Special wards of Tokyo

The of Tokyo are a special form of municipalities in Japan under the 1947 Local Autonomy Law. They are city-level wards: primary subdivisions of a prefecture with municipal autonomy largely comparable to other forms of municipalities. With a land area of Template:Convert, it is about three-quarters the size of Singapore. As of 2024, it has a population of almost 10 million, with a density of about Template:Convert.

Although the autonomy law today allows for special wards to be established in other prefectures, to date they exist only in Tokyo, which consists of 23 special wards and 39 other, ordinary municipalities (cities, towns, and villages). The special wards of Tokyo occupy the land that was once the core Tokyo City in its 1936 borders before it was abolished under the Tōjō Cabinet in 1943 to become directly ruled by the prefectural government, then renamed to "Metropolitan". During the Occupation of Japan, municipal autonomy was restored to former Tokyo City by the establishment of special wards, each with directly elected mayor and assembly, as in any other city, town or village in Tokyo and the rest of the country.

In Japanese, they are collectively also known as , , or less formally the or just if the context makes obvious that this does not refer to the whole prefecture. Most of Tokyo's prominent infrastructures are located within the special wards. Today, all wards refer to themselves as a city in English, but the Japanese designation of remains unchanged. They are a group of 23 municipalities; there is no associated single government body separate from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, which governs all 62 municipalities of Tokyo, not just the special wards.

Analogues in other countries

Analogues exist in historic and contemporary Chinese and Korean administration: "Special wards" are city-independent wards, analogously, "special cities/special cities" (teukbyeol-si/tokubetsu-shi) are province-/prefecture-independent cities and were intended to be introduced under SCAP in Japan, too; but in Japan, implementation was stalled, and in 1956 special cities were replaced in the Local Autonomy Law with designated major cities which gain additional autonomy, but remain part of prefectures. In everyday English, Tokyo as a whole is also referred to as a city even though it contains 62 cities, towns, villages and special wards. The closest English equivalents for the special wards would be the London boroughs or New York City boroughs if Greater London and New York City had been abolished in the same way as Tokyo City, making the boroughs top-level divisions of England or New York state.

Differences from other municipalities

Although special wards are autonomous from the Tokyo metropolitan government, they also function as a single urban entity in respect to certain public services, including water supply, sewage disposal, and fire services. These services are handled by the Tokyo metropolitan government, whereas cities would normally provide these services themselves. This situation is very similar between the Federal District and its 35 administrative regions in Brazil,but with local elections. To finance the joint public services it provides to the 23 wards, the metropolitan government levies some of the taxes that would normally be levied by city governments, and also makes transfer payments to wards that cannot finance their own local administration.

Waste disposal is handled by each ward under direction of the metropolitan government. For example, plastics were generally handled as non-burnable waste until the metropolitan government announced a plan to halt burying of plastic waste by 2010; as a result, about half of the special wards now treat plastics as burnable waste, while the other half mandate recycling of either all or some plastics.

Unlike other municipalities (including the municipalities of western Tokyo), special wards were initially not considered to be local public entities for purposes of the Constitution of Japan. This means that they had no constitutional right to pass their own legislation, or to hold direct elections for mayors and councilors. While these authorities were granted by statute during the US-led occupation and again in 1975, they could be unilaterally revoked by the National Diet; similar measures against other municipalities would require a constitutional amendment. The denial of elected mayors to the special wards was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court in the 1963 decision Japan v. Kobayashi et al. (also known as Tokyo Ward Autonomy Case).

In 1998, the National Diet passed a revision of the Local Autonomy Law (effective in the year 2000) that implemented the conclusions of the Final Report on the Tokyo Ward System Reform increasing their fiscal autonomy and established the wards as basic local public entities.

History

Template:More ref The word "special" distinguishes them from the of other major Japanese cities. Before 1943, the wards of Tokyo City were no different from the wards of Osaka or Kyoto. These original wards numbered 15 in 1889. Large areas from five surrounding districts were merged into the city in 1932 and organized in 20 new wards, bringing the total to 35; the expanded city was also referred to as . By this merger, together with smaller ones in 1920 and 1936, Tokyo City came to expand to the current city area.

1943–1947

On March 15, 1943, as part of wartime totalitarian tightening of controls, Tokyo's local autonomy (elected council and mayor) under the Imperial municipal code was eliminated by the Tōjō cabinet and the Tokyo city government and (Home ministry appointed) prefectural government merged into a single (appointed) prefectural government; the wards were placed under the direct control of the prefecture.

