Coreopsis
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Coreopsis (Template:IPAc-en[1]) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Common names include calliopsis and tickseed, a name shared with various other plants.
Description
These plants range from Template:Convert in height. The flowers are usually yellow with a toothed tip, but can also be yellow-and-red bicolor or pink.[2] They have showy flower heads with involucral bracts in two distinct series of eight each, the outer being commonly connate at the base. The flat fruits are small and dry and look like insects.
There are nearly 40 species of Coreopsis, all of which are native to North, Central, and South America.[3] The name Coreopsis is derived from the Ancient Greek words Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Translation), meaning "bedbug", and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Translation), meaning "view", referring to the shape of the achene.[4][5]
Species
39 species are currently accepted by Plants of the World Online.[3] Template:Div col
- Coreopsis aristulata LeBlond, Sorrie & WeakleyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis auriculata L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis bakeri E.E.Schill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis basalis (A.Dietr.) S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis bolanosana Panero & VillaseñorScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis breviligulata Sagást. & Sánchez VegaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis buchii (Urb.) S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis canescentifolia Sagást.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis falcata F.E.BoyntonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis floridana E.B.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis gladiata WalterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis glaucodes S.F.Blake & SherffScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex SweetScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis imbricata SherffScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis integra S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis integrifolia Poir.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis intermedia SherffScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis killipii SherffScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis lanceolata L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis leavenworthii Torr. & A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis linifolia Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis longula S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis maysillesii SherffScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis mollicula Sagást. & Sánchez VegaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis multifida DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis nudata Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis nuecensis A.HellerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis nuecensoides E.B.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis paludosa M.E.JonesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis palustris SorrieScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis peruviana Sagást.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis piurana SherffScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis poloe Sagást. & ZapataScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis pubescens ElliottScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis rosea Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis spectabilis A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis teotepecensis ParayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Coreopsis wrightii (A.Gray) H.M.Parker ex E.B.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Formerly placed here
- Bidens alba (L.) DC. (as C. alba L.)
- Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton (as C. aristosa Michx.)
- Bidens aurea (Aiton) Sherff (as C. aurea Aiton)
- Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff (as C. mitis Michx.)
- Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton (as C. trichosperma Michx.)
- Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. (as C. formosa Bonato)
- Cosmos parviflorus (Jacq.) Pers. (as C. parviflora Jacq.)
- Electranthera cuneifolia (Greenm.) Mesfin, D.J.Crawford & PruskiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as C. cuneifolia Greenm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Electranthera mutica (DC.) Mesfin, D.J.Crawford & PruskiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as C. mutica DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Epilepis rudis Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as C. rudis (Benth.) Hemsl.)
- Iostephane heterophylla (Cav.) Hemsl. (as C. heterophylla Cav.)
- Leptosyne bigelovii (A.Gray) A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as C. bigelovii (A.Gray) VossScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Leptosyne californica Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as C. californica (Nutt.) H.Sharsm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Leptosyne calliopsidea (DC.) A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as C. calliopsidea (DC.) A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Leptosyne douglasii DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as C. douglasii (DC.) H.M.HallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Leptosyne gigantea KelloggScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as C. gigantea (Kellogg) H.M.HallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Leptosyne hamiltonii ElmerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as C. hamiltonii (Elmer) H.Sharsm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Leptosyne maritima (Nutt.) A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as C. maritima (Nutt.) Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Leptosyne stillmanii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as C. stillmanii (A.Gray) S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Simsia amplexicaulis (Cav.) Pers. (as C. amplexicaulis Cav.)
- Simsia foetida (Cav.) S.F.Blake (as C. foetida Cav.)
- Thelesperma filifolium (Hook.) A.Gray (as C. filifolia Hook.)
- Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney (as C. alternifolia L.)[6]
- Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walter (as C. alata Cav. Pursh)
Taxonomy
Coreopsis is a variable genus closely related to Bidens. In fact, neither Coreopsis nor Bidens, as defined in the 20th century, is strictly monophyletic. Coreopsis is best described as paraphyletic. Previously (1936), Coreopsis was classified into 11 sections and 114 species, but the African species were subsequently reclassified as Bidens, leaving the North and South American species, some 75–80 in all, under Coreopsis. 45 species are in the 11 North American sections, and the remaining 35 are in the South American section Pseudoagarista. The North American species fall into two broad groups, with 5 sections and 12 species in Mexico and North America and the remaining 5 sections and 26 species in Eastern North America.[4]
One group which does seem to be monophyletic consists of temperate species from North America, including five sections of Coreopsis, Bidens coronata and Bidens tripartita, and the genus Thelesperma (five species).[7]
Plants of the World Online accepts the genera Anacis SchrankScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".,[8] Electranthera Mesfin, D.J.Crawford & PruskiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".,[9] Epilepis Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".,[10] Leptosyne DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".,[11] and Silphidium (Torr. & A.Gray) Mesfin & D.J.CrawfordScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".,[12] which other authorities, including the Global Compositae Database, treat as synonyms of Coreopsis. Plants of the World Online treats Selleophytum as a synonym of Coreopsis.[13]
Sections
One classification (GRIN) of the genus consists of eleven sections,[14] shown by cladistic relationships with number of species in parentheses.[4]
- Coreopsis sect. Pseudoagarista (35)
Section Anathysana
- Coreopsis cyclocarpa S.F.Blake
Section Calliopsis
- Coreopsis bicolor
- Coreopsis leavenworthii Torr. & A.Gray – Leavenworth's tickseed
- Coreopsis paludosa M.E.Jones
- Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. – plains coreopsis
Section Coreopsis
- Coreopsis auriculata L. – lobed tickseed
- Coreopsis bakeri E.E.Schill.
