Nymphaea

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Nymphaea (Template:IPAc-en) is a genus of hardy and tender aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution. Many species are cultivated as ornamental plants, and many cultivars have been bred. Some taxa occur as introduced species where they are not native,[1] and some are weeds.[2] Plants of the genus are known commonly as water lilies,[1][3] or waterlilies in the United Kingdom. The genus name is from the Greek νυμφαία, nymphaia and the Latin nymphaea, which means "water lily" and were inspired by the nymphs of Greek and Latin mythology.[1]

Description

File:Nymphaea leaf cross-section.jpg
A bright-field micrograph of a cross-section of a floating leaf of Nymphaea alba.
Template:Hlist
File:Nymphaea cf. gardneriana Planch.jpg
Complete specimen of Nymphaea cf. gardneriana Planch. with several floating leaves, as well as submerged leaves with scale bar (50 cm) on a white background
File:Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea (Savigny) Verdc. complete specimen.jpg
Complete specimen of Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea (Savigny) Verdc. with scale bar (50 cm) on a white background
File:Rhizome of Nymphaea gigantea "Albert De Lestang".jpg
Rhizome of Nymphaea gigantea "Albert De Lestang" with scale bar (5 cm) against a grey background
File:Nymphaea alba sl72.jpg
Seeds of Nymphaea alba with scale bar (3 mm) against a grey background
File:Nymphaea alba sl71.jpg
Halved Nymphaea alba fruit with scale bar (20 mm) against a dark background
File:Nymphaea alba sl58.jpg
Longitudinal section of Nymphaea alba flower with scale bar (20 mm) against a dark background
S = sepals, P = petals, St = stamina, An = anthers, O = ovary, SD = stigma disc, CT = carpellary teeth
File:Nymphaea prolifera Wiersema proliferating pseudanthium.jpg
Proliferating pseudanthium or tubiferous flower of Nymphaea prolifera Wiersema
File:Nymphaea lotus var. thermalis (DC.) Tuzson leaf.jpg
Nymphaea lotus leaf with scale bar (5 cm)
Upper surface (left) and lower surface (right)

Vegetative characteristics

Water lilies are aquatic, rhizomatous or tuberous, perennial or annual herbs[4] with sometimes desiccation-tolerant,[5] branched or unbranched rhizomes,[6][1] which can be stoloniferous, or lacking stolons.[1] The tuberous or fibrous roots are contractile.[7] The leaves are mostly floating,[1][6][8] but submerged and emergent leaves occur as well.[9] The shape of the lamina can be ovate, orbicular,[8][10] elliptic,[1] hastate,[11] or sagittate.[12] The width of the lamina ranges in size from 2.5–3 cm[13] to 40–60 cm.[9] The lamina has a deep sinus[11][9][8] and the basal lobes can be overlapping or divergent.[1] The margin of the lamina can be entire, dentate,[6] or sinuate.[11] The leaves can be stipulate,[9][4] or exstipulate.[4] The petioles are a few centimetres to 5–6 m long, and 0.3–1.9 cm wide.[9]

Generative characteristics

The flowers are emergent, floating,[1] or rarely submerged.[14] The diurnal or nocturnal,[1] chasmogamous or rarely cleistogamous,[7] solitary, hermaphrodite, entomophilous,[4] fragrant or inodorous flowers[15] are mostly protogynous.[15] The flowers have (3–)4(–5)[4] green, sometimes spotted sepals,[11] and about 6–50[4] lanceolate to spathulate, differently coloured petals,[11] which are often gradually transitioning into the shape of the stamens.[10][6][1] The gap between petals and stamens can be present or absent.[11] The androecium consists of 20–750 stamens.[4] The stamens can be petaloid[10] or not petal-like.[2] The gynoecium consists of 5–35 carpels.[4] The carpels usually possess a sterile appendage.[10] The globose,[11] fleshy, spongy, irregularly dehiscent fruit,[4] borne on a terete, glabrous or pubescent,[9] curved or coiled peduncle,[1] bears arillate,[11][2] globose to elliptic,[2] hairy or glabrous seeds[11] with a smooth surface or longitudinal ridges.[6] Proliferating pseudanthia or tuberous flowers (i.e., sterile, branching, proliferating floral structures for vegetative propagation[16]) can be present or absent.[17][18]