1947–2000

The 35 wards of the former city were integrated into 22 on March 15, 1947, just before the legal definition of special wards was given by the Local Autonomy Law, enforced on May 3 the same year. The 23rd ward, Nerima, was formed on August 1, 1947, when Itabashi was split again. The postwar reorganization under the US-led occupation authorities democratized the prefectural administrations but did not include the reinstitution of Tokyo City. Seiichirō Yasui, a former Home Ministry bureaucrat and appointed governor, won the first Tokyo gubernatorial election against Daikichirō Tagawa, a former Christian Socialist member of the Imperial Diet, former vice mayor of Tokyo city and advocate of Tokyo city's local autonomy.

Since the 1970s, the special wards of Tokyo have exercised a considerably higher degree of autonomy than the administrative wards of cities (that unlike Tokyo City retained their elected mayors and assemblies) but still less than other municipalities in Tokyo or the rest of the country, making them less independent than cities, towns or villages, but more independent than city subdivisions. Today, each special ward has its own elected and .

2000–present

In 2000, the National Diet designated the special wards as , giving them a legal status similar to cities.

The wards vary greatly in area (from 10 to 60 km²) and population (from less than 40,000 to 830,000), and some are expanding as artificial islands are built. Setagaya has the most people, while neighboring Ōta has the largest area.

The total population census of the 23 special wards had fallen under 8 million as the postwar economic boom moved people out to suburbs, and then rose as Japan's lengthy stagnation took its toll and property values drastically changed, making residential inner areas up to 10 times less costly than during peak values. Its population was 8,949,447 as of October 1, 2010, about two-thirds of the population of Tokyo and a quarter of the population of the Greater Tokyo Area.

The Mori Memorial Foundation put forth a proposal in 1999 to consolidate the 23 wards into six larger cities for efficiency purposes, and an agreement was reached between the metropolitan and special ward governments in 2006 to consider realignment of the wards, but there has been minimal further movement to change the current special ward system.

In other prefectures

Special wards do not currently exist outside Tokyo; however, several Osaka area politicians, led by Governor Tōru Hashimoto, are backing an Osaka Metropolis plan under which the city of Osaka would be replaced by special wards, consolidating many government functions at the prefectural level and devolving other functions to more localized governments. Under a new 2012 law, – sometimes informally called "Osaka Metropolis plan law", but not specifically referring to Osaka – major cities and their surrounding municipalities in prefectures other than Tokyo may be replaced with special wards with similar functions if approved by the involved municipal and prefectural governments and ultimately the citizens of the dissolving municipalities in a referendum. Prerequisite is a population of at least 2 million in the dissolving municipalities; three cities (Yokohama, Nagoya and Osaka) meet this requirement on their own, seven other major city areas can set up special wards if a designated city is joined by neighboring municipalities. However, where special wards are set up cannot style themselves as the Local Autonomy Law only allows Tokyo with that status. In Osaka, a 2015 referendum to replace the city with five special wards was defeated narrowly.

Postwar local government structure of Japan

Level	Executive	Executive leadership	Legislature
State/nation (kuni, ) Unitary state, local autonomy anchored in the Constitution	Central/Japanese national government (chūō-/Nihonkoku-seifu, /)	Cabinet/Prime Minister (naikaku/naikaku sōri-daijin, /) indirectly elected by the Diet from the Diet	National Diet (Kokkai, ) bicameral, both houses directly elected
Prefectures ("Metropolis, prefecture, prefectures and prefectures") (to/dō/fu/ken, ) 47 contiguous subdivisions of the nation	Prefectural/"Metropolitan" government (to-/dō-/fu-/kenchō, ) local autonomy and delegated functions from national level	Prefectural/"Metropolitan" governor (to-/dō-/fu-/ken-chiji, ) directly elected	Prefectural/"Metropolitan" assembly (to-/dō-/fu-/ken-gikai, ) unicameral, directly elected
[Subprefectures] (various names) Sub-prefectural administrative divisions of some prefectures, contiguous in some prefectures, only partial for some areas in others in Tokyo: 4 subprefectures for remote islands	Branch office (shichō, 支庁 and other various names) (Subordinate branch offices of the prefectural government, delegated prefectural functions)
Municipalities (Cities, [special] wards/"cities", towns and villages) (shi/[tokubetsu-]ku/chō [=machi]/son [=mura], ) (as of 2016: 1,741) contiguous subdivisions of all 47 prefectures in Tokyo often named in the order: -ku/-shi/-chō/-son, in Tokyo as of 2001: 62 municipalities (23 special wards, 26 cities, 5 towns, 8 villages)	Municipal government (city/ward/town/village hall) (shi-/ku-yakusho, //machi-/mura-yakuba, /) local autonomy and delegated functions from national & prefectural level post-occupation–2000: only shi/chō/son with municipal autonomy rights, ku with delegated authority	Municipal (city/ward/town/village) mayor (shi-/ku-/chō-/sonchō, ) directly elected in Tokyo's special wards: indirectly elected 1952–1975	Municipal (city/ward/town/village) assembly (shi-/ku-/chō-/son-gikai, ) unicameral, directly elected
[Wards, sometimes unambiguously "administrative wards"] ([gyōsei-]ku, []) Contiguous sub-municipal administrative divisions of designated major cities	Ward office (kuyakusho, ) (Subordinate branch offices of the city government, delegated municipal functions)

