Vanda

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Vanda, abbreviated in the horticultural trade as V.,[1] is a genus in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. There are 90 species,[2] and the genus is commonly cultivated for the marketplace. This genus and its allies are considered to be among the most specifically adapted of all orchids within the Orchidaceae. The genus is highly prized in horticulture for its showy, fragrant, long-lasting, and intensely colorful flowers.[3] Vanda species are widespread across East Asia, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea, with a few species extending into Queensland and some of the islands of the western Pacific.[2][4]

Etymology

The generic name Vanda is derived from the Sanskrit (वन्दाका)[5] name for the species Vanda roxburghii (a synonym of Vanda tessellata).[6][7]

Distribution

These mostly epiphytic, but sometimes lithophytic or terrestrial orchids, are distributed in India, Himalaya, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, southern China, and northern Australia.[6]

Description

The genus has a monopodial growth habit with flat, typically broad, ovoid leaves (strap-leaves). Species with cylindrical (terete), fleshy leaves, which are adapted to dry periods were transferred to the genus Papilionanthe. The stems of these orchids vary considerably in size; some are miniature plants and some have a length of several meters. The plants can become quite massive in habitat and in cultivation, and epiphytic species possess very large, rambling aerial root systems. The roots have pneumatodes.[8]

The few to many flattened flowers grow on a lateral inflorescence. Most show a yellow-brown color with brown markings, but they also appear in white, green, orange, red, and burgundy shades. The lip has a small spur. Vanda species usually bloom every few months and the flowers last for two to three weeks.

Ecology

Pollination

Vanda falcata has been reported to be pollinated by several hawkmoth species of the genus Theretra, namely Theretra japonica and Theretra nessus.[9]

Conservation

Many Vanda orchids (especially V. coerulea) are endangered, and have never been common because they are usually only infrequently encountered in habitat and grow only in disturbed forest areas with high light levels, and are severely threatened and vulnerable to habitat destruction.[3] The export of wild-collected specimens of the blue orchid (V. coerulea) and other wild Vanda species is prohibited worldwide, as all orchids are listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.

Cultivation

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". This genus is one of the five most horticulturally important orchid genera, because it has some of the most magnificent flowers to be found in the orchid family.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". This has contributed much to the work of hybridists producing flowers for the cut flower market. V. coerulea is one of the few botanical orchids which can produce varieties with blue flowers (actually a very bluish purple), a property much appreciated for producing interspecific and intergeneric hybrids.

The color blue is rare among orchids, and only certain species of Thelymitra, a terrestrial species from Australia, produces flowers that are truly "blue" among the orchids. These species, much like Vanda, also have a bluish-purple tint towards the inner petals of the flowers.

Vanda dearei is one of the chief sources of yellow color in Vanda hybrids.

The plants do not possess pseudobulbs, but do possess leathery, drought-resistant leaves. Almost all of the species in this genus are very large epiphytes found in disturbed areas in habitat and prefer very high light levels, the plants having large root systems. Some of these species have a monopodial vine-like growth habit, and the plants can quickly become quite massive.

These plants prefer consistent conditions day-to-day in cultivation to avoid dropping their bottom leaves. The epiphytic species are best accommodated in large wooden baskets, bare rooted, which allows for the large aerial root systems. Disturbing or damaging the roots of large, mature vandaceous orchid plants, and in particular, Vanda and Aerides species, can result in the plants failing to flower and going into decline for a season or more. These plants do not tolerate disturbance or damage of their root systems in cultivation when they become mature. The terete-leaved terrestrial species are very easy to cultivate.

When grown bare-rooted, the epiphytic species require daily watering and weekly feeding and are very heavy feeders in cultivation. They can be grown out-of-doors in Hawaii and the like provided they are given some shade.

Fungal infections

File:Vanda stem infection.jpg
Cross section of Vanda stem infected with Fusarium, exhibiting typical purple spotting of vascular tissue

Unfortunately fungal infections are not uncommon in cultivated plants. A variety of phytopathogens may infect Vanda orchids. Vandas may be affected by Fusarium wilt. This disease is characterized by purple discolouration in the vascular tissue, which results in the loss of their function. The hyphae and spores block the conductor vessels. Affected plants may superficially appear healthy, as they continue to grow, the oldest parts of the plants can be affected and the disease will eventually progress throughout the entire plant.[10] If cutting tools are not sterilized the infection may spread to other plants.[11]

