Commiphora
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxoboxCommiphora is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of Africa, the western Indian Ocean islands, the Arabian Peninsula, India, and South America.[1][2][3] The genus is drought-tolerant and common throughout the xerophytic scrub, seasonally dry tropical forests, and woodlands of these regions.
The common name myrrh refers to several species of the genus, from which aromatic resins are derived for various fragrance and medicinal uses by humans.
A previously unknown species belonging to this genus has been grown from a single ancient seed and tentatively identified as the biblical plant mentioned in the Bible as the source of a medicinal extract called tsori.[4]
Description
Leaves in Commiphora are pinnately compound (or very rarely unifoliolate). Many species are armed with spines. Bark is often exfoliating, peeling in thin sheets to reveal colorful, sometimes photosynthetic, bark below. Stems are frequently succulent, especially in species native to drier environments. Flowers are typically dioecious (subdioecious) and fruits are drupes, usually with a 2-locular ovary (one is abortive).[5] In response to wounding, the stems of many species will exude aromatic resins.
Ecology and biogeography
Commiphora can serve as a model genus for understanding plant evolution in the drier regions of the Old World tropics, particularly in eastern continental Africa and Madagascar, where diversity in the genus is concentrated. The closely related sister genus to Commiphora, Bursera, has been used as a model genus to study patterns of evolution in the New World seasonally dry tropical forests.[6]
Use by humans
Products from many species of Commiphora have been used for various purposes, sometimes as timber, building material, and natural fencing, but more often valued for the aromatic resins produced by several members of the genus. "Myrrh", the common name for these dried resins, is fragrant and has been used both as fragrance and for medicinal purposes (e.g., Balsam of Mecca, C. gileadensis).[7] Use of myrrh resin is frequent and pronounced throughout historical texts of cultural significance, including the Bible.
Ancient seed
An ancient seed recovered from an archaeological site in the Judean Desert has been confirmed to be a member of Commiphora.[8][4] The 1,000-year-old seed has produced a tree growing at Louis Borick Natural Medicine Research Center.[9]
Systematics and taxonomy
Studies using DNA sequence data have confirmed the monophyly of Commiphora;[2][10] however, this data suggests that previous classification of the genus into sections does not reflect monophyletic interspecific relationships.
Species
181 species are accepted:[3] Template:Div col
- Commiphora acuminata MattickScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora africana (A.Rich.) Engl. (syn. Heudelotia africana),[11] sometimes identified with ancient bdellium. Used indirectly by the San bushmen to poison their arrow tips for hunting [12]
- Commiphora alata Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora alaticaulis J.B.Gillett & Vollesen
- Commiphora anacardiifolia Dinter & Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora andranovoryensis Phillipson, Raharim., A.Weeks & GostelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora angolensis Engl., also known as "sand commiphora", growing mainly in Angola and Namibia
- Commiphora angustifoliolata MendesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora ankaranensis (J.-F.Leroy) Cheek & Rakot.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora antunesii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora aprevalii Guillaumin, endemic to Madagascar
- Commiphora arafy H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora arenaria ThulinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora baluensis Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora benguelensis SwanepoelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora berardellii Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora berryi (Arn.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora boranensis Vollesen[11]
- Commiphora brevicalyx H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora buruxa SwanepoelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora caerulea BurttScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora campestris Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora capensis (Sond.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora capuronii Bard.-Vauc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora caudata (Wight & Arn.) Engl.[11]
- Commiphora cervifolia Van der WaltScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora chaetocarpa J.B.GillettScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora chevalieri Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora chiovendana J.B.Gillett ex ThulinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora ciliata Vollesen
- Commiphora coleopsis H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora confusa Vollesen
- Commiphora corrugata J.B.Gillett & Vollesen[11]
- Commiphora crenatoserrata Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora cuneifolia BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora cyclophylla Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora dalzielii Hutch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora dinteri Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora discolor MendesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora drake-brockmanii SpragueScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora dulcis Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora edulis (Klotzsch) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora elliptica Phillipson, Raharim., A.Weeks & GostelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora eminii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora engleri GuillauminScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora enneaphylla Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora erlangeriana Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora erosa Vollesen
- Commiphora falcata CapuronScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora foliacea SpragueScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora franciscana CapuronScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora fraxinifolia BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora fraxinoides (Hiern) K.Schum.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora fulvotomentosa Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora gardoensis J.B.Gillett ex ThulinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora gariepensis SwanepoelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora giessii Van der WaltScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C.Chr.[11] (syn. Commiphora opobalsamum), producing balsam of Mecca.
- Commiphora glandulosa Schinz
- Commiphora glaucescens Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora gorinii Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora gracilifrondosa Dinter ex Van der WaltScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora grandifolia Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora grosswelleri Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora guerichiania Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora guidottii Chiov. ex Guid. (syn. Commiphora sessiliflora), producing habak hadi, known as bisabol, opoponax, scented or sweet myrrh.[13]
- Commiphora guillauminii H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora gurreh Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora hartmannii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora harveyi (Engl.) Engl.
