Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama

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Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen (born Gönbo Cêdän; 19 February 1938 – 28 January 1989) was the tenth Panchen Lama, officially the 10th Panchen Erdeni (Template:Zh), of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. According to Tibetan Buddhism, Panchen Lamas are living emanations of the buddha Amitabha. He was often referred to simply as Choekyi Gyaltsen.

Recognition

The Paṇchen Lama incarnation line began in the seventeenth century after the 5th Dalai Lama gave Chokyi Gyeltsen the title, and declared him to be an emanation of Buddha Amitaba. Officially, he became the first Panchen Lama in the lineage, while he had also been the sixteenth abbot of Tashilhunpo Monastery.[1]

The 10th Panchen Lama was born as Gonpo Tseten on 19 February 1938, in Bido, today's Xunhua Salar Autonomous County of Qinghai, known as Amdo. His father was also called Gonpo Tseten and his mother was Sonam Drolma. After the Ninth Panchen Lama died in 1937, two simultaneous searches for the tenth Panchen Lama produced different boys, with the government in Lhasa preferring a boy from Xikang, and the Ninth Panchen Lama's khenpos and associates choosing Gonpo Tseten.[2] On 3 June 1949, the Republic of China (ROC) government declared its support for Gonpo Tseten.

On 11 June 1949, at twelve years of age in the Tibetan counting system, Gonpo Tseten was enthroned at the major Gelugpa monastery in Amdo, Kumbum Jampa Ling monastery as the 10th Panchen Lama and given the name Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen. Attending were also Guan Jiyu, the head of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, and ROC Kuomintang Governor of Qinghai, Ma Bufang.[3] Still in Lhasa, the Dalai Lama recognized the Panchen Lama Choekyi Gyaltsen a few years later, after they met.[4]

File:C-18.jpg
Young Panchen Lama in 1947

Chinese Civil War

The ROC wanted to use Choekyi Gyaltsen to create a broad anti-Communist base in Southwest China.[2] The ROC's Kuomintang formulated a plan where three Tibetan Khampa divisions would be assisted by the Panchen Lama to oppose the Communists.[5]

When Lhasa denied Choekyi Gyaltsen the territory the Panchen Lama traditionally controlled, he asked Ma Bufang to help him lead an army against Tibet in September 1949.[6] Ma tried to persuade the Panchen Lama to come with the Kuomintang government to Taiwan when the Communist victory approached, but the Panchen Lama declared his support for the Communist People's Republic of China instead.[7][8] Moreover, the Dalai Lama's regency was unstable, having suffered a civil war in 1947, and the Kuomintang took advantage of this to expand its influence in Lhasa.[9]

People's Republic of China

The Panchen Lama reportedly supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet, and supported China's reform policies for Tibet.[4] Radio Beijing broadcast the religious leader's call for Tibet to be "liberated" into China, which created pressure on the Lhasa government to negotiate with the People's Republic.[2]Template:Cln

At Kumbum Monastery, the Panchen Lama gave a Kalacakra initiation in 1951.[10] That year, the Panchen Lama was invited to Beijing as the Tibetan delegation was signing the 17-Point Agreement and telegramming the Dalai Lama to implement the Agreement.[11] He was recognized by the 14th Dalai Lama when they met in 1952.

In September 1954, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama went to Beijing to attend the first session of the first National People's Congress, meeting Mao Zedong and other leaders.[12][13] The Panchen Lama was soon elected a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and in December 1954 he became the deputy chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.[14] In 1956, the Panchen Lama went to India on a pilgrimage together with the Dalai Lama. When the Dalai Lama fled to India in 1959, the Panchen Lama publicly supported the Chinese government, and the Chinese brought him to Lhasa and made him chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region.[15]

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The young Panchen Lama at a Tibetan monastery

Petition and arrest

70,000 Character Petition

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After a tour through Tibet in 1962, the Panchen Lama wrote a document addressed to Prime Minister Zhou Enlai denouncing the abusive policies and actions of the People's Republic of China in Tibet. This became known as the 70,000 Character Petition.[16][17] According to Isabel Hilton, it remains the "most detailed and informed attack on China's policies in Tibet that would ever be written."[18]

The Panchen Lama met with Zhou Enlai to discuss the petition he had written. The initial reaction was positive, but in October 1962, the PRC authorities dealing with the population criticized the petition. Chairman Mao called the petition "... a poisoned arrow shot at the Party by reactionary feudal overlords."