- Coreopsis basalis (A.Dietr.) S.F.Blake – goldenmane tickseed
- Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet – large-flowered tickseed
- Coreopsis intermedia Sherff – goldenwave tickseed
- Coreopsis lanceolata L. – lance coreopsis, lance-leaf tickseed
- Coreopsis nuecensis A.Heller – crown tickseed
- Coreopsis nuecensoides E.B.Sm. – Rio Grande tickseed
- Coreopsis pubescens Elliott – star tickseed
- Coreopsis wrightii (A.Gray) H.M.Parker – rock tickseed
Section Electra
- Coreopsis cuneifolia Greenm.
- Coreopsis mexicana
- Coreopsis mutica DC.
Section Eublepharis
- Coreopsis floridana E.B.Sm. – Florida tickseed
- Coreopsis gladiata Walter – coastalplain tickseed
- Coreopsis integrifolia Poir. – fringeleaf tickseed
- Coreopsis linifolia Nutt. – Texas tickseed
- Coreopsis nudata Nutt. – Georgia tickseed
- Coreopsis palustris Sorrie – swamp tickseed
- Coreopsis rosea Nutt. – pink tickseed
Section Gyrophyllum (syn. Palmatae)
- Coreopsis delphiniifolia Lam. – larkspurleaf tickseed
- Coreopsis major Walter – greater tickseed
- Coreopsis palmata Nutt. – stiff tickseed
- Coreopsis pulchra F.E.Boynton – woodland tickseed
- Coreopsis tripteris L. – tall tickseed
- Coreopsis verticillata L. – whorled tickseed
Section Leptosyne
- Coreopsis douglasii (DC.) H.M.Hall – Douglas's tickseed
- Coreopsis californica (Nutt.) H.Sharsm. – California tickseed
- Coreopsis stillmanii (A.Gray) S.F.Blake – Stillman's tickseed
Section Pseudoagarista
South America, 35 species
- Coreopsis mcvaughii D.J.Crawford
- Coreopsis petrophila A.Gray
- Coreopsis petrophiloides B.L.Rob. & Greenm.
- Coreopsis spectabilis A.Gray[15]
Section Pugiopappus
- Coreopsis bigelovii (A.Gray) Voss – Bigelow's tickseed
- Coreopsis calliopsidea (DC.) A.Gray – leafstem tickseed
- Coreopsis hamiltonii (Elmer) H. Sharsm. – Mount Hamilton tickseed
Section Silphidium
- Coreopsis latifolia Michx. – broadleaf tickseed
Section Tuckermannia
- Coreopsis gigantea (Kellogg) H.M.Hall – giant coreopsis
- Coreopsis maritima (Nutt.) Hook.f. – sea dahlia
Distribution and habitat
North American Coreopsis can be found in two habitats in the wild, growing along roadsides and open fields throughout the Eastern United States and Canada. In this environment the plant will self-sow.
Ecology
Coreopsis species are a source of nectar and pollen for insects.[2] The species is known to provide food to caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species, including Coleophora acamtopappi.
Cultivation
Coreopsis can grow in a garden as a border plant, or in a container, preferring well-drained soil. Deadheading the flowers ensures it does not become weedy. Using the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) hardiness zones will identify what soil and climate is preferred for different cultivars or species.[16] Notable species found in cultivation are C. grandiflora and C. verticillata, as well as their various cultivars.
The sunny, summer-blooming, daisy-like flowers are popularly planted in gardens to attract butterflies. Both annual and perennial types are grown in the home garden (USDA hardiness zone 7a/6b).[2] In the Mid-Atlantic region, insects such as bees, hover flies, and wasps are often observed visiting the flowers.[2]
Culture
All Coreopsis species were designated the state wildflower of the U.S. state of Florida in 1991.[17] In the language of flowers, Coreopsis means to be always cheerful, while Coreopsis arkansa in particular stands for love at first sight.[18]
References
External links
Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control
- ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
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