Functions; the programming language ML including its type inference and type safety; the calculus of communicating systems; as well as the connection between operational and denotational semantics[64][65] University of Edinburgh
1992 Script error: No such module "Sort". Butler Lampson "for contributions to the development of distributed, personal computing environments and the technology for their implementation: workstations, networks, operating systems, programming systems, displays, security and document publishing"[66] Digital Equipment Corporation
1993 Script error: No such module "Sort". Juris Hartmanis "in recognition of their seminal paper[67] which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory"[68][69][70] General Electric Research Laboratory (now under Groupe Bull, an Atos company)
Script error: No such module "Sort". Richard E. Stearns
1994 Script error: No such module "Sort". Edward A. Feigenbaum "for pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology"[71][72][73] Stanford University
Script error: No such module "Sort". Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University
1995 Script error: No such module "Sort". Manuel Blum "in recognition of his contributions to the foundations of computational complexity theory and its application to cryptography and program checking"[74] University of California, Berkeley
1996 Script error: No such module "Sort". Amir Pnueli "for seminal work introducing temporal logic into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and system verification"[75] Weizmann Institute of Science
1997 Script error: No such module "Sort". Douglas Engelbart "for an inspiring vision of the future of interactive computing and the invention of key technologies to help realize this vision"[76] Bootstrap Institute/Alliance,[77]
1998 Script error: No such module "Sort". Jim Gray "for seminal contributions to database and transaction processing research and technical leadership in system implementation"[78] Microsoft Research
1999 Script error: No such module "Sort". Fred Brooks "for landmark contributions to computer architecture, operating systems, and software engineering"[79] IBM Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2000 Script error: No such module "Sort". Andrew Yao "in recognition of his fundamental contributions to the theory of computation, including the complexity-based theory of pseudorandom number generation, cryptography, and communication complexity"[80] Princeton University
2001 Script error: No such module "Sort". File:No image.svg "for ideas fundamental to the emergence of object-oriented programming, through their design of the programming languages Simula I and Simula 67"[81][82] Norwegian Computing Center, University of Oslo
Script error: No such module "Sort". Kristen Nygaard
2002 Script error: No such module "Sort". Leonard Adleman "for their ingenious contribution for making public-key cryptography useful in practice"[83][84][85] University of Southern California
Script error: No such module "Sort". Ron Rivest Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Script error: No such module "Sort". Adi Shamir
2003 Script error: No such module "Sort". Alan Kay "for pioneering many of the ideas at the root of contemporary object-oriented programming languages, leading the team that developed Smalltalk, and for fundamental contributions to personal computing"[86] HP Labs
2004 Script error: No such module "Sort". Vint Cerf "for pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking"[87][88] MCI, CNRI
Script error: No such module "Sort". Bob Kahn CNRI
2005 Script error: No such module "Sort". Peter Naur "for fundamental contributions to programming language design and the definition of ALGOL 60, to compiler design, and to the art and practice of computer programming"[89] University of Copenhagen
2006 Script error: No such module "Sort". Frances Allen "for pioneering contributions to the theory and practice of optimizing compiler techniques that laid the foundation for modern optimizing compilers and automatic parallel execution"[90] IBM Research
2007 Script error: No such module "Sort". Edmund M. Clarke "for their role in developing model checking into a highly effective verification technology that is widely adopted in the hardware and software industries"[91][92][93][94] Carnegie Mellon University
Script error: No such module "Sort". E. Allen Emerson University of Texas at Austin
Script error: No such module "Sort". Joseph Sifakis French National Centre for Scientific Research
2008 Script error: No such module "Sort". Barbara Liskov "for contributions to practical and theoretical foundations of programming language and system design, especially related to data abstraction, fault tolerance, and distributed computing"[14] Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2009 Script error: No such module "Sort". Charles P. Thacker "for the pioneering design and realization of the first modern personal computer—the Alto at Xerox PARC—and seminal inventions and contributions to local area networks (including the Ethernet), multiprocessor workstations, snooping cache coherence protocols, and tablet personal computers"[95] Microsoft Research