List of special wards

No.	Flag	Name	Kanji	Population (Template:As of)	Density (/km2)	Area (km2)	Major districts
01	File:Flag of Chiyoda, Tokyo.svg	Chiyoda		0066,680	05,718	011.66	Nagatachō, Kasumigaseki, Ōtemachi, Marunouchi, Akihabara, Yūrakuchō, Iidabashi, Kanda
02	File:Flag of Chuo, Tokyo.svg	Chūō		0169,179	16,569	010.21	Nihonbashi, Kayabachō, Ginza, Tsukiji, Hatchōbori, Tsukishima
03	File:Flag of Minato, Tokyo.svg	Minato		0260,486	12,787	020.37	Odaiba, Shinbashi, Hamamatsuchō, Mita, Toranomon, Azabu, Roppongi, Akasaka, Aoyama
04	File:Flag of Shinjuku, Tokyo.svg	Shinjuku		0349,385	19,175	018.22	Shinjuku, Takadanobaba, Ōkubo, Waseda, Kagurazaka, Ichigaya, Yotsuya
05	File:Flag of Bunkyo, Tokyo.svg	Bunkyō		0240,069	21,263	011.29	Hongō, Yayoi, Hakusan
06	File:Flag of Taito, Tokyo.svg	Taitō		0211,444	20,914	010.11	Ueno, Asakusa
07	File:Flag of Sumida, Tokyo.svg	Sumida		0272,085	19,759	013.77	Kinshichō, Ryōgoku, Oshiage
08	File:Flag of Koto, Tokyo.svg	Kōtō		0524,310	13,055	040.16	Kameido, Ojima, Sunamachi, Tōyōchō, Kiba, Fukagawa, Toyosu, Ariake
09	File:Flag of Shinagawa, Tokyo.svg	Shinagawa		0422,488	18,497	022.84	Shinagawa, Gotanda, Ōsaki, Hatanodai, Ōimachi, Tennōzu
10	File:Flag of Meguro, Tokyo.svg	Meguro		0288,088	19,637	014.67	Meguro, Nakameguro, Jiyugaoka, Komaba, Aobadai
11	File:Flag of Ota, Tokyo.svg	OtaŌta		0748,081	12,332	060.66	Ōmori, Kamata, Haneda, Den-en-chōfu
12	File:Flag of Setagaya, Tokyo.svg	Setagaya		0943,664	16,256	058.05	Shimokitazawa, Kinuta, Karasuyama, Tamagawa
13	File:Flag of Shibuya, Tokyo.svg	Shibuya		0243,883	16,140	015.11	Shibuya, Ebisu, Harajuku, Daikanyama, Hiroo
14	File:Flag of Nakano, Tokyo.svg	Nakano		0344,880	22,121	015.59	Nakano
15	File:Flag of Suginami, Tokyo.svg	Suginami		0591,108	17,354	034.06	Kōenji, Asagaya, Ogikubo
16	File:Flag of Toshima, Tokyo.svg	Toshima		0301,599	23,182	013.01	Ikebukuro, Komagome, Senkawa, Sugamo
17	File:Flag of Kita, Tokyo.svg	Kita		0355,213	17,234	020.61	Akabane, Ōji, Tabata
18	File:Flag of Arakawa, Tokyo.svg	Arakawa		0217,475	21,405	010.16	Arakawa, Machiya, Nippori, Minamisenju
19	File:Flag of Itabashi, Tokyo.svg	Itabashi		0584,483	18,140	032.22	Itabashi, Takashimadaira
20	File:Flag of Nerima, Tokyo.svg	Nerima		0752,608	15,653	048.08	Nerima, Ōizumi, Hikarigaoka
21	File:Flag of Adachi, Tokyo.svg	Adachi		0695,043	13,052	053.25	Ayase, Kitasenju, Takenotsuka
22	File:Jp-13-ka.svg	Katsushika		0453,093	13,019	034.80	Tateishi, Aoto, Kameari, Shibamata
23	File:Flag of Edogawa, Tokyo.svg	Edogawa		0697,932	13,986	049.90	Kasai, Koiwa
Overall				9,733,276	15,724	618.8

Notable districts

File:Sensoji at night 5.JPG

Asakusa

File:Ginza01s3872.jpg

Ginza

File:Tokyo Marunouchi01s3872.jpg

Marunouchi

File:Tokyo Shibuya Oka1.JPG

Shibuya

File:Skyscrapers of Shinjuku 2009 January.jpg

Shinjuku

File:Tokyo Oka2.JPG

Rainbow Bridge and Tokyo Tower viewed from Odaiba

Many important districts are located in Tokyo's special wards:

Akasaka

A district with a range of restaurants, clubs, and hotels; many pedestrian alleys give it a local neighborhood feel. It is next to Roppongi, Nagatachō, and Aoyama.

