Foreign relations of Peru

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Template:Short description Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists

The foreign relations of Peru are managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. is an important first-tier state in South America,[1] Peru has been a member of the United Nations since 1945,[2] and Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar served as UN Secretary General from 1981 to 1991. Former President Alberto Fujimori's tainted re-election to a third term in June 2000 strained Peru's relations with the United States and with many Latin American and European countries, but relations improved with the installation of an interim government in November 2000 and the inauguration of Alejandro Toledo in July 2001.

Peru is planning full integration into the Andean Free Trade Area. In addition, Peru is a standing member of APEC and the World Trade Organization, and is an active participant in negotiations toward a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Peru maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Peru.svg
# Country Date
1 Template:Country data Colombia Template:Dts[3]
2 Template:Country data Argentina Template:DTS[4]
3 Template:Country data Chile Template:Dts[5]
4 Template:Country data Mexico Template:Dts[6]
5 Template:Country data United Kingdom Template:Dts[7]
6 Template:Country data Bolivia Template:Dts[8]
7 Template:Country data Brazil Template:Dts[9]
8 Template:Country data United States Template:Dts[10]
9 Template:Country data Ecuador Template:Dts[11]
— Template:Country data Venezuela (suspended)[12] Template:Dts[13]
10 Template:Country data Belgium Template:Dts[14]
11 Template:Country data Costa Rica Template:Dts[15]
12 Template:Country data Portugal Template:Dts[16]
13 Template:Country data Guatemala Template:Dts[17]
14 Template:Country data El Salvador Template:Dts[18]
15 Template:Country data Nicaragua Template:Dts[19]
16 Template:Country data Honduras Template:Dts[20]
17 Template:Country data Paraguay Template:Dts[21]
18 Template:Country data France Template:Dts[22]
19 Template:Country data Uruguay Template:Dts[23]
20 Template:Country data Italy Template:Dts[24]
21 Template:Country data Netherlands Template:Dts[25]
22 Template:Country data Japan Template:Dts[26]
23 Template:Country data Dominican Republic Template:Dts[27]
— Template:Country data Holy See Template:Dts[28]
24 Template:Country data Spain Template:Dts[29]
25 Template:Country data Switzerland Template:Dts[30]
26 Template:Country data Panama Template:Dts[31]
27 Template:Country data Cuba Template:Dts[32]
28 Template:Country data Denmark Template:Dts[33][34]
29 Template:Country data Czech Republic Template:Dts[35]
30 Template:Country data Austria Template:Dts[36]
31 Template:Country data Norway Template:Dts[37]
32 Template:Country data Poland Template:Dts[38]
33 Template:Country data Haiti Template:Dts[39]
34 Template:Country data Sweden Template:Dts[40]
35 Template:Country data Romania Template:Dts[41]
36 Template:Country data Canada Template:Dts[42]
37 Template:Country data Lebanon Template:Dts[43]
38 Template:Country data Turkey Template:Dts[44][45]
39 Template:Country data Germany Template:Dts[46]
— Template:Country data Sovereign Military Order of Malta Template:Dts[47]
40 Template:Country data Israel Template:Dts[48]
41 Template:Country data Luxembourg Template:Dts[49]
42 Template:Country data Australia Template:Dts[50]
43 Template:Country data India Template:Dts[51]
44 Template:Country data Finland Template:Dts[52]
45 Template:Country data South Korea Template:Dts[53]
46 Template:Country data Egypt Template:Dts[54]