2010 Script error: No such module "Sort". Leslie Valiant "for transformative contributions to the theory of computation, including the theory of probably approximately correct (PAC) learning, the complexity of enumeration and of algebraic computation, and the theory of parallel and distributed computing"[96] Harvard University
2011 Script error: No such module "Sort". Judea Pearl "for fundamental contributions to artificial intelligence through the development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning"[97][98] University of California, Los Angeles
2012 Script error: No such module "Sort". Shafi Goldwasser "for transformative work that laid the complexity-theoretic foundations for the science of cryptography, and in the process pioneered new methods for efficient verification of mathematical proofs in complexity theory"[15][99][100] Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Weizmann Institute of Science
Script error: No such module "Sort". Silvio Micali Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2013 Script error: No such module "Sort". Leslie Lamport "for fundamental contributions to the theory and practice of distributed and concurrent systems, notably the invention of concepts such as causality and logical clocks, safety and liveness, replicated state machines, and sequential consistency"[101][102][103] Microsoft Research
2014 Script error: No such module "Sort". Michael Stonebraker "for fundamental contributions to the concepts and practices underlying modern database systems"[104][105] Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2015 Script error: No such module "Sort". Whitfield Diffie "for inventing and promulgating both asymmetric public-key cryptography, including its application to digital signatures, and a practical cryptographic key-exchange method[106][107][108] Stanford University
Script error: No such module "Sort". Martin Hellman
2016 Script error: No such module "Sort". Tim Berners-Lee "for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale"[109] Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
World Wide Web Consortium
2017 Script error: No such module "Sort". John L. Hennessy "for pioneering a systematic, quantitative approach to the design and evaluation of computer architectures with enduring impact on the microprocessor industry"[110][111][112] Stanford University
Script error: No such module "Sort". David Patterson University of California, Berkeley
2018 Script error: No such module "Sort". Yoshua Bengio "for conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computing"[113][114][115][116] Script error: No such module "Lang"., Mila
Script error: No such module "Sort". Geoffrey Hinton University of Toronto, Google Brain
Script error: No such module "Sort". Yann LeCun New York University, Meta AI
2019 Script error: No such module "Sort". Edwin Catmull "For fundamental contributions to 3D computer graphics, and the impact of computer-generated imagery (CGI) in filmmaking and other applications"[117][118][119] Pixar
Script error: No such module "Sort". Pat Hanrahan Stanford University
2020 Script error: No such module "Sort". File:No image.svg "for fundamental algorithms and theory underlying programming language implementation and for synthesizing these results and those of others in their highly influential books, which educated generations of computer scientists"[120][121][122] Columbia University
Script error: No such module "Sort". File:No image.svg Stanford University
2021 Script error: No such module "Sort". Jack Dongarra "for pioneering contributions to numerical algorithms and libraries that enabled high performance computational software to keep pace with exponential hardware improvements for over four decades"[123][124] Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
University of Manchester,
University of Tennessee,
Rice University
2022 Script error: No such module "Sort". Robert Metcalfe "for the invention, standardization, and commercialization of Ethernet"[125] Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2023 Script error: No such module "Sort". Avi Wigderson "For foundational contributions to the theory of computation, including reshaping our understanding of the role of randomness in computation and mathematics, and for his decades of intellectual leadership in theoretical computer science"[126][127] Institute for Advanced Study
2024 Script error: No such module "Sort". File:No image.svg "For developing the conceptual and algorithmic foundations of reinforcement learning"[2][128][129] University of Massachusetts Amherst
Script error: No such module "Sort". Richard S. Sutton University of Alberta, Amii
2025 Script error: No such module "Sort". Charles H. Bennett "For their essential role in igniting and shaping the quantum revolution in computer science and in information and communications technology."[130] IBM Research
Script error: No such module "Sort". Gilles Brassard Université de Montréal

See also

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References

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Further reading

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External links

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