2G

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Use dmy dates Template:List of mobile phone generations 2G refers to the second generation of cellular network technology, which were rolled out globally starting in the early 1990s. The main differentiator to previous mobile telephone systems, retrospectively dubbed 1G, is that the radio signals of 2G networks are digital rather than analog, for communication between mobile devices and base stations. In addition to voice telephony, 2G also made possible the use of data services.

The most common 2G technology has been the GSM standard, which became the first globally adopted framework for mobile communications. Other 2G technologies include cdmaOne and the now-discontinued Digital AMPS (D-AMPS/TDMA),[1] as well the Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) and Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) in Japan.

The transition to digital technology enabled the implementation of encryption for voice calls and data transmission, significantly improving the security of mobile communications while also increasing capacity and efficiency compared to earlier analog systems. 2G networks were primarily designed to support voice calls and Short Message Service (SMS), with later advancements such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enabling always-on packet data services, including email and limited internet access. 2G was succeeded by 3G technology, which provided higher data transfer rates and expanded mobile internet capabilities.

History

In 1990, AT&T Bell Labs engineers Jesse Russell, Farhad Barzegar and Can A. Eryaman filed a patent for a digital mobile phone that supports the transmission of digital data. Their patent was cited several years later by Nokia and Motorola when they were developing 2G digital mobile phones.[2]

2G was first commercially launched in 1991 by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in Finland in the form of GSM, which was defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).[3] The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) defined the cdmaOne (IS-95) 2G standard, with an eight to ten fold increase in voice call capacity compared to analog AMPS.[4] The first deployment of cdmaOne was in 1995.[5] In North America, Digital AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) and cdmaOne (IS-95) were dominant, but GSM was also used.

Later 2G releases in the GSM space, often referred to as 2.5G and 2.75G, include General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). GPRS allows 2G networks to achieve a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s). EDGE increases this capacity, providing a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).

Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were:

Evolution of GSM 2G

File:Cellular network standards and generation timeline.svg
Cellular network standards and generation timeline. (Large titles on the colored area refer to the lines to their right.

2.5G (GPRS)

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2.5G ("second-and-a-half generation") refers to 2G systems that incorporate a packet-switched domain alongside the existing circuit-switched domain, most commonly implemented through General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).[6] GPRS enables packet-based data transmission by dynamically allocating multiple timeslots to users, improving network efficiency. However, this does not inherently provide faster speeds, as similar techniques, such as timeslot bundling, are also employed in circuit-switched data services like High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD). Within GPRS-enabled 2G systems, the theoretical maximum transfer rate is 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s).[7]

2.75G (EDGE)

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2.75G refers to the evolution of GPRS networks into EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) networks, achieved through the introduction of 8PSK (8 Phase Shift Keying) encoding. While the symbol rate remained constant at 270.833 samples per second, the use of 8PSK allowed each symbol to carry three bits instead of one, significantly increasing data transmission efficiency. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology built as an extension to standard GSM. First deployed in 2003 by AT&T in the United States, EDGE offers a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).[7]

2.875G (EDGE Evolution)

Evolved EDGE (also known as EDGE Evolution or 2.875G) is an enhancement of the EDGE mobile technology that was introduced as a late-stage upgrade to 2G networks. While EDGE was first deployed in the early 2000s as part of GSM networks, Evolved EDGE was launched much later, coinciding with the widespread adoption of 3G technologies such as HSPA and just before the emergence of 4G networks. This timing limited its practical application.

Evolved EDGE increased data throughput and reduced latencies (down to 80 ms) by utilizing improved modulation techniques, dual carrier support, dual antennas, and turbo codes. It achieved peak data rates of up to 1 Mbit/s, significantly enhancing network efficiency for operators that had not yet transitioned to 3G or 4G infrastructures. However, despite its technical improvements, Evolved EDGE was never widely deployed. By the time it became available, most network operators were focused on implementing more advanced technologies like UMTS and LTE. As of 2016, no commercial networks were reported to support Evolved EDGE.