For decades, the content of this report remained hidden from all but the very highest levels of the Chinese leadership, until one copy surfaced in 1996.[19] In January 1998, upon the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the birth of the Tenth Panchen Lama, an English translation by Tibet expert Robert Barnett entitled A Poisoned Arrow: The Secret Report of the 10th Panchen Lama, was published.[20][21]

Arrest

In 1964, he was publicly humiliated at Politburo meetings, dismissed from all posts of authority, declared 'an enemy of the Tibetan people', had his dream journal confiscated and used against him,[22] and was then imprisoned. He was 26 years old at the time.[23] The Panchen's situation worsened when the Cultural Revolution began. The Chinese dissident and former Red Guard Wei Jingsheng published in March 1979 a letter under his name but written by another, anonymous, author denouncing the conditions at Qincheng Prison, where the 10th Panchen Lama was imprisoned.[24][25] In October 1977 he was released, but held under house arrest in Beijing until 1982.[26]

File:Panchen Lama during the struggle (thamzing) session 1964.jpg
The Tibetan Panchen Lama during a struggle session, 1964.

Later life

In 1978, after giving up his vows of an ordained monk, he travelled around China, looking for a wife to start a family.[27] He began courting Li Jie, uterine granddaughterTemplate:Clarify of Dong Qiwu, a general in PLA who had commanded an Army in the Korean War. She was a medical student at Fourth Military Medical University in Xi'an. At the time, the Lama had no money and was still blacklisted by the party, but the wife of Deng Xiaoping and widow of Zhou Enlai saw the symbolic value of a marriage between a Tibetan Lama and a Han woman. They personally intervened to wed the couple in a large ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in 1979.[28] One year later, the Panchen Lama was given the Vice Chairmanship of the National People's Congress and other political posts, and he was fully politically rehabilitated by 1982.

Daughter

Li Jie bore a daughter in 1983, named Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo (Template:Langx).[29] Popularly known as the "Princess of Tibet",[30] she is considered important in Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan-Chinese politics, as she is the only known offspring in the over 620-year history of either the Panchen Lama or Dalai Lama reincarnation lineages.

Of her father's death, Rinzinwangmo reportedly refused to comment, allegedly attributing his early death to his generally poor health, morbid obesity, and chronic sleep deprivation.[28]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The 10th Panchen Lama's death sparked a six-year dispute over his assets amounting to $20 million between his wife and daughter and Tashilhunpo Monastery.[28]

Return to Tibet

The Panchen Lama made several journeys to Tibet from Beijing, during 1980 and afterwards.

While touring eastern Tibet in 1980, the Panchen Lama also visited the famous Nyingma school master Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok at Larung Gar.[31]

In 1987, the Panchen Lama met Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok again in Beijing, bestowed the teaching of the Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva, and blessed as well as endorsed Larung Gar and conferred its name as Serta Larung Ngarik Nangten Lobling (gser rta bla rung lnga rig nang bstan blob gling), commonly translated as Serta Larung Five Science Buddhist Academy.[31]

With the Panchen Lama's invitation, Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok joined him in 1988 on a consecration ritual in central Tibet, which became a monumental pilgrimage of sacred Buddhist sites in Tibet, among them the Potala Palace, the Norbulinka, the Nechung Monastery, then to Sakya Monastery and Tashilhunpo Monastery, and also to Samye Monastery.[31][32]

Also in 1987, the Panchen Lama established a business called the Tibet Gang-gyen Development Corporation, envisioned for the future of Tibet whereby Tibetans could take the initiative to develop and join in their own modernization. Plans to rebuild sacred Buddhist sites destroyed in Tibet during 1959 and after were included. Gyara Tsering Samdrup worked with the business, but was arrested in May 1995 after the 11th Panchen Lama Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was recognized.[33][34][35]

Early in 1989, the 10th Panchen Lama returned again to Tibet to rebury recovered bones from the graves of the previous Panchen Lamas, graves that had been destroyed at Tashilhunpo Monastery in 1959[22] by the Red Guards, and consecrated in a chorten built as the receptacle.

On 23 January 1989, the Panchen Lama delivered a speech in Tibet in which he said: "Since liberation, there has certainly been development, but the price paid for this development has been greater than the gains."[36][37] He criticized the excesses of the Cultural Revolution in Tibet and praised the reform and opening up of the 1980s.[38]

Death

Five days later on 28 January, the Panchen Lama died in Shigatse at the age of 50.[39] Although the official cause of death was said to have been from a heart attack, some Tibetans suspect foul play.[36]

Many theories spread among Tibetans about the Panchen Lama's death. According to one story, he foresaw his own death in a message to his wife on their last meeting. In another, a rainbow appeared in the sky before his death.[38] Other people, including the Dalai Lama,[28] believe that he was poisoned by his own medical staff. Supporters of this theory cite remarks the Panchen Lama made on 23 January to high-ranking officials and that were published in the People's Daily and the China Daily.

