7.62×54mmR
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The 7.62×54mmR is a rimmed rifle cartridge developed by the Russian Empire and introduced as a service cartridge in 1891. Originally designed for the bolt-action Mosin–Nagant rifle, it was used during the late tsarist era and throughout the Soviet period to the present day. The cartridge remains one of the few standard-issue rimmed cartridges still in military use, and has one of the longest service lives of any military-issued cartridge.[1]
The fully-powered 7.62×54mmR cartridge is still in use by the Russian military in the Dragunov (SVD), SV-98 and other sniper rifles, as well as some modern general-purpose machine guns like the PKM and Pecheneg machine gun. Originally, the round was designated "Трехлинейный патрон образца 1891 года" – (three-line cartridge model of 1891). It then became widely known under the designation "7,62мм винтовочный патрон" (7.62 mm rifle cartridge). The round has erroneously come to be known as the "7.62mm Russian" (and is still often referred to as such colloquially), but, according to standards, the R in designation (7.62×54mmR) stands for "rimmed", in line with standard C.I.P. designations. The name is sometimes confused with the "7.62 Soviet" round, which refers to the rimless 7.62×39mm intermediate cartridge used in the SKS and AK-based (AK-47, RPK) rifles and light machine gun.
Background
The 7.62×54mmR is the second-oldest cartridge still in regular combat service with several major armed forces in the world.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". It is second to the .303 British which entered military service in 1889 and remains in service, primarily in some noncombatant Commonwealth nations around the world.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In 2021, the cartridge reached 130 years in service. Template:As of the 7.62×54mmR is mainly used in designated marksman and sniper rifles like the Dragunov sniper rifle, SV-98 and machine guns like the PKM. It is also one of the few (along with the .22 Hornet, .30-30 Winchester, and .303 British) bottlenecked, rimmed centerfire rifle cartridges still in common use today. Most of the bottleneck rimmed cartridges of the late 1880s and 1890s fell into disuse by the end of the First World War.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The .30-06 Springfield cartridge (7.62×63mm), with its higher service pressure and case capacity, will outperform the 7.62×54mmR when same-length test barrels are used, though this is very uncommon as .30-06 Springfield firearms are generally sold with much shorter barrels than 7.62×54mmR firearms.[2] Commonly available 7.62×54mmR Template:Convert commercial ammunition chronographs around Template:Convert from the typical Mosin-Nagant (29-inch) barrel, while the heavier Template:Convert loads chonograph in the low Template:Convert range. This is identical to .30-06 Springfield performance from a 24-inch barrel and slightly better than .30-06 Springfield performance from a 22-inch barrel.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The 7.62×54mmR originally had a 13.7 g (210 grain) "jager" round-nosed full metal jacket (FMJ) bullet. The projectile was replaced in 1908 by the Template:Convert Лёгкая Пуля (Lyogkaya pulya, "light bullet") spitzer bullet, whose basic design has remained to the present. The Lyogkaya pulya, or L-bullet, had a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of approximately 0.338 and (G7 BC) of approximately 0.185.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Sniper rounds
To increase accuracy for the Dragunov SVD, the Soviets developed the 7N1 variant of the cartridge in 1966. The 7N1 was developed by V. M. Sabelnikov, P. P. Sazonov and V. M. Dvorianinov. It used match-grade extruded powder instead of the coarser ball propellant and had a Template:Convert boat-tailed FMJ jacketed projectile with an air pocket, a steel core and a lead knocker in the base for maximum terminal effect. It had a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of approximately 0.411 and (G7 BC) of approximately 0.206. Produced by "Factory 188" (Novosibirsk Low Voltage Equipment Plant), cartridges are only head-stamped with the number "188" and the year of manufacture. It came packaged 20 loose rounds to a paper packet, 22 packets to a metal "spam" tin, and two tins per wooden case, for a total of 880 rounds. The individual paper packets, hermetically sealed metal 'spam' cans, and wooden shipping crates were all distinctly marked Снайперская (Snaiperskaya, the adjective form of "sniper"). Even the wax wrapping paper for the paper packets was covered in red text to make sure it was not misused.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
As hard body armor saw increasing use in militaries, the 7N1 was replaced in 1999 by the 7N14 special load developed for the SVD. The 7N14 round is loaded with a Template:Convert projectile containing a sharp hardened steel penetrator to improve penetration which is fired with an average muzzle velocity of Template:Convert, for a muzzle energy of Template:Convert.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Cartridge dimensions
The 7.62×54mmR has a 4.16 mL (64 gr H2O) cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt-action rifles and machine guns alike, under challenging conditions.