Phase-out

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". 2G, understood as GSM and CdmaOne, has been superseded by newer technologies such as 3G (UMTS / CDMA2000), 4G (LTE / WiMAX) and 5G (5G NR). However, 2G networks were still available Template:As of in most parts of the world, while notably excluding the majority of carriers in North America, East Asia, and Australasia.[8][9][10]

Many modern LTE-enabled devices have the ability to fall back to 2G for phone calls, necessary especially in rural areas where later generations have not yet been implemented.[11] In some places, its successor 3G is being shut down rather than 2G – Vodafone previously announced that it had switched off 3G across Europe in 2020 but still retains 2G as a fallback service.[12] In the US T-Mobile shut down their 3G services while retaining their 2G GSM network.[13][14]

Various carriers have made announcements that 2G technology in the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries are in the process of being shut down, or have already shut down 2G services so that carriers can re-use the frequencies for newer technologies (e.g. 4G, 5G).[15][16]

As a legacy protocol, 2G connectivity is considered insecure.[17] Specifically, there exist well known methods to attack weaknesses in GSM since 2009[18] with practical use in crime.[19] Attack routes on 2G CdmaOne were found later and remain less publicized.[20]

Android 12 and later provide a network setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device.[21] iOS 16 and later can disable 2G connectivity by enabling Lockdown Mode.[22]

Criticism

In some parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, 2G remains widely used for older feature phones and for internet of things (IoT) devices such as smart meters, eCall systems and vehicle trackers to avoid the high patent licensing cost of newer technologies.[23] Terminating 2G services could leave vulnerable people who rely on 2G infrastructure unable to communicate even with emergency contacts, causing harm and possibly deaths.[24]