Systematics

In a recent molecular study of the genus Vanda ,[12] several Genera including the former Genus Ascocentrum, Neofinetia and Euanthe were brought into synonym with Vanda.[2]

Species

The following is a list of Vanda species recognised by Plants of the World Online as of January 2025:[2]

Image Name Distribution Elevation (m)
Vanda aliceae Template:Au
File:Vanda alpina Orch 027.jpg Vanda alpina Template:Au Himalaya to China - S. Yunnan
File:Ascocentrum ampullaceum.jpg Vanda ampullacea Template:Au
File:Vandarcuata - cropped.jpg Vanda arcuata Template:Au Indonesia - Sulawesi
Vanda aurantiaca Template:Au
Vanda aurea Template:Au
File:Vanda barnesii ' 2207' W.E.Higgins & Motes- Orchid Digest 76- 241 (2012). 20250323 162118.jpg Vanda barnesii Template:Au North Luzon, Philippines
Vanda bartholomewii Template:Au
File:Vanda bensonii Bateman in Bot. Mag. 92- t. 5611 (1866) 20250427 160555.jpg Vanda bensonii Template:Au Assam to Thailand
File:Vanda bicolor - cropped.jpg Vanda bicolor Template:Au Bhutan
Vanda bidupensis Template:Au Vietnam
File:Vanda brunnea KPW.jpg Vanda brunnea Template:Au China - Yunnan to Indo-China
Vanda celebica Template:Au Indonesia – Sulawesi
Vanda chirayupiniae Template:Au
Vanda chlorosantha Template:Au
File:Ascocentrum christensonianum.jpg Vanda christensoniana Template:Au
File:Vanda coerulea Wild flowers from cherrapunjee.jpg Vanda coerulea Template:Au Assam to China - S. Yunnan
File:Vanda coerulescens flower.jpg Vanda coerulescens Template:Au Arunachal Pradesh to China - S. Yunnan
Vanda concolor Template:Au
Vanda cootesii Template:Au
Vanda crassiloba Template:Au
File:Trudelia cristata.jpg Vanda cristata Template:Au Himalaya to China - NW. Yunnan
File:Vanda curvifolia (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner, Phytotaxa 61 49 (2012) (47449687522).jpg Vanda curvifolia Template:Au
File:萬代蘭屬 Vanda dearei -新加坡植物園 Singapore Botanic Gardens- (9252396107).jpg Vanda dearei Template:Au
File:KPW Vanda denisoniana O&M 2021.jpg Vanda denisoniana Template:Au China - Yunnan to N. Indo-China
Vanda devoogtii Template:Au Sulawesi
Vanda dives Template:Au Vietnam, Laos
Vanda emilyae Template:Au
Vanda esquirolii Template:Au
File:Vanda falcata (Tokunoshima Kagoshimam Japan) (Thunb.) Beer, Prakt. Stud. Orchid.- 317 (1854) (35218280942).jpg Vanda falcata Template:Au Japan, China, Korea
File:Vanda flabellata (Rolfe ex Downie) Christenson, Indian Orchid J. 1 156 (1985). (51221530448).jpg Vanda flabellata Template:Au
File:Vanda pumila Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6 53 (1890) (40731172543).jpg Vanda flavobrunnea Template:Au
Vanda floresensis Template:Au
File:KPW Vanda foetida.jpg Vanda foetida Template:Au S. Sumatra
Vanda frankieana Template:Au
Vanda funingensis Template:Au
Vanda furva Template:Au Java, Maluku
Vanda fuscoviridis Template:Au S. China to Vietnam
File:Vanda garayi, Februar 2011 - 02.jpg Vanda garayi Template:Au
Vanda gardinerae Template:Au
Vanda gibbsiae Template:Au
Vanda gracilis Template:Au
File:Vanda griffithii Bhutan (cropped).jpg Vanda griffithii Template:Au E. Himalaya
Vanda hastifera Template:Au Borneo
File:KPW Vanda helvola O&M 2021.jpg Vanda helvola Template:Au W. Malaysia to Philippines
Vanda hennisiana Template:Au