File:7.62 x 54 R cartridge.svg
7.62×54mmR maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).[3]
Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 18.5 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62 mm (0.300 in), Ø grooves = 7.92 mm (0.312 in), land width = 3.81 mm and the primer type is Berdan or very rarely Boxer (in large rifle size).
According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the 7.62×54mmR can handle up to Template:Convert Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P.-regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that 7.62×54mmR-chambered arms in C.I.P.-regulated countries are currently (2014) proof tested at Template:Convert PE piezo pressure.
Performance
Template:More citations needed section The attainable muzzle velocities and muzzle energies of the 7.62×54mmR are comparable with standard 7.62×51mm NATO cartridges. However, a rimmed case such as the one used in the 7.62×54mmR cartridge can complicate smooth feeding within box magazines, but they are by no means unreliable.[4]
When used with modern hunting bullets, the 7.62×54mmR is capable of taking game in the medium- to large-sized class (CXP2 and CXP3). The 7.62×54mmR can offer very good penetrating ability due to a fast twist rate that enables it to fire long, heavy bullets with a high sectional density. In Russia, the 7.62×54mmR is commonly used for hunting purposes, mostly in sporterized Mosin–Nagant rifles and civil Dragunov variants (Tigers).
Basic specifications of 21st century Russian service loads
The 7.62×54mmR rounds in use with the Russian Armed Forces are designed for machine guns and sniper rifles. As of 2003, there were several variants of 7.62×54mmR rounds produced for various purposes. All use clad metal as case material.
- 57-N-323S
- A conventional steel-core bullet designed to engage personnel and weapon systems. The bullet has a steel core and has a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of approximately 0.374 and (G7 BC) of approximately 0.187. The tip has no distinguishing colour. It can penetrate a Template:Convert thick St3 steel plate at Template:Convert and 6Zh85T body armor at Template:Convert.
- 7N13
- An enhanced-penetration bullet designed to kill personnel wearing body armor, featuring a heat-strengthened core. The tip is uncoloured. A sealing lacquer belt on the mouth of the case is red-coloured. It can penetrate a Template:Convert thick St3 steel plate at Template:Convert and 6Zh85T body armor at Template:Convert.
- 7T2
- A variant of the T-46, a tracer bullet designed for fire adjustment and target designation. The bullet has a green tip, and the tracer burns for 3 seconds.
- 7BZ3
- A variant of the B-32, an armor-piercing/incendiary bullet designed to defeat lightly armored targets. The bullet has a black-red tip.
- 7N1
- A sniper round designed for improved accuracy. The tip of the bullet is uncoloured.
| Cartridge designation[5][6] |
57-N-323S | 7N13 (AP) | 7T2 (tracer) | 7BZ3 (API) | 7N1 (sniper load) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cartridge weight | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert |
| Bullet weight | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert |
| Muzzle velocity | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert |
| Muzzle energy | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert |
| Accuracy of fire at Template:Convert |
Template:Convert (R50) | Template:Convert (R50) | Template:Convert (R50) | Template:Convert (R50) | Template:Convert (R100) |
- R50 at Template:Convert means the closest 50% of the shot group will all be within a circle of the mentioned diameter at Template:Convert.