Cytology

Various ploidy levels have been observed in Nymphaea: 2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, and 16x. The chromosome count ranges from 28 to 224.[19]

Taxonomy

The genus Nymphaea L. was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It has three synonyms: Castalia Salisb. published by Richard Anthony Salisbury in 1805, Leuconymphaea Kuntze published by Otto Kuntze in 1891, and Ondinea Hartog published by Cornelis den Hartog in 1970.[20] The type species is Nymphaea alba L.[21]

Subgenera

The genus Nymphaea has been divided into several subgenera:

Sections

The subgenus Nymphaea subg. Nymphaea has been divided into sections:

Species

As of January 2024, there are 65 accepted species by Plants of the World Online:[20] Template:Div col

  • Nymphaea abhayana A.Chowdhury & M.ChowdhuryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea alba L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea alexii S.W.L.Jacobs & Hellq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea atrans S.W.L.JacobsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea belophylla TrickettScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea × borealis E.G.CamusScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea caatingae C.T.Lima & Giul.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea candida C.PreslScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea carpentariae S.W.L.Jacobs & Hellq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea conardii WiersemaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea × daubenyana W.T.Baxter ex DaubenyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea dimorpha I.M.TurnerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea divaricata Hutch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea elegans Hook.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea elleniae S.W.L.JacobsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea francae C.T.Lima & Giul.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea gardneriana Planch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea georginae S.W.L.Jacobs & Hellq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea gigantea Hook.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea glandulifera RodschiedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea gracilis Zucc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea guineensis Schumach. & Thonn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea harleyi C.T.Lima & Giul.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea hastifolia DominScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea heudelotii Planch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea immutabilis S.W.L.JacobsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea jacobsii Hellq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea jamesoniana Planch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea kakaduensis Hellq., A.Leu & M.L.MoodyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea kimberleyensis (S.W.L.Jacobs) S.W.L.Jacobs & Hellq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea lasiophylla Mart. & Zucc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea leibergii (Morong) Rydb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea lingulata WiersemaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea loriana Wiersema, Hellq. & BorschScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea lotus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea lukei S.W.L.Jacobs & Hellq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea macrosperma Merr. & L.M.PerryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea maculata Schumach. & Thonn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea manipurensis Asharani & BiseshworiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea mexicana Zucc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea micrantha Guill. & Perr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea noelae S.W.L.Jacobs & Hellq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea novogranatensis WiersemaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea odorata AitonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea ondinea Löhne, Wiersema & BorschScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea oxypetala Planch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea paganuccii C.T.Lima & Giul.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea pedersenii (Wiersema) C.T.Lima & Giul.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea potamophila WiersemaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea prolifera WiersemaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea pubescens Willd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea pulchella DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea rapinii C.T.Lima & Giul.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex AndrewsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea rudgeana G.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea siamensis Puripany.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea stuhlmannii (Engl.) Schweinf. & GilgScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea sulphurea GilgScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea × sundvikii HiitonenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea tenuinervia Casp.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea tetragona GeorgiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea thermarum Eb.Fisch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea × thiona D.B.WardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea vanildae C.T.Lima & Giul.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea vaporalis S.W.L.Jacobs & Hellq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Nymphaea violacea Lehm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:Div col end

Fossil species

Evolutionary relationships

The genus Nymphaea may be paraphyletic in its current circumscription, as the genera Euryale and Victoria have been placed within the genus Nymphaea in several studies.[35][36][37][38][39]

Ecology

Habitat

Nymphaea occurs in freshwater,[40] as well as brackish water habitats.[41]

Pollination

Flowers of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis are pollinated by Cyclocephala beetles.[42][43] Likewise, beetle pollination by Ruteloryctes morio, a member of the same Cyclocephalini tribe, has been reported in Nymphaea subg. Lotos.[44][45][46] The subgenera Nymphaea subg. Anecphya and Nymphaea subg. Brachyceras are pollinated by bees and flies.[47] The subgenus Nymphaea subg. Nymphaea is pollinated by bees, flies and beetles.[48]