Akihabara

A densely arranged shopping district popular for electronics, anime culture, amusement arcades, and otaku goods.

Aoyama

A neighborhood of Tokyo adjacent to Omotesando with parks, trendy cafes, and international restaurants.

Asakusa

A cultural center of Tokyo, famous for the Sensō-ji Buddhist temple, and several traditional shopping streets. For most of the twentieth century, Asakusa was the main entertainment district in Tokyo, with large theaters, cinemas, an amusement park and a red light district. The area was heavily damaged by US bombing raids during World War II, and has now been rivaled by newer districts in the west of the city as entertainment and commercial centers.Template:Clarification needed

Ginza and Yūrakuchō

Major shopping and entertainment district with historic department stores, upscale shops selling brand-name goods, and movie theaters. This area is part of the original city center in the wards of Chuo and Chiyoda (as opposed to the new centers in Shinjuku, Ikebukuro, and Shibuya).

Harajuku

Known internationally for its role in Japanese street fashion.

Ikebukuro

The busiest interchange in north central Tokyo, featuring Sunshine City and various shopping destinations.

Jinbōchō

Often referred to as "Book Town," Tokyo's center of used-book stores and publishing houses, and a popular antique and curio shopping area.

Kasumigaseki

Home to most of the executive offices of the national government, as well as the Tokyo Metropolitan Police.

Marunouchi and Ōtemachi

As one of the main financial and business districts of Tokyo, Marunouchi includes the headquarters of many banks, trading companies, and other major corporations. The area is seeing a major redevelopment in the near future with plans for new buildings and skyscrapers for shopping and entertainment constructed on the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station.Template:Needs update This area is part of the original city center in the wards of Chuo and Chiyoda (as opposed to the new centers in Shinjuku, Ikebukuro, and Shibuya).

Nagatachō

The political heart of Tokyo and the nation. It is the location of the National Diet (parliament), government ministries, and party headquarters.

Odaiba

A large, reclaimed, waterfront area that has become one of Tokyo's most popular shopping and entertainment districts. It resides on a man-made island.

Omotesandō

Known for upscale shopping, fashion, and design.

Roppongi

Home to the rich Roppongi Hills area, Mori Tower, an active night club scene, and a relatively large presence of Western tourists and expatriates.

Ryōgoku

The heart of the sumo world. Home to the Ryōgoku Kokugikan and many sumo stables.

Shibuya

A long-time center of shopping, fashion, nightlife, and youth culture. Shibuya is a famous and popular location for photographers and tourists.

Shinagawa

In addition to the major hotels on the west side of Shinagawa Station, the former "sleepy east side of the station" has been redeveloped as a major center for business. Shinagawa station is in Minato-ku, not in Shinagawa-ku.

Shinbashi

A traditional Shitamachi district. Revitalization of it being the gateway to Odaiba and the Shiodome Shiosite complex of high-rise buildings began in 2016, and was completed in 2018.

Shinjuku

Location of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, and a major secondary center of Tokyo (fukutoshin), as opposed to the original center in Marunouchi and Ginza. The area is known for its concentration of skyscrapers and shopping areas. Major department stores, electronics stores and hotels are located here. On the east side of Shinjuku Station, Kabukichō is known for its many bars and nightclubs. Shinjuku Station moves an estimated three million passengers a day, which makes it the busiest rail station in the world.

Ueno

Ueno is known for its parks, department stores, and large concentration of cultural institutions. Ueno Zoo and Ueno Park are located here. Ueno Station is a major transportation hub serving commuters to and from areas north and east of Tokyo. In the spring, the area is a popular locale to view cherry blossoms.

See also

• Administrative division
• Capital of Japan
• List of cities in Japan
• Special cities of Japan
• Urban area
• Wards of Japan

External links

• Tokyo Metropolitan Government explanation of special wards
• Tokyo Metropolitan Government statistics Template:In lang
• Association of special ward mayors (tokubetsu-kuchōkai) Template:In lang
• Association of special ward assembly presidents (tokubetsu-kugikai gichōkai) Template:In lang