- R100 at Template:Convert means every shot of the shot group will be within a circle of the mentioned diameter at Template:Convert.
Availability
7.62×54mmR is widely available both as military surplus and new production, but less so for match-grade rounds. Most surplus ammunition is steel-cased and uses Berdan primers, which effectively hinders its use for handloading. However, with the increased popularity of surplus Eastern-bloc Mosin–Nagant, SVT-40, and PSL rifles in the United States, Boxer-primed ammunition and unfired cases are increasingly available; these cases take large rifle primers.
Cartridge derivatives
USSR/Russia
Russia also produces similar derivative cartridges based on the original case dimensions of the 7.62x54mmR cartridge for hunting and sport.
- 6.5×54mmR: necked-down version, used in both converted Mosin biathlon rifles and Vostok-brand biathlon rifles in the 1960s and 1970.[7]
- 9×53mmR: hunting cartridge.
- 9.6×53mmR Lancaster: hunting cartridge.[8]
Finland
After World War 2, there were many captured Russian and Finnish military surplus 7.62x54R rifles available to Finnish sportsmen and subsistence hunters. At one point the Finnish Government decided that there were too many wounded and escaped game animals that had not been humanely and quickly taken using the surplus military ammunition. Particularly when hunting large game such as moose and bear. They banned the use of the 7.62x53mmR and 7.62x54mmR for such game. Finnish gunsmiths and cartridge companies then developed 2 different derivative cartridges by "necking up" the case to accept larger diameter or "caliber" (therefore also heavier and harder hitting) bullets for more humane hunting of large game: the 8.2x53mmR and the 9.3x53mmR. Both bullet calibers were, and still are, common calibers for hunting rifles in Europe and much of the rest of the world.
- 7.62×53mmR: military cartridge. Considered identical to 7.62×54mmR by some manufacturers, but not by CIP.
- 8.2×53mmR: hunting cartridge.[9]
- 9.3×53mmR: hunting cartridge.[10]
List of 7.62×54mmR firearms
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Rifles
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Machine guns
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Alternative names
Template:More citations needed section While the only official nomenclature for the cartridge is 7.62×54R ("R" standing for "rimmed"), some shooters in the U.S. have confused the "R" as an abbreviation for "Russian" due to the round's origin.
- 7.62×54R
- 7.62 Russian
- 7.62 Mosin–Nagant
- 7.62 Dragunov
- 7.62 M91
- .30 Russian[12]
- Rimmed Russian
See also
- List of rimmed cartridges
- List of rifle cartridges
- Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
- 7.62 mm caliber
- 7.62×53mmR Finnish
References
Notes
Bibliography
- C.I.P. CD-ROM edition 2003
- C.I.P. decisions, texts and tables (free current C.I.P. CD-ROM version download (ZIP and RAR format))
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External links
- 7.62x54R rifle cartridges
- Various photos of 7.62×54mmR ammunitionTemplate:Dead link
- An evaluation list for variants, weights, and velocities of this ammunition type Template:Webarchive
- A dimensional diagram of the cartridge Template:Webarchive
- 110 Years Of The 7.62×54R Template:Webarchive
- C.I.P. TDCC sheet 7.62 × 54 R (indisputable legally binding dimensions and data for civilian use in Russia)
Template:Rimmed cartridges Template:WWIIUSSRInfWeapons
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ William C. Davis Jr. (1986). Handloading. p. 191. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Template:Usurped
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ municion.org: 6.5x54 R Template:WebarchiveTemplate:In lang
- ↑ thefirearmblog.com - Tag: 9.6x53mm Lancaster
- ↑ waffenlager.net - 8.2x53RTemplate:In lang
- ↑ waffenlager.net - 9.3x53RTemplate:In lang
- ↑ https://www.kalashnikov.ru/oruzhejnye-pohozhdeniya-dvuh-baronov-v-rossii-i-okrestnostyah-chast-tretya/
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".