47 Template:Country data Morocco Template:Dts[55]
48 Template:Country data Ivory Coast Template:Dts[56]
49 Template:Country data Thailand Template:Dts[57]
50 Template:Country data Niger Template:Dts[58]
51 Template:Country data Greece Template:Dts[59]
52 Template:Country data Burkina Faso Template:Dts[60]
53 Template:Country data Cyprus Template:Dts[61]
54 Template:Country data Tunisia Template:Dts[62]
55 Template:Country data Ethiopia Template:Dts[63]
56 Template:Country data Iceland Template:Dts[64]
57 Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago Template:Dts[65]
58 Template:Country data Barbados Template:Dts[66]
59 Template:Country data Russia Template:Dts[67]
60 Template:Country data Hungary Template:Dts[68]
61 Template:Country data Bulgaria Template:Dts[69]
62 Template:Country data Serbia Template:Dts[70]
63 Template:Country data Jamaica Template:Dts[71]
64 Template:Country data Zambia Template:Dts[72]
65 Template:Country data Nigeria Template:Dts[73]
66 Template:Country data Guyana Template:Dts[74]
67 Template:Country data China Template:Dts[75]
68 Template:Country data Albania Template:Dts[76]
69 Template:Country data Algeria Template:Dts[77]
70 Template:Country data New Zealand Template:Dts[78]
71 Template:Country data Iran Template:Dts[79]
72 Template:Country data Libya Template:Dts[80]
73 Template:Country data Pakistan Template:Dts[81]
74 Template:Country data Philippines Template:Dts[82]
75 Template:Country data Guinea Template:Dts[83]
76 Template:Country data Sri Lanka Template:Dts[84]
77 Template:Country data Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[85]
78 Template:Country data Democratic Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[86]
79 Template:Country data Indonesia Template:Dts[87]
80 Template:Country data Tanzania Template:Dts[85]
81 Template:Country data Syria Template:Dts[88]
82 Template:Country data Kuwait Template:Dts[89]
83 Template:Country data Iraq Template:Dts[90]
84 Template:Country data Nepal Template:Dts[91]
85 Template:Country data Kenya Template:Dts[92]
86 Template:Country data Cambodia Template:Dts[93]
87 Template:Country data Malta Template:Dts[94]
88 Template:Country data Suriname Template:Dts[95]
89 Template:Country data Singapore Template:Dts[96]
90 Template:Country data Equatorial Guinea Template:Dts[97]
91 Template:Country data Bangladesh Template:Dts[98]
92 Template:Country data Grenada Template:Dts[99][100]
93 Template:Country data Papua New Guinea Template:Dts[101]
94 Template:Country data Kiribati Template:Dts[102]
95 Template:Country data Fiji Template:Dts[103]
96 Template:Country data Tonga Template:Dts[104]
97 Template:Country data Samoa Template:Dts[105]
98 Template:Country data Nauru Template:Dts[106]
99 Template:Country data Antigua and Barbuda Template:Dts[107]
100 Template:Country data Angola Template:Dts[108]
101 Template:Country data Jordan Template:Dts[109]
102 Template:Country data Bahamas Template:Dts[110]
103 Template:Country data Saint Lucia Template:Dts[111]
104 Template:Country data Mozambique Template:Dts[112]
105 Template:Country data Dominica Template:Dts[113]
106 Template:Country data Saudi Arabia Template:Dts[114]
107 Template:Country data Malaysia Template:Dts[115]
108 Template:Country data Zimbabwe Template:Dts[116]
109 Template:Country data Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Template:Dts[112]
110 Template:Country data Oman Template:Dts[112]
111 Template:Country data Vanuatu Template:Dts[112]
112 Template:Country data United Arab Emirates Template:Dts[117]
113 Template:Country data Guinea-Bissau Template:Dts[118]
— Template:Country data Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (suspended) Template:Dts[119]