Herbivory

Many birds feed on seeds and fruits of Nymphaea.[40]

Invasive species

Outside of its natural habitat, Nymphaea mexicana and hybrids thereof have become invasive weeds.[49][50][51] It has been proposed to employ the weevil species Bagous longulus as a biocontrol agent against Nymphaea mexicana in South Africa.[50] Invasive horticultural hybrids can pose a threat to Nymphaea species through introgressive hybridisation.[52] The naturalised hybrids can displace native species and mask their disappearance, as it can be difficult to distinguish between species and naturalised hybrids.[53][54]

Conservation

Several species are in danger of extinction. Nymphaea thermarum is classified as critically endangered (CR),[55] Nymphaea loriana is classified as endangered (EN),[56] Nymphaea stuhlmannii is classified as endangered (EN),[57] and Nymphaea nouchali var. mutandaensis is also classified as endangered (EN).[58]

Use

Horticulture

Water lilies are not only decorative, but also provide useful shade which helps reduce the growth of algae in ponds and lakes.[59] Many of the water lilies familiar in water gardening are hybrids and cultivars. These cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

  • 'Escarboucle'[60] (orange-red)
  • 'Gladstoniana'[61] (double white flowers with prominent yellow stamens)
  • 'Gonnère'[62] (double white scented flowers)
  • 'James Brydon;'[63] (cupped rose-red flowers)
  • 'Marliacea Chromatella'[64] (pale yellow flowers)
  • 'Pygmaea Helvola'[65] (miniature, with cupped fragrant yellow flowers)

Food

Template:More citations needed All water lilies are poisonous and contain an alkaloid called nupharin in almost all of their parts.[66]

In India, it has mostly been eaten as a famine food or as a medicinal (both cooked).[67]

In Sri Lanka it was formerly eaten as a type of medicine and its price was too high to serve as a normal meal, but in the 1940s or earlier some villagers began to grow water lilies in the paddy fields left uncultivated during the monsoon season (Yala season), and the price dropped. The tubers are called manel here and eaten boiled and in curries.[67]

In West Africa, usage varied between cultures, in the Upper Guinea the rhizomes were only considered famine foods - here the tubers were either roasted in ashes, or dried and ground into a flour. The Buduma people ate the seeds and rhizomes. Some tribes ate the rhizomes raw. The Hausa people of Ghana, Nigeria and the people of Southern Sudan used the tubers of Nymphaea lotus, the seeds (inside the tubers) are locally referred to as 'gunsi' in Ghana. They are ground into flour.[68]

The plants were also said to be eaten in the Philippines. In the 1950s there were no records of leaves or flowers being eaten.[69]

In a North American species, the boiled young leaves and unopened flower buds are said to be edible. The seeds, high in starch, protein, and oil, may be popped, parched, or ground into flour. Potato-like tubers can be collected from the species N. tuberosa (=N. odorata).[70]

Water lilies were said to have been a major food source for a certain tribe of indigenous Australians in 1930, with the flowers and stems eaten raw, while the "roots and seedpods" were cooked either on an open fire or in a ground oven.[71]

File:Dynasty 18 jar with support ring REM.JPG
Blue lotus (Nymphaea caerulea) on an 18th Dynasty jar found at Amarna

Other uses

Tannins extracted from rhizomes are used in dyeing wool a purple-black or brown colour. The peduncles are used as pipes to smoke tobacco.[5]

Culture

File:Monet - Seerosen 1906.jpg
Water Lilies by Claude Monet, 1906
File:Pälkäne uusi.svg
A Nymphaea flower in the coat of arms of Pälkäne
File:Derafsh Kaviani flag of the late Sassanid Empire.svg
Lotus symbol of the Sasanian Empire flag

The Ancient Egyptians used the water lilies of the Nile as cultural symbols.[72] Since 1580 it has become popular in the English language to apply the Latin word lotus, originally used to designate a tree, to the water lilies growing in Egypt, and much later the word was used to translate words in Indian texts.[73] The lotus motif is a frequent feature of temple column architecture. In Egypt, the lotus, rising from the bottom mud to unfold its petals to the sun, suggested the glory of the sun's own emergence from the primaeval slime. It was a metaphor of creation. It was a symbol of the fertility gods and goddesses as well as a symbol of the upper Nile as the giver of life.[72]

