A4 autostrada (Poland)
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The A4 autostrada in Poland is a Script error: No such module "convert". long east–west motorway that runs through southern Poland, along the northern side the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains, from the Polish-German border at Zgorzelec-Görlitz (connecting to the A4 autobahn), through Wrocław, Opole, Gliwice, Katowice, Kraków, Tarnów and Rzeszów, to the Polish-Ukrainian border at Korczowa-Krakovets (connecting to the M10). It is a part of European route E40.
The motorway between Wrocław and Kraków (Script error: No such module "convert".) was constructed between 1976 and 2005. The part from Mysłowice to Kraków is tolled (see Tolls).
The section from the German border to Wrocław (Script error: No such module "convert"., not tolled) was constructed between 2002 and 2009, in large part as repavement of the old concrete motorway constructed from 1933 to 1937 (then the territory of Nazi Germany). The repaved parts are substandard due to lack of emergency lanes and the speed limit is decreased to 110 km/h.
The motorway from Kraków to the Ukrainian border (Script error: No such module "convert"., not tolled) was constructed between 2010 and 2016, making A4 the first Polish complete border-to-border highway connection.
History of construction
Some western stretches of this motorway were initially built as a Reichsautobahn by Nazi Germany in the 1930s under her interwar borders. After the Second World War and the takeover of Poland by the communist regime, with her new borders, the existing roads received minimal maintenance and upgrades and became notorious for their poor quality, a phenomenon similar to that observed in East Germany. In effect, the original road served in a virtually unchanged state throughout the whole communist period and the first years afterwards. Reconstruction between 2002 and 2006 removed the old concrete road surface (earlier, a short fragment of A18 was reconstructed between 1993 and 1995, of which 10 km (6.2 mi) are now part of A4), but some aspects of the 1930s standards of construction remain on the stretch from Krzyżowa to Wrocław; for example, the aforementioned section does not have emergency lanes, a feature that is to be added in the future.
The section between Katowice and Kraków was built from 1976 to 1996, and the section between Wrocław and Katowice from 1996 to 2005. Between 2006 and 2009, the section from the German border to the junction with A18 motorway was constructed, which completed a continuous connection from Germany to Kraków.
Also completed in 2009 was the first portion of the motorway east of Kraków (20 km). The original plan was to finish the rest of the motorway by about 2013, but because of the UEFA decision to host the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship in Poland and Ukraine and the resulting need to improve the road infrastructure connecting the two countries, the date for opening the motorway to traffic was moved up to June 2012. This ambitious target was not attained after multiple delays, some caused by the floods of 2010. In July 2016, the last missing section of Script error: No such module "convert". between Rzeszów and Jarosław was completed. This meant the entire length of the A4 from the German border to the Ukrainian border was completed, making the A4 the first complete major motorway in Poland (second overall, behind the very short A8) and the first completed continuous border-to-border highway connection.
Sections of the motorway
| Motorway section | Length | Constructed | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jędrzychowice (border) - Zgorzelec | Script error: No such module "convert". | 1994–1996 | heavy-load trucks only in 1994, all cars since 1996 |
| Zgorzelec - Krzyżowa | Script error: No such module "convert". | 2007–2009 | |
| Krzyżowa - Bielany Wrocławskie | Script error: No such module "convert". | 1933–1937 | repaved in 2002 – 2006 (short fragment in 1993 – 1995); section without emergency lanes |
| Bielany Wrocławskie - Przylesie (Brzeg) | Script error: No such module "convert". | 1997–2000 | first carriageway built 1936 – 1938; reconstructed and second carriageway added in 1997 – 2000 |
| Przylesie (Brzeg) - Nogowczyce | Script error: No such module "convert". | 2000–2003 | some unfinished construction before 1945 |
| Nogowczyce - Kleszczów | Script error: No such module "convert". | 2001–2003 | first carriageway built 1936 – 1942;Template:Efn reconstructed and second carriageway added in 2001 – 2003 |
| Kleszczów - Katowice Murckowska | Script error: No such module "convert". | 1996–2005 | |
| Katowice Murckowska - Mysłowice | Script error: No such module "convert". | 1989–1996 | |
| Mysłowice - Kraków Balice | Script error: No such module "convert". | 1976–1991 | private operator and tolls since 2000 |
| Kraków Balice - Kraków Wieliczka | Script error: No such module "convert". | 1979–2003 | |
| Kraków Wieliczka - Szarów | Script error: No such module "convert". | 2007–2009 | |
| Szarów - Tarnów | Script error: No such module "convert". | 2010–2013 | opened to traffic in November, 2012, in part with single carriageway only.[1] Both carriageways were fully opened in May, 2013.[2] |
| Tarnów Północ - Dębica Wschód[3] | Script error: No such module "convert". | 2010–2014 | opened Oct 30/31, 2014.[4][5] |
| Dębica Wschód - Rzeszów Północ[6][7] | Script error: No such module "convert". | 2010–2013 | opened in October, 2013 |
| Rzeszów Północ - Rzeszów Wschód[8] | Script error: No such module "convert". | 2010–2012 | opened in September, 2012 |
| Rzeszów Wschód - Jarosław Zachód[9] | Script error: No such module "convert". | 2010–2016 | originally planned to finish in 2012, delayed until 2014, then contractor abandoned the contract in January 2014 when 70% complete due to dispute with the government over financing. New contract was awarded in September,[10] with construction beginning in October 2014. Opened in July, 2016.[11] |
| Jarosław Zachód - Korczowa[12] | Script error: No such module "convert". | 2010–2013 | originally planned to finish in 2012,[13] opened in May 2013 (Jarosław Wschód - Radymno) and December 2013 (remaining parts)[14] |
Route description
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See also
References
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- ↑ Budowa autostrady A4 pod Tarnowem na finiszu
- ↑ http://www.gddkia.gov.pl/pl/a/12401/Dwie-jezdnie-na-A4-miedzy-Brzeskiem-a-Wierzchoslawicami Dwie jezdnie na A4 między Brzeskiem a Wierzchosławicami
- ↑ GDDKiA info on A4 w. Krzyż - w. Dębica Pustynia
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ GDDKiA info on A4 w. Rzeszów Zachód - w. Rzeszów Centralny
- ↑ GDDKiA info on A4 w. Dębica Pustynia - w. Rzeszów Zachód
- ↑ GGDDKiA information page for A4 w. Rzeszów Centralny - w. Rzeszów Wschód
- ↑ GGDDKiA information page for A4 Rzeszów Wschód - Jarosław (w. Wierzbna)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ GGDDKiA information page for A4 Radymno - Korczowa
- ↑ Podkarpacie: Mobilizacja na budowie A4 Radymno – Korczowa
- ↑ Autostradą A4 do granicy - GDDKiA announcement
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External links
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