Vanda hienii Template:Au
Vanda hindsii Template:Au Papuasia to N. Queensland
File:Vanda insignis 'Daisen Ⅱ' Blume ex Lindl. in Edwards's Bot. Reg. 33- t. 59 (1847) 20240504 002041.jpg Vanda insignis Template:Au Lesser Sunda Is.
Vanda insularum Template:Au
Vanda jainii Template:Au Assam
File:Vanda javierae 'Santa Fe' D.Tiu ex Fessel & Lückel- Orchidee (Hamburg) 41- 146 (1990) 20250323 164423.jpg Vanda javierae Template:Au Philippines - Luzon
Vanda jennae Template:Au
Vanda karinae Template:Au
File:Vanda lamellata 'Senkaku 2105' Lindl.- Edwards's Bot. Reg. 24(Misc.)- 66 (1838). 20211130 225208.jpg Vanda lamellata Template:Au Taiwan, Philippines, Sabah
File:Vanda lilacina KPW (cropped).jpg Vanda lilacina Template:Au China - Yunnan to Indo-China
File:Vanda limbata Lombok type Blume, Rumphia 4 49 (1849) (50823302303).jpg Vanda limbata Template:Au Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Philippines - Mindanao
Vanda lindenii Template:Au
Vanda liouvillei Template:Au Assam to Indo-China
Vanda lombokensis Template:Au Lesser Sunda Is.
Vanda longitepala Template:Au
File:Vanda luzonica (6177212074).jpg Vanda luzonica Template:Au Philippines - Luzon
Vanda malipoensis Template:Au
File:Vanda mariae '-1' ( Philippines) Motes Lankesteriana 16(3)- 337. 2016 (25468676338).jpg Vanda mariae Template:Au
File:Vanda merrillii var. rotorii '2303' Ames & Quisumb. in Philipp. J. Sci. 56- 463 (1935) 20230430 020209.jpg Vanda merrillii Template:Au Philippines
Vanda metusalae Template:Au
Vanda mindanaoensis Template:Au
File:Ascocentrum miniatum - Vanda miniata (3504006302).jpg Vanda miniata Template:Au
File:Vanda motesiana (15841388584).jpg Vanda motesiana Template:Au
File:Vanda nana (inflorescence).jpg Vanda nana Template:Au
Vanda parviflora Template:Au
File:Vanda perplexa imported from iNaturalist photo 63609737 on 11 September 2022 (cropped 2).jpg Vanda perplexa Template:Au
Vanda punctata Template:Au Pen. Malaysia
File:Vanda roeblingiana '-3' Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1894 365 (1894) (42509685815).jpg Vanda roeblingiana Template:Au Philippines - Luzon
Vanda rubra Template:Au
File:Vanda sanderiana (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.- Gard. Chron.- n.s.- 17- 588 (1882). 20241201 154708.jpg Vanda sanderiana Template:Au
Vanda sathishii Template:Au
Vanda saxatilis Template:Au
Vanda scandens Template:Au
Vanda suavis Template:Au
Vanda sumatrana Template:Au Sumatra
File:Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook.jpg Vanda tessellata Template:Au Indian subcontinent to Indo-China
File:Vanda testacea '-190201' (Lindl.) Rchb.f., Gard. Chron., n.s., 8 166 (1877) (49987690247).jpg Vanda testacea Template:Au Indian subcontinent to SC. China
Vanda thwaitesii Template:Au S. India, Sri Lanka
File:Vanda tricolor 1zz.jpg Vanda tricolor Template:Au Laos, Java, Bali
File:Vanda ustii Golamco- Claustro & de Mesa- Waling-Waling Rev. 8(1)- 10 (2000). 20210615 104511.jpg Vanda ustii Template:Au Philippines - Luzon
File:Vanda vietnamica (Haager) L.M.Gardiner- Phytotaxa 61- 51 (2012). 20220919 233959.jpg Vanda vietnamica Template:Au
Vanda vipanii Template:Au Myanmar
File:Vanda wightii IBDP 17134210 (cropped).jpg Vanda wightii Template:Au S. India