114 Template:Country data Ghana Template:Dts[112]
115 Template:Country data Cape Verde Template:Dts[120]
116 Template:Country data North Korea Template:Dts[121]
117 Template:Country data Maldives Template:Dts[112]
118 Template:Country data Myanmar Template:Dts[112]
119 Template:Country data Laos Template:Dts[112]
120 Template:Country data São Tomé and Príncipe Template:Dts[112]
121 Template:Country data Sierra Leone Template:Dts[112]
122 Template:Country data Eswatini Template:Dts[112]
123 Template:Country data Lesotho Template:Dts[112]
124 Template:Country data Qatar Template:Dts[122]
125 Template:Country data Brunei Template:Dts[123]
126 Template:Country data Mauritania Template:Dts[112]
127 Template:Country data Namibia Template:Dts[112]
128 Template:Country data Marshall Islands Template:Dts[124]
129 Template:Country data Belize Template:Dts[112]
130 Template:Country data Seychelles Template:Dts[112]
131 Template:Country data Federated States of Micronesia Template:Dts[112]
132 Template:Country data Ukraine Template:Dts[112]
133 Template:Country data Armenia Template:Dts[125]
134 Template:Country data Slovenia Template:Dts[126]
135 Template:Country data Slovakia Template:Dts[127]
136 Template:Country data Croatia Template:Dts[128]
137 Template:Country data South Africa Template:Dts[129]
138 Template:Country data Vietnam Template:Dts[112]
139 Template:Country data Estonia Template:Dts[130]
140 Template:Country data Moldova Template:Dts[131]
141 Template:Country data Azerbaijan Template:Dts[112]
142 Template:Country data Liechtenstein Template:Dts[132]
143 Template:Country data Latvia Template:Dts[112]
144 Template:Country data Kazakhstan Template:Dts[133]
145 Template:Country data Belarus Template:Dts[134]
146 Template:Country data Turkmenistan Template:Dts[135]
147 Template:Country data Mongolia Template:Dts[112]
148 Template:Country data Andorra Template:Dts[112]
149 Template:Country data Lithuania Template:Dts[112]
150 Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:Dts[136]
151 Template:Country data Mali Template:Dts[137]
152 Template:Country data Ireland Template:Dts[138]
153 Template:Country data Kyrgyzstan Template:Dts[112]
154 Template:Country data Uzbekistan Template:Dts[112]
155 Template:Country data Tajikistan Template:Dts[112]
156 Template:Country data Timor-Leste Template:Dts[139]
157 Template:Country data North Macedonia Template:Dts[112]
158 Template:Country data San Marino Template:Dts[140]
159 Template:Country data Montenegro Template:Dts[141]
160 Template:Country data Bahrain Template:Dts[112]
161 Template:Country data Georgia Template:Dts[112]
162 Template:Country data Monaco Template:Dts[142]
— Template:Country data State of Palestine Template:Dts[143]
163 Template:Country data Solomon Islands Template:Dts[112]
164 Template:Country data Tuvalu Template:Dts[112]
165 Template:Country data Afghanistan Template:Dts[144]
166 Template:Country data Sudan Template:Dts[145]
— Template:Country data Cook Islands Template:Dts[146]
167 Template:Country data Benin Template:Dts[147]
168 Template:Country data Senegal Template:Dts[148]
169 Template:Country data Rwanda Template:Dts[149]
170 Template:Country data Togo Template:Dts[150]
171 Template:Country data Djibouti Template:Dts[151]
172 Template:Country data Palau Template:Dts[152]
— Template:Country data Niue Template:Dts[153]
173 Template:Country data Uganda Template:Dts[112]
174 Template:Country data Saint Kitts and Nevis Template:Dts[154]
175 Template:Country data Gabon Template:Dts[155]
176 Template:Country data Cameroon Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Country data Algeria 10 March 1972 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 March 1972[156]