- Commiphora hereroensis SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora hildebrandtii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora hodai SpragueScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora hornbyi BurttScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora horrida Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora humbertii H.Perrier
- Commiphora kaokoensis SwanepoelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora karibensis WildScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora kataf (Forssk.) Engl.(syn. Commiphora holtziana Engl, Commiphora erythraea (Ehrenb.) Engl.), producing habak hagar, known as sweet myrrh, sometimes sold as opoponax.[13]
- Commiphora kerstingii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora kraeuseliana HeineScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora kua (R.Br. ex Royle) Vollesen (syn. Commiphora habessinica (O.Berg) Engl.)
- Commiphora kucharii ThulinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora kuneneana SwanepoelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora lacerata ThulinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora lamii H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora lasiodisca H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora laxecymigera H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora leandriana H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B.Gillett, the only species of Commiphora present in the Americas.[14]
- Commiphora lobatospathulata J.B.Gillett ex ThulinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora longibracteata Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora madagascariensis Jacq.
- Commiphora mafaidoha H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15]
- Commiphora mahafaliensis CapuronScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora marchandii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora marlothii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora merkeri Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora merkii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora mildbraedii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora mollis (Oliv.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora mombassensis Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora monoica Vollesen
- Commiphora monstruosa (H.Perrier) CapuronScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora morondavensis Phillipson, Raharim., A.Weeks & GostelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora mossambicensis (Oliv.) Engl.
- Commiphora mossamedensis MendesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora mulelame (Hiern) K.Schum.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora multifoliolata J.B.Gillett ex ThulinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora multijuga (Hiern) K.Schum.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora murraywatsonii J.B.Gillett ex ThulinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. (syn. Commiphora molmol), producing myrrh.
- Commiphora namaensis SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora namibensis SwanepoelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora neglecta I.Verd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora oblanceolata SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora oblongifolia J.B.GillettScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora obovata Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora oddurensis Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora omundomba Swanepoel & A.WeeksScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora orbicularis Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora ornifolia (Balf.f.) J.B.GillettScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora otjihipana SwanepoelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora ovalifolia J.B.GillettScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora paolii Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora parvifolia (Balf.f.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora pedunculata (Kotschy & Peyr.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora pervilleana Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora planifrons (Balf.f.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora playfairii (Hook.f. ex Oliv.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora pruinosa Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora pseudopaolii J.B.GillettScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora pteleifolia Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora pterocarpa H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora pyracanthoides Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora quadricincta Schweinf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora quercifoliola J.B.Gillett ex ThulinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora rangeana Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora razakamalalae Gostel, Phillipson & A.WeeksScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora rostrata Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora ruquietiana Dinter & Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora ruspolii Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora samharensis Schweinf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora sarandensis BurttScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora saxicola Engl., Rock corkwood, a shrub endemic to Namibia[16]
- Commiphora schimperi (O.Bergman) Engl.
- Commiphora schlechteri Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora schultzei Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora sennii Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora serrata Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora serrulata Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora setulifera Chiov. ex Guid.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora simplicifolia H.Perrier[17]
- Commiphora sinuata H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora socotrana (Balf.f.) Engl.
- Commiphora spathulata MattickScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora spathulifoliolata Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora sphaerocarpa Chiov
- Commiphora spinulosa J.B.Gillett ex ThulinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora staphyleifolia Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora stellatopubescens J.B.Gillett ex ThulinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora stellulata H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora steynii SwanepoelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora stocksiana (Engl.) Engl., known in Pakistan as bayisa gugal
- Commiphora sulcata Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora swynnertonii BurttScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora tenuipetiolata Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora tetramera Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora truncata Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora tsimanampetsae CapuronScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora ugogensis Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora ulugurensis Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora unilobata J.B.Gillett & Vollesen
- Commiphora viminea Burtt DavyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora virgata Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (syn. Commiphora mukul[18]), producing gum guggul, sometimes identified with ancient bdellium.
- Commiphora wildii Merxm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora woodii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Commiphora zanzibarica (Baill.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gallery
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References
External links
Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control
- ↑ Daly et al. 2011. Burseraceae. Families and genera of vascular plants. 10:76–104.
- ↑ a b Weeks, A. and Simpson, B.B. 2007. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Commiphora (Burseraceae) yields insight on the evolution and historical biogeography of an “impossible” genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42:62–79.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Gillett, J.B. 1991. Burseraceae. In: Polhill, R.M. (Ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Pp. 1–95.
- ↑ De Nova, A. et al. 2011. Insights into the historical construction of species-rich Mesoamerican seasonally dry tropical forests: the diversification of Bursera (Burseraceae, Sapindales). New Phytologist. 193(1):276–287.
- ↑ Musselman, L.J. 2007. Figs, Dates, Laurel, and Myrrh: Plants of the Bible and the Quran. Timber Press, Inc. Portland, Oregon. Pp. 194–197.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Weeks, A., et al. 2005. The phylogenetic history and biogeography of the frankincense and myrrh family (Burseraceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35:85–101.
- ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ TRANS-MAD Development Parc National de Kirindy-Mite
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".