Past 2G networks

Country Status Network Shutdown date Standard Notes
Template:Country data Åland Ålcom 2025-02-03 GSM [25]
Template:Country data Anguilla Digicel Template:Fontcolour GSM 900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 5 MHz UMTS
1900 MHz: 5 MHz UMTS [26][27][28][29]
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM [30][31]
Template:Country data Antigua and Barbuda Template:Fontcolour APUA 2018-04-01 GSM [32]
Digicel 2024-05-31 GSM [33]
FLOW 2024-07-31 GSM [34]
Template:Country data Aruba partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM [35]
SETAR Template:Fontcolour GSM GSM-900 & GSM-1900
Template:Country data Australia Template:Fontcolour Hutchison 3 2006-08-09 cdmaOne [36][37][38][39][40]
Optus 2017-08-01 GSM 2G shut down in WA and NT on 3 Apr 2017.[41][42]
Telstra 2008-04-28 cdmaOne [43][44][45][46][47]
Telstra 2016-12-01 GSM [48]
Vodafone 2018-06-14 GSM [49]
Template:Country data Bahamas Template:Fontcolour Aliv N/A Template:Fontcolour
BTC 2024-06-30 GSM [50][51][52]
Template:Country data Bahrain Batelco 2021-11-30 GSM [53]
Template:Country data Barbados partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM 900 MHz: 6 MHz GSM /
1800 MHz: 12 MHz GSM [54]
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM
Template:Country data Belgium Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
Telenet Template:Partial2 GSM [56]
Proximus Template:Partial2 GSM [57]
Template:Country data Bermuda Digicel Template:Fontcolour GSM 1900 MHz: 15 MHz GSM + 15 MHz LTE [58]
One Template:Fontcolour GSM 1900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 20 MHz LTE [58]
Template:Country data Bonaire partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM
Template:Country data British Virgin Islands CCT Template:Fontcolour GSM 1900 MHz: 10 MHz GSM + 20 MHz LTE [59]
Digicel Template:Fontcolour GSM 1800 MHz: 15 MHz GSM
1900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 10 MHz UMTS [59]
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM [60]
Template:Country data Brunei Template:Fontcolour UNN 2021-06-01 GSM National Wholesale Network used by DSTCom, Progresif and imagine.[61][62]
Template:Country data Canada Bell 2019-04-30 cdmaOne Shutdown of CDMA transmitters commenced in remote areas in 2017, followed by an official announcement in June 2018 that 2G devices will lose service soon.[63][64]
Rogers Wireless Template:Partial2 GSM Template:Fontcolour
850 MHz remains active.[65][66][67][68]
SaskTel 2017-07-31 cdmaOne [69][70]
Telus Mobility 2017-05-31 cdmaOne [71][72]
Template:Country data Cayman Islands partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel 2020-07-01 GSM [73][74]
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM
Template:Country data China China Mobile Template:Fontcolour GSM 900 MHz: 15 MHz GSM
1800 MHz: 25 MHz GSM [75]
China Telecom Template:Partial2 cdmaOne Template:Fontcolour
CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service also terminates.[75][76][77]
China Unicom Template:Partial2 GSM Template:Fontcolour[75][78][79][77][80]
Template:Country Entel Template:Partial2 GSM Template:Fontcolour[81]
Template:Country data Colombia Claro 2023-02-23 GSM [82][83]
Tigo 2022-11-01 GSM [84]
Template:Country data Curaçao Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW 2024-02-29 GSM [85][86]
Template:Country data Dominica partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM [87]
Template:Country data France Bouygues Template:Partial2 GSM [88]
Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
SFR Template:Partial2 GSM [89]
Template:Country data Germany Deutsche Telekom Template:Partial2 GSM [90]
Vodafone Template:Partial2 GSM [91]
Telefónica (O2) Template:Partial2 GSM
Template:Country data Grenada unconfirmed Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM
Template:Country data Guam unconfirmed GTA Teleguam Template:Partial2 GSM
Template:Country data Hong Kong 3 2008-11-20 cdmaOne Shut down due to license expiry. Government originally did not allow the license to be renewed due to unpopularity, however the government later reversed the decision and held an auction for CDMA2000 service, which PCCW-HKT won the auction and provided CDMA2000 service immediately after 3's license expiry.
3 2021-09-30 GSM [92]
CMHK Template:Fontcolour GSM 1800 MHz only
CSL 2005 D-AMPS Service previously provided by Pacific Link, which subsequently merged into CSL. Shut down due to license expiry. Government did not allow the license to be renewed due to unpopularity.
CSL 2017-10-31 cdmaOne Service previously provided by PCCW. After acquisition of CSL by HKT, its mobile business PCCW Mobile was merged into CSL. No service for local customers, only served incoming roaming tourists.
CSL terminated its CDMA family business upon its licence expiry, and CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated along with cdmaOne.[93]
CSL 2024-11-08 GSM [94]
SmarTone 2022-10-14 GSM [95]
Template:Country data Iceland Nova 2025-01-28 GSM [96]
Síminn Template:Partial2 GSM [97]
Sýn Template:Partial2 GSM [98][99]
Template:Country data Israel Hot Mobile 2019-12-31 iDEN [100]
Template:Partial2 GSM Per government statement.[101]
Template:Country data Jamaica Template:Fontcolour Digicel 2024-08-31 GSM [102][103]
FLOW 2024-04-15 GSM [104][103][105]
Template:Country data Japan Template:Fontcolour au KDDI 2012-07-22 cdmaOne [106]
NTT Docomo 2012-03-31 PDC [107]
Softbank 2010-03-31 PDC [108]
Template:Country data Jordan Umniah 2021-03-11 GSM [109]
Template:Country data Luxembourg Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
Template:Country data Macau Template:Fontcolour CTM 2019-08-01 GSM Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.[110][111][112]
3 2019-08-01 GSM Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.[110][111]
SmarTone 2019-08-01 GSM Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.[110][111]
Template:Country data Mexico AT&T 2019-09-01 GSM [113]
Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2019.
Movistar 2021-01-01 GSM [114]
Template:Country data Montserrat unconfirmed Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM
Template:Country data Netherlands KPN Template:Partial2 GSM [115]
T-Mobile 2021-06-01 /
2023-11-15 (IoT) 		GSM [116]
Template:Country data New Caledonia OPT-NC Template:Partial2 GSM Template:Fontcolour[117]
Template:Country data New Zealand 2degrees 2018-03-15 GSM [118]