Template:Country data Angola 6 September 1985
  • Angola and Peru established diplomatic relations on 6 September 1985[158]
  • Angola is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[157]
Template:Country data Burkina Faso March 1966
Template:Flagdeco Congo-Brazzaville 12 July 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 July 1975[85]
  • The Republic of the Congo is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[157]
Template:Country data Egypt 7 October 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1963.[159]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Ghana 23 June 1987 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1987[160]

Template:Country data Kenya 25 February 1976

Peru formerly had an embassy from 1987 to 1990. The embassy in Nairobi was re-opened in 2023.[161]

  • Kenya is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  • Peru has an embassy in Nairobi.
Template:Country data Libya 28 April 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1974.[162]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Morocco 18 June 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1964[163]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Namibia 11 July 1990 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1990[164]

  • Peru established relations with SWAPO, preceding Namibian independence.[165]
  • Namibia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[157]
Template:Country data Nigeria 5 July 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1971[166]
Template:Country data Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5 May 1987, broken 9 September 1996
8 September 2021, broken 18 August 2022
15 September 2022, broken 8 September 2023[167]		 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • The SADR has an embassy in Lima.
  • Peru established formal relations with the SADR on 5 May 1987,[168] under Alan García, but recognition existed since 16 August 1984. Said relations expired on 9 September 1996, with Peru taking a neutral part in the Western Sahara conflict.[169][170][171]
  • On September 8, 2021, Peru and the SADR re-established their bilateral relations,[172] but the former again severed them on August 16, 2022,[173] renovating them one month later.[174]
Template:Country data South Africa 28 July 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 July 1993[175]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Peru has an embassy in Pretoria. A Consulate was also maintained in Cape Town which closed in 1985.[176]
  • South Africa is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago.[157]
Template:Country data Sudan October 7, 1988
Template:Country data Tanzania 12 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1975[85]
Template:Country data Tunisia September 1966
  • Peru is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy in Algiers.
  • Tunisia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[157]
Template:Country data Zambia 5 October 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1970[177]
  • Peru is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Pretoria. It previously maintained an embassy in Lusaka until 1990.[178]
  • Zambia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[157]
Template:Country data Zimbabwe March 1986
  • Peru is accredited to Zimbabwe from its embassy in Pretoria. It previously maintained an embassy in Harare until 1990.[178]
  • Zimbabwe is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[157]

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Country data Argentina 10 July 1822 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Bolivia 24 June 1826 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1826[181]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Brazil 3 February 1827 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1827.[182]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Canada 30 January 1944 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 1944[183]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Chile 8 October 1822 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 1822[187]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

In November 1999, Peru and Chile signed three agreements which put to rest the remaining obstacles holding up implementation of the 1929 Treaty of Lima, which officially ended the 1879 War of the Pacific. In December 1999, President Alberto Fujimori made the first visit ever to Chile by a Peruvian head of state.

Relations between the two nations have since mostly recovered. In 2005, the Peruvian Congress unilaterally approved a law which increased the stated sea limit with Chile. This law superseded the Peruvian supreme decree 781 for same purpose from 1947, which had autolimited its maritime border to geographical parallels only. Peru's position was that the border has never been fully demarcated, but Chile disagreed reminding on treaties in 1952 and 1954 between the countries, which supposedly defined seaborder. The border problem has still not been solved. However, Chile's Michelle Bachelet and Peru's Alan García have established a positive diplomatic relationship, and it is very unlikely any hostilities will break out because of the dispute.

Nevertheless, in early April 2007, Peruvian nationalistic sectors, mainly represented by left wing ex-presidential candidate Ollanta Humala decided to congregate at 'hito uno' right at the border with Chile, in a symbolic attempt to claim sovereignty over a maritime area known in Peru as Mar de Grau (Grau's Sea) just west of the Chilean city of Arica. Peruvian police stopped a group of nearly 2,000 people just 10 km from the border, preventing them from reaching their intended destination. Despite these incidents, the presidents of both Chile and Peru have confirmed their intentions to improve the relationships between the two countries, mainly fueled by the huge amount of commercial exchange between both countries' private sectors.

Template:Country data Colombia 6 July 1822 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1822.[188]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Costa Rica 28 April 1851 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1851[189]

Template:Country data Cuba 11 January 1905 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1905.[190]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Peru had relations with Cuba prior to 1972, but broke them off in the 1960s.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Lima.[157]
  • Peru has an embassy in Havana.
Template:Country data Dominican Republic 6 April 1874 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 April 1874[191]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Ecuador 26 September 1831 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1831[192]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