Natural hybrids

  • Vanda × amoena Template:Au (V. coerulea × V. tessellata) (Assam)
  • Vanda × boumaniae Template:Au (V. insignis × V. perplexa) (Lesser Sunda Is.)
  • Vanda × charlesworthii Template:Au (V. bensonii × V. coerulea) (Myanmar)
  • Vanda × feliciae Template:Au (V. lamellata var. boxallii × V. ustii) (Philippines (Luzon))
  • Vanda × hebraica Template:Au (V. denisoniana × V. brunnea) (Myanmar)[13]
  • Vanda × leucostele Template:Au (V. foetida × V. helvola) (Sumatera)
  • Vanda × loii Template:Au (V. lamellata × V. merrillii) (Philippines)
  • Vanda × peetersiana Template:Au (V. coerulea × V. coerulescens) (Assam)

Intergeneric hybrids

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File:Vanda pachara delight.JPG
Vanda Pachara Delight
File:Vanda Robert's Delight x Crownfox Magic at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden (81370).jpg
Vanda Robert's Delight 'Crownfox Magic'
File:Vanda Sansai Blue (20523361330).jpg
Vanda Sansai Blue

The following is a list of hybrid genera (nothogenera) in which hybrids vandas with orchids of other genera are placed although many of these are invalid because of recent taxonomic changes. For instance, × Ascocenda (Ascocentrum x Vanda) and × Vandofinetia (Vanda x Neofinetia) are no longer valid because both Ascocentrum and Neofinetia have been reduced to synonyms of Vanda by RHS, which is in charge of the International Orchid Register: Template:Div col

  • × Aeridovanda (Aerides × Vanda)
  • × Aeridovanisia (Aerides × Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Alphonsoara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Andrewara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Aranda (Arachnis × Vanda)
  • × Ascocenda (Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Ascovandoritis (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Vanda)
  • × Bokchoonara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Bovornara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Burkillara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda)
  • × Charlieara (Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Christieara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Darwinara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Debruyneara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Devereuxara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Eastonara (Ascocentrum × Gastrochilus × Vanda)
  • × Fujiora (Ascocentrum × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Goffara (Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Hawaiiara (Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Hagerara (Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Himoriara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Holttumara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Isaoara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Joannara (Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Kagawara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Knappara (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Knudsonara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Leeara (Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Luisanda (Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Luivanetia (Luisia × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Lewisara (Aerides × Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Maccoyara (Aerides × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Macekara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Micholitzara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Moirara (Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Mokara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Nakamotoara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Nobleara (Aerides × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Okaara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Onoara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Opsisanda (Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Pageara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Pantapaara (Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Paulara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Pehara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Pereiraara (Aerides × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Phalaerianda (Aerides × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Raganara (Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Ramasamyara (Arachnis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Renafinanda (Neofinetia × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Renanda (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Renantanda (Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Rhynchovanda (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Ridleyare (Arachnis × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Robinaria (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Ronnyara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Sanjumeara (Aerides × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Sarcovanda (Sarcochilus × Vanda)
  • × Shigeuraara (Ascocentrum × Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Stamariaara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Sutingara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Teohara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Trevorara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Trichovanda (Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Vascostylis (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Vandachnis (Arachnis × Vandopsis)
  • × Vancampe (Acampe × Vanda)
  • × Vandachostylis (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Vandaenopsis (Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Vandaeranthes (Aeranthes × Vanda)
  • × Vandewegheara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Vandofinetia (Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Vandofinides (Aerides × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Vandoritis (Doritis × Vanda)
  • × Vanglossum (Ascoglossum × Vanda)
  • × Wilkinsara (Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Yapara (Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Yusofara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Yonezawaara (Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)

Template:Div col end

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • Grove, D. L. 1995. Vandas and Ascocendas. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 241 pp.
  • Motes, Martin R., and Alan L. Hoffman. 1997 Vandas, Their botany, history and culture. Template:ISBN

External links

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d Template:Cite POWO
  3. ↑ a b The Orchids, Natural History and Classification, Robert L. Dressler. Template:ISBN
  4. ↑ Flora of China v 25 p 471, 万代兰属 wan dai lan shu, Vanda Jones ex R. Brown, Bot. Reg. 6: ad t. 506. 1820.
  5. ↑ vandAkA Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Garay, L. (1972), On the systematics of the monopodial orchids, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard University, 23(4): 149-212
  8. ↑ Eschrich, W. (1995). Gaswechsel. In Funktionelle Pflanzenanatomie (pp. 75-109). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  9. ↑ Suetsugu, K., Tanaka, K., Okuyama, Y., & Yukawa, T. (2015). "Potential pollinator of Vanda falcata (Orchidaceae): Theretra (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) hawkmoths are visitors of long spurred orchid." European Journal of Entomology, 112(2), 393.
  10. ↑ Pedroso-de-Moraes, C., Souza, M. C. D., Ronconi, C. C., & Marteline, M. A. (2011). Response of Cattleya hybrids for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cattleyae Foster. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 54(2), 267-271.
  11. ↑ Reddy, P. P. (2016). Orchids. In Sustainable Crop Protection under Protected Cultivation (pp. 393-407). Springer, Singapore.
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Motes, M., Gardiner, L. M., & Roberts, D. L. (2016). The identity of spotted Vanda denisoniana. Orchid Review, 124(1316), 228-233.
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