A Roman belief existed that drinking a liquid of crushed Nymphaea in vinegar for 10 consecutive days turned a boy into a eunuch.[74]

A Syrian terra-cotta plaque from the 14th–13th centuries BC shows the goddess Asherah holding two lotus blossoms. An ivory panel from the 9th-8th centuries BC shows the god Horus seated on a lotus blossom, flanked by two cherubs.[75]

The French Impressionist painter Claude Monet is known for his many paintings of water lilies in the pond in his garden at Giverny.[76]

N. nouchali is the national flower of Bangladesh[77] and Sri Lanka.[78]

Water lilies are also used as ritual narcotics. According to one source, this topic "was the subject of a lecture by William Emboden given at Nash Hall of the Harvard Botanical Museum on the morning of April 6, 1979".[79]

Examples

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project

Further reading

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Template:Efloras
  2. ↑ a b c d Template:Jepson eFlora
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  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c d e Template:Efloras
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c d Template:Efloras
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named POWO
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IPNI, 2023
  22. ↑ Template:IPNI
  23. ↑ Template:IPNI
  24. ↑ Template:IPNI
  25. ↑ Template:IPNI
  26. ↑ Template:IPNI
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Template:IPNI
  29. ↑ Template:IPNI
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Gee, C. T., & Taylor, D. W. (2016). Aquatic macrophytes from the upper Oligocene fossillagerstätte of Rott (Rhineland, Germany). Part II: A new fossil leaf species of Nymphaea (subgenus Lotos), N. elisabethae Gee et David W. Taylor sp. nov.
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ a b Parveen, S., Kaur, S., Baishya, R., & Goel, S. (2022). Predicting the potential suitable habitats of genus Nymphaea in India using MaxEnt modeling. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(12), 853.
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Reid, M. K., Naidu, P., Paterson, I. D., Mangan, R., & Coetzee, J. A. (2021). Population genetics of invasive and native Nymphaea mexicana Zuccarini: Taking the first steps to initiate a biological control programme in South Africa. Aquatic Botany, 171, 103372.
  50. ↑ a b Reid, M. K., Sutton, G. F., Coetzee, J. A., Gettys, L. A., & Hill, M. P. (2024). Distribution and host preference of a potential biocontrol agent with a new association for the alien water lily Nymphaea mexicana in South Africa. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 49(2), 132-144.
  51. ↑ Reid, M. K., Paterson, I. D., Coetzee, J. A., Gettys, L. A., & Hill, M. P. (2023). Know thy enemy: Investigating genetic contributions from putative parents of invasive Nymphaea mexicana hybrids in South Africa as part of efforts to develop biological control. Biological Control, 184, 105291.
  52. ↑ Yakandawala, D., & Yakandawala, K. (2011). Hybridization between native and invasive alien plants: an overlooked threat to the biodiversity of Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences), 40(1).
  53. ↑ Nierbauer, K. U., Kanz, B., & Zizka, G. (2014). The widespread naturalisation of Nymphaea hybrids is masking the decline of wild-type Nymphaea alba in Hesse, Germany. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 209(2), 122-130.
  54. ↑ Yakandawala, D., Guruge, S., & Yakandawala, K. (2017). The identity of the violet flowered water lily (Nymphaeaceae) and its hybrid origin in the wetland ecosystems of Sri Lanka. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 45(2).
  55. ↑ Template:Cite iucn
  56. ↑ Template:Cite iucn
  57. ↑ Template:Cite iucn
  58. ↑ Template:Cite iucn
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Chapter 10 Nuphar Alkaloids. J.T. Wróbel, The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology, 1967, Volume 9, Pages 441–465, Script error: No such module "doi".
  67. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ McConnel, U. H. 1930. ‘The Wik-Munkan Tribe of Cape York Peninsula’. Oceania 1: 97–108
  72. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Marcellus Empiricus, De medicamentis 33.64; compare Pliny the Elder, Natural History 25.75 (37). "There is an herb called nymphaea in Greek, 'Hercules’ club' in Latin, and baditis in Gaulish. Its root, pounded to a paste and drunk in vinegar for ten consecutive days, has the astonishing effect of turning a boy into a eunuch."
  75. ↑ Dever, W. G. Did God have a Wife? Archeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 2008. pp 221, 279.
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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