  • In October 1998, Peru and Ecuador signed a peace accord which definitively resolved border differences which had, over the years, resulted in armed conflict. Peru and Ecuador are now jointly coordinating an internationally sponsored border integration project. The United States Government, as one of four guarantor states, was actively involved in facilitating the 1998 peace accord between Peru and Ecuador and remains committed to its implementation. The United States has pledged $40 million to the Peru-Ecuador border integration project and another $4 million to support Peruvian and Ecuadorian demining efforts along their common border.
  • In November 2009, Peru made an agreement with Ecuador in which Peru would export between 40 and 50 megawatts of electricity until April 2010 in order to help Ecuador with its energy crisis.[193] Rafael Correa, Ecuador's president, expressed his gratitude to Peru for its generous aid during Ecuador's energy crisis.[194]
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Lima.[157]
  • Peru has an embassy in Quito and a consulate in Guayaquil.
Template:Country data El Salvador 10 July 1857 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1857[195]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Guatemala 20 April 1857 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1857[196]

Template:Country data Guyana 17 July 1971
Template:Country data Haiti 1929
Template:Country data Honduras 5 August 1856 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Jamaica 29 April 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1970[201]
  • Jamaica has a consulate in Lima
  • Jamaica is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Caracas.[157]
Template:Country data Mexico 23 January 1823 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1823[202]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Peru and Mexico have historically had a unique relationship solidly based on that they share two of the most significant ancient cultures in the Americas. Both countries have expressed solidarity over the need to defend the recovery of cultural and archaeological heritage in the form of artifacts that have been illegally stolen from Peru and Mexico and which are to this date, illegally or legitimately kept in foreign locations. Peru's President Alan García and Mexico's Felipe Calderón signed a joint declaration in April 2011 aimed at deepening the two countries' friendship, cooperation, integration, trade, investments and the permanent fight against poverty and organized crime. The two countries aim to achieve a new model of integration within Latin America, and to represent a positive, realistic, and active example of integration amongst two "brotherly" nations.

Template:Country data Nicaragua 28 June 1850 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Panama 2 March 1908 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1908[205]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Template:Country data Paraguay 5 February 1858 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1858[206]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Suriname 23 June 1978 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1978[209]
Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago 5 February 1968 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1968[211]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Peru has an embassy in Port of Spain.
  • Trinidad and Tobago is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.[157]
Template:Country data United States 2 May 1826

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

  • The U.S. maintains an embassy in Lima, Peru.[157] There is a U.S. Consular Agency in Cuzco, and the USAID building is located in Lima.
Template:Country data Uruguay 13 November 1858

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Template:Country data Venezuela 17 February 1853 (Relations severed July 2024) Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

In October 2021, the leftist government of Peru re-established diplomatic relations with the leftist Venezuelan government of President Nicolas Maduro after four years.[213]

Both embassies were closed after ties were cut off in July 2024.[214]

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Flagicon Afghanistan 27 September 2012 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2012.[215]
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • Peru is accredited to Afghanistan from its non-resident embassy in New Delhi.
  • Peru has not recognized nor established relations with the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
Template:Country data Armenia 9 September 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1992.[216]
Template:Country data Azerbaijan 25 June 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1996[217]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Lima.[157]
  • Peru has an embassy in Baku.
Template:Country data Bahrain 22 September 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2009[218]
  • Bahrain is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.
Template:Country data Bangladesh 28 February 1983
  • Bangladesh is accredited to Peru from its embassy in New York City.[157]
  • Peru is accredited to Bangladesh from its embassy in Bangkok.
Template:Flagicon China 2 November 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1971[219]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
File:Belt and Road Initiative participant map.svg
Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the Belt and Road Initiative
Template:Country data Taiwan 26 June 1874, broken 2 November 1971 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Georgia 14 January 2010

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 January 2010[220]

  • Georgia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[157]
  • Peru has an honorary consulate in Tbilisi.
Template:Country data India 25 March 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1963[221]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Indonesia 12 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1975[222]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Lima.[157]
  • Peru has an embassy in Jakarta.
Template:Country data Iran 20 November 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1973[223]
Template:Country data Iraq 11 October 1975 and 11 July 2012 renew diplomatic relations
  • Peru and Iraq agreed to renew their bilateral ties in 2012.
  • Iraq is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Caracas.[157]
Template:Country data Israel 20 August 1957