In August 1993, his body was moved to Tashi Lhunpo Monastery where his body was first put in a sandalwood bier, which was then put into a specially made safety cabinet and finally moved into the Precious Bottle in the stupa of the monastery where it remains preserved.[40]

In 2011, the Chinese dissident Yuan Hongbing declared that Hu Jintao, then the Communist Party Secretary of Tibet and the Political Commissar of the PLA's Tibet units, had masterminded the death of the 10th Panchen Lama.[41]

According to the state-run People's Daily, the Dalai Lama was invited by the Buddhist Association of China to attend the Panchen Lama's funeral and to take the opportunity to contact Tibet's religious communities. The Dalai Lama was unable to attend the funeral.[42][43][44]

File:PanchenLamaBlessingTibetans1987.JPG
The 10th Panchen Lama visited Tibet in August 1987, and thousands of Tibetans walked for days to line up and receive a blessing.

See also

References

Citations

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Sources

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  • Feigon, Lee. Demystifying Tibet: Unlocking the Secrets of the Land of the Snows (1996) Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. Template:ISBN.
  • Goldstein, Melvyn C. The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama (1997) University of California Press. Template:ISBN.
  • Hilton, Elizabeth. The Search for the Panchen Lama (2000) W. W. Norton & Company. Template:ISBN.
  • Kapstein, Matthew T. The Tibetans (2006) Blackwell Publishing. Template:ISBN.
  • Laird, Thomas. (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama. Grove Press, New York. Template:ISBN.
  • McKay, Alex (ed.). Tibet and Her Neighbours: A History (2003) Walther Konig. Template:ISBN.

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External links

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Preceded byas Director
(fled to India during the 1959 rebellion) Template:S-bef/check 		Director of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region
Acting
1959–1964 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded byas Acting Director
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Reincarnation of the Panchen Lama
10th
1949–1989 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
  1. ↑ Panchen Lama, Treasury of Lives, https://treasuryoflives.org/incarnation/Panchen-Lama
  2. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Melvyn C. Goldstein, in McKay 2003, p. 222.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Nicole Willock, The Sixth Tseten Zhabdrung, Jigme Rigpai Lodro, Treasury of Lives, https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Jigme-Rigpai-Lodro/P1646
  11. ↑ "The Tenth Panchen Lama" Template:Webarchive
  12. ↑ "Ngapoi recalls the founding of the TAR" Template:Webarchive, Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, China View, 30 August 2005.
  13. ↑ "Selected Foreign Dignitaries Met From Year 1954 to 1989" Template:Webarchive
  14. ↑ Goldstein, M.C., A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 – The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955, p. 496
  15. ↑ Feigon 1996, p. 163
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Secret Report on 1960s Tibet Published (TIN).
  21. ↑ The Secret Report Of Tibet's 10th Panchen Lama Available Online For The First Time (TIN).
  22. ↑ a b Hilton 2000
  23. ↑ "Exploring Chinese History :: East Asian Region :: Tibet" Template:Webarchive
  24. ↑ "Excerpts from Qincheng: A Twentieth Century Bastille" Template:Webarchive, published in Exploration, March 1979
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  28. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ "Buddha's Daughter: a Young Tibetan-Chinese Woman" Template:Webarchive
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b c Antonio Terrone, (October 2013). Khenpo Jigme Puntsok. The Treasury of Lives. https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Khenpo-Jigme-Puntsok/10457 , In the early 1980s, in the mountain retreat that Khenpo Jigme Puntsok developed in the mountains south of Serta named Larung Gar (bla rung sgar), he dedicated most of his time to practicing and teaching Dzogchen while his fame as a virtuous practitioner and dedicated teacher attracted more and more monastics. He particularly emphasized the importance of Buddhist ethics and the Vinaya code of monastic discipline. His fame was such that he was visited by the Tenth Paṇchen Lama Chokyi Gyeltsen's (paN chen 10 chos kyi rgyal mtshan, 1949-1989), during the latter's tour of eastern Tibet in 1980.
  32. ↑ David Germano, Re-membering the dismembered body of Tibet: Contemporary Tibetan visionary movements in the People's Republic of China. Editors Melvyn Goldstein and Matthew Kapstein. "Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet: Religious revival and cultural identity", UC Press, 1998.
  33. ↑ Senior Tibetan monk given jail term by China, (8 May 1997), https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/08/world/senior-tibetan-monk-given-jail-term-by-china.html Senior Tibetan Monk Given Jail Term by China
  34. ↑ Dawa Norbu, Tibet : the road ahead, Rider & Co, 1998 Template:ISBN, p.320-321.
  35. ↑ Patrick French, Tibet: A personal history of a lost country, 2005, Template:ISBN, p. 73
  36. ↑ a b Laird 2006, p. 355
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ a b Hilton 2000, pp. 192–194
  39. ↑ Hilton 2000, p. 1
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Kalsang Rinchen, "Hu killed Panchen: Chinese dissident" Template:Webarchive, Phayul.com, 16 March 2011
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Kapstein 2006, p. 295
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