Ą

File:Latin letter A with ogonek.svg

Latin A with ogonek.

Ą (minuscule: ą) is a letter in the Polish, Kashubian, Lithuanian, Creek, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua, Osage, Hocąk, Mescalero, Gwich'in, Tutchone, and Elfdalian alphabets. It is also used for reconstructing Proto-Germanic (e.g., for representing the ending of a- stem neuter nouns).

It is formed from the letter a and an ogonek ("little tail") and usually, except in modern Lithuanian and Polish, denotes a nasal a sound.

Polish

In the Polish alphabet, ą comes after a, but never appears at the beginning of a word, aside from the uncommon ąkły. Originally, ą used to represent a nasal a sound, but in modern times, its pronunciation has shifted to a nasal o sound. The letter does not have one determined pronunciation and instead, its pronunciation is dependent on the sounds that follow it.

Pronunciation

Pronunciation of ą depending on its position

Position	Pronunciation		Example
	Phonemic	Phonetic	Orthography	Pronunciation (phonemic)	Pronunciation (phonetic)
ą + f, w, s, z, sz, ż, rz, h, ch; word-finally			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler ('they are')
ą + k, g			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler ('flour')
ą + t, d, c, dz, cz, dż			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler ('error')
ą + p, b			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler ('tooth')
ą + ś, ź, ć, dź, si, zi, ci, dzi			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler (imperative 'be')
ą + l, ł			wziął ('he took')

In some dialects, word-final ą is also pronounced as ; thus, is occasionally pronounced as .

History

Polish ą sound evolved from a long nasal a sound of medieval Polish into a short nasal o sound in the modern language. The medieval vowel, along with its short counterpart, evolved in turn from the merged nasal *ę and *ǫ of Late Proto-Slavic.

Evolution

Early Proto-Slavic	*em/*en/*im/*in and *am/*an/*um/*un
Late Proto-Slavic	and , transcribed Template:Angle bracket and Template:Angle bracket
Medieval Polish	short and long , sometimes written approx. Template:Angle bracket
Modern Polish	short → , , …, written Template:Angle bracket long → , , …, written Template:Angle bracket

Another explanation is connected to the adoption of the Old Czech-style orthography of the Latin alphabet to write Polish at the turn of the 16th century. In Poland-Lithuania, Latin still dominated in writing in the Kingdom of Poland, and the Cyrillic-based vernacular of Ruthenian had been in official use in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 13th century. In pronunciation, the Church Cyrillic letter big yus (Ѫ ѫ) corresponds to the pronunciation of the Polish ą. However, it is little yus (Ѧ ѧ), which is phonetically similar to ę and, more importantly, shares visual resemblances with the Latin alphabet initial letter (A, a) plus an ogonek, that some believe led to ogonek's introduction. This, according to proponents of the theory, resulted in the letter ą for denoting the nasal o, when it logically should have been ǫ rather than ą. When the ogonek had already been in place as the diacritic for marking nasality in vowels, it was appended to e, resulting in ę for nasal e.

Alternations

The letter often alternates with .

• 'tooth': → ('teeth'),
• 'snake': → ('snakes')
• 'husband' in nominative: → ('with husband', in instrumental case)
• 'weight': → ('to weigh down, to be a burden'),
• 'month': → ('monthly'),
• 'judge': → ('to judge, think')
• 'row' in nominative: → ('four times in a row', genitive case)

However, in words derived from ('government'), the vowel does not change. Thus, (genitive of ) retains the , e.g., ('government's ordinance').

Lithuanian

In modern Lithuanian, it is no longer nasal and is now pronounced as a long a. It is the second letter of the Lithuanian alphabet called (nasal a).

The letter is most often found at the end of the noun to construct an ending of accusative case, as in , the accusative of (ground, floor); both a and ą in are pronounced (a long a). Thus, ą is used to distinguish between the transcription of accusative and the nominative cases of the noun .

It is also used when converting present tense verbs into participles, e.g., ( (somebody who is seeing () right now).

Nasal an forms are now pronounced , as in (list) and (turnover, return).

In most cases if a nasal vowel, such as ą, ę, į, ų, appear in the root of an infinitive verb it becomes nasalized, as in kąsti - kanda, kęsti - kenčia, įlįsti - įlindo, skųsti - skundžią.

In some cases, ą, ę and į (but never ė) may be used in different forms, as in (extension) – (extends) – (to lie extended). Finally, some verbs have it in the middle of a word but only in the present tense, e.g., ( (is getting white), but not (has become white).

The letter can also be found at the beginning of several words, e.g., (jug).

The Americas

File:Ogonek-european-natamerican.svg

The ogonek in European languages is attached to the right leg of A.
Sometimes, in Native American languages, it is under the middle of A.

In some indigenous languages of the Americas, the letter denotes a nasal a sound:

• Western Apache
• Chiricahua
• Creek
• Gwich'in
• Hochunk
• Mescalero
• Navajo
• Tutchone
• Assiniboine/Nakoda

Elfdalian

The Elfdalian alphabet contains the letters that occur in the Swedish alphabet as well as various letters with ogonek to denote nasality. Ą and ą denote a nasal a sound.

Reconstructed language

Scholars who have reconstructed the Proto-Germanic language (the ancestor of all modern Germanic languages, spoken c. 500 BC – AD 500) use the letter ą to denote a nasal vowel.

See also

• Ę
• Ogonek
• Kashubian alphabet
• Lithuanian alphabet
• Elfdalian alphabet
• Polish phonology
• Polish alphabet
• Yus