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Template:Country data Japan 21 August 1873 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 August 1873.[228]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Kazakhstan 6 February 1997
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 February 1997[231]
Template:Country data Kuwait 1 December 1975 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1975[232]

Template:Country data Malaysia 24 April 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 April 1986[233]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Mongolia 30 May 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1997[234]
  • Mongolia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Havana.[157]
  • Peru is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing.
Template:Country data Nepal 28 January 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1976[235]
  • Nepal is accredited to Peru from its embassy in New York City.[157]
  • Peru is accredited to Nepal from its embassy in India.
Template:Country data North Korea 15 December 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1988[236]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • North Korea has an embassy in Lima.
  • Diplomatic relationships between both countries are suspended since 2017.
Template:Country data Palestine 30 April 2011 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Peru recognized Palestine on 24 January 2011.[237]
  • Palestine has an embassy in Lima.[157]
Template:Country data Philippines 30 November 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1974[238]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Qatar 7 November 1989 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

At an official level, both countries began diplomatic relations in 1989.[239]

  • Peru has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Lima.[157]
Template:Country data Saudi Arabia 19 March 1986[165] Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Singapore 27 October 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1980[240]
  • Singapore is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Singapore.[157]
  • Peru has an embassy in Singapore.
Template:Country data South Korea 1 April 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1963[241]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Thailand 10 November 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1965.[242]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Peru has an embassy in Bangkok.
  • Thailand has an embassy in Lima.
Template:Country data Turkey 1952[243] Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Peru has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.[243]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lima.[157][243]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$250 million in 2019 (Peruvian exports/imports: 72.6/177.4 million USD).[243]
Template:Country data United Arab Emirates 17 June 1986 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Uzbekistan 22 December 1999
  • Peru and Uzbekistan established bilateral relations on 22 December 1999[244]
Template:Country data Vietnam 14 November 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1994[245]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Europe

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Country data Albania 6 December 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1971[246]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Peru and Albania established formal relations in 1971.
  • Albania is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[157]
  • Peru is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens. Until its dissolution, Peru was accredited from its embassy in Yugoslavia.
Template:Country data Andorra 3 June 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1997[247]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Andorra does not hold an embassy in Peru.
  • Peru is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
Template:Country data Austria 2 November 1949[248] Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Austria has an embassy in Lima, and honorary consulates in Cuzco, Trujillo, Iquitos, and Arequipa.[157]
  • Peru has an embassy in Vienna, and consulates in Innsbruck and Salzburg.[249]
Template:Country data Belarus 19 February 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1997[250] In 1999, Foreign Minister Sergei Martynov visited Peru.[251]
  • Belarus is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[157]
  • Peru is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow.
Template:Country data Belgium 1 April 1852 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Belgium has an embassy in Lima.[157]
  • Peru has an embassy in Brussels.
Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina 23 January 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1998[252]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Peru is accredited to Bosnia and Herzegovina from its embassy in Budapest.
Template:Country data Bulgaria 18 April 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1969[253]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Croatia 12 January 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1993[255]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Cyprus 19 September 1966
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 1966.[256][257] On October of the same year, relations were elevated to embassy level.[258]
  • Cyprus is represented in Peru through its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.[157][259]
  • Peru is accredited to Cyprus from it missions in Italy.
Template:Country data Czech Republic 11 July 1922, broken 4 October 1957, restored 27 December 1968 ( with Czech Republic from 2 January 1993) Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 27 December 1968[260]

Template:Flagdeco Denmark
Template:Country data Estonia 27 July 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1995[263]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Finland 29 March 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 March 1963[265]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data European Union 2000[266] Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • The European Union has a consulate in Lima.[157]
  • Peru has a section of its Ministry of Foreign Affairs dedicated to the European Union, as well as diplomatic relationships with its members.
Template:Country data France 1826 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Germany 28 June 1951
(Federal Republic)
28 December 1972 – 1990
(Democratic Republic)		 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1871.[267]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Greece 3 December 1965 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1965[268]
  • Greece has an embassy in Lima.[157]
  • Peru has an embassy in Athens.
Template:Country data Hungary 16 April 1969 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1969[269]