Spark 2012-07-31 cdmaOne [119][120]
Template:Country data Norway Telenor Template:Partial2 GSM [121]
Telia Template:Partial2 GSM [121]
Template:Country data Panama Digicel 2022-06-30 GSM Complete shutdown of operations and market exit.[122][123][124][125]
Template:Country data Peru Bitel N/A Template:Fontcolour
Template:Country data Poland Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
Template:Country data Romania Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
Template:Country data Saint Kitts and Nevis Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM [126]
Template:Country data Saint Lucia partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM [127]
Template:Country data Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW 2023-09-30 GSM [128][129][130][131]
Template:Country data Saudi Arabia stc Template:Partial2 GSM [132]
Template:Country data Singapore Template:Fontcolour M1 2017-04-18 GSM [133]
Singtel 2017-04-18 GSM [133]
StarHub 2017-04-18 GSM [133]
Template:Country data Sint Maarten
Template:Country data Saba
Template:Country data Sint Eustatius 		Template:Fontcolour TelCell 2019-01-01 GSM [134]
FLOW (UTS) 2017-09-26 GSM [135]
Template:Country data Slovakia Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
Template:Country data South Africa Template:Partial2 GSM Per government statement.[136][137]
Template:Country data South Korea Template:Fontcolour KT 2012-03-19 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[138]
LG Uplus 2021-06-30 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service has also terminated.[139]
SK Telecom 2020-07-27 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[140]
Template:Country data Spain Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
Template:Country data Sweden Net4Mobility (Telenor/Tele2) Template:Partial2 GSM 2G network will be shut down by the end of 2025.[141][142][143]
Telia Template:Partial2 GSM Shutdown pushed back from 2025 to 2027.[144][145]
Template:Country data Switzerland Template:Fontcolour Salt 2020-12-31 GSM Shutdown commenced on 1 Jul 2020. A few single 2G-only sites remained until Sep 2023 to preserve CSFB functionality.[146][147][148]
Sunrise 2023-01-03 GSM With the introduction of S-RAN in 2018 phaseout was previously postponed to 2022.[149][150][151]
Swisscom 2021-04-07 GSM Official shutdown on 31 Dec 2020 (guaranteed availability).[152][153][154]
Template:Country data Taiwan Template:Fontcolour Chunghwa Telecom 2017-06-30 GSM [155]
FarEasTone 2017-06-30 GSM [155]
Taiwan Mobile 2017-06-30 GSM [155]
Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM [156][157][158]
bmobile (TSTT) Template:Partial2 GSM 850 MHz: 2.5 MHz GSM + 5 MHz UMTS [159][160]
Template:Country data Turks and Caicos Islands Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM 900 MHz: 9.8 MHz GSM [161]
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM [162]
Template:Country data United Arab Emirates Template:Fontcolour Du 2023-12-31 GSM [163]
Etisalat 2023-12-31 GSM [164]
Template:Country data United Kingdom Template:Partial2 GSM Per government statement on confirmation by mobile providers.[165][166][167]
Template:Country data United States
Template:Country data Puerto Rico
Template:Country data US Virgin Islands 		AT&T 2008-02-18 D-AMPS TDMA (D-AMPS) on 1900 MHz shut down on 15 July 2007.[168]
2017-01-01 GSM [169]
Cellcom
(US only) 		2023-12-01 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[170]
Claro
(PR only) 		Template:Partial2 GSM
Commnet Wireless (Choice)
(US only) 		2022-12-31 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[171]
Copper Valley Wireless 2022-09-30 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[172]
Edge Wireless 2007-06-30 D-AMPS [173]
T-Mobile Template:Partial2 GSM Template:Fontcolor[174][175]
T-Mobile (Sprint) 2022-05-31 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.
Shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.[176][177][178][179]
UScellular
(US only) 		2009-02 D-AMPS [180]
UScellular
(US only) 		2024-01-14 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[181][182]
Verizon
(US only) 		2022-12-31 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[183]
Template:Country data Venezuela Digitel 2024-03-08 GSM Shutdown commenced in May 2021.[184][185]
Movilnet Template:Partial2 GSM [184]
Movistar Template:Partial2 GSM Template:Fontcolour[184]
Template:Country data Vietnam Template:Fontcolour Gmobile 2024-10-16 GSM per government regulation[186]
Mobifone 2024-10-16 GSM per government regulation[186]
Vietnamobile N/A Template:Fontcolour
Viettel 2024-10-16 GSM per government regulation[186]
Vinaphone 2024-10-16 GSM per government regulation[186]

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Template:S-endTemplate:Mobile telecommunications standardsTemplate:Mobile phones
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check Mobile Telephony Generations Template:S-ttl/check Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
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  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  154. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  155. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  156. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  158. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  160. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  162. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  163. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  164. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  165. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  167. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  168. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  169. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  172. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  173. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  175. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  176. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  179. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  180. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  182. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  183. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  186. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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