  • Peru has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Lima.[157]
Template:Country data Iceland 14 November 1967 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1967[270]
  • Iceland is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Oslo.[157]
  • Peru is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Oslo.
Template:Country data Ireland 27 June 1999 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1999[271]

  • Ireland is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Mexico City and maintains an honorary consulate in Lima.[157]
  • Peru has an embassy in Dublin. Until 2017, the ambassador resided in London.
Template:Country data Italy 23 December 1874 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1874[272]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Latvia 23 July 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 1996[275]
  • Latvia is accredited to Peru through its embassy in Berlin.
  • Peru is accredited to Latvia through its embassy in Helsinki.
Template:Country data Liechtenstein 5 July 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1996[276]
  • Liechtenstein does not have an embassy accredited to Peru.
  • Peru is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern.
Template:Country data Lithuania 9 June 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1997[277]
  • Peru is accredited to Lithuania from its embassy in Helsinki.
Template:Country data Luxembourg 14 June 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 June 1962[278][279]
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Peru through its embassy in Berlin.
  • Peru is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels.
Template:Country data Malta 27 April 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1977[280]
Template:Country data Kingdom of the Netherlands 1 February 1826 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Norway 3 August 1923 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1923[281]

  • Peru has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Norway has a consulate-general in Lima and is accredited from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.[157]
Template:Country data Poland 6 September 1923 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 September 1923.[282] Peru refused to recognize the Polish government in London on December 29, 1945. Peru and Poland re-established diplomatic relations on 14 April 1969.[283]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Portugal 26 March 1853 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1853[286]

  • Peru has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Lima.[157]
Template:Country data Romania 10 October 1939, broken 5 March 1942, Re-established diplomatic relations 9 November 1968 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Romania has an embassy in Lima and an honorary consulate in Arequipa.[157]
  • The Republic of Peru has an embassy and an honorary consulate, both in Bucharest.

Diplomatic relations' level:

  • Legation: October 10, 1939 – March 5, 1942
  • Embassy: since November 9, 1968

Diplomatic relations' timeline:

  • October 10, 1939 – March 5, 1942
  • since November 9, 1968[287]
Template:Country data Russia 16 May 1874 to 1918
1 February 1969 		Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data San Marino 24 February 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 2005[290]
  • San Marino is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Rome.[157]
  • Peru is accredited to San Marino from its missions in Italy.
Template:Country data Serbia 10 December 1968 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

  • Diplomatic relations between then Yugoslavia and Peru existed before the Second World War. They were renewed on 10 December 1968.
  • Serbia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[157][291]
  • Peru is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Budapest.[292]
Template:Country data Slovakia 1 January 1993 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Slovakia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[157]
  • Peru is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in Vienna.
Template:Country data Sovereign Military Order of Malta 15 April 1953 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has an embassy in Lima.[157]
  • Peru is accredited to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta from its embassy in the Holy See.
Template:Country data Spain 15 November 1879 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1879[293]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Sweden 11 February 1938 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1938.[296]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Peru has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.[297]
Template:Country data Switzerland 16 September 1884 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Peru has an embassy in Bern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Lima.[157]
Template:Country data Ukraine 7 May 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1992[298]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Peru was accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland. It was formerly accredited from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Lima.[157]
Template:Country data United Kingdom 10 October 1823 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 October 1823.[7]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Peru maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Peru through its embassy in Lima.[299]

Both countries are members of CPTPP, the International Criminal Court, and the World Trade Organization, as well as the Andean Countries–UK Free Trade Agreement.[300] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[301]

Template:Country data Vatican City 1 November 1852 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Country data Australia 1 March 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1963[302]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Both countries have an expanding relationship in all areas. In February 2018 trade ministers from both Peru and Australia signed a free trade agreement.[303] Until 2019, the Peruvian ambassador was also accredited to New Zealand.[304]

Template:Country data Fiji 1983[103]
Template:Country data New Zealand 4 July 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1972[305]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Template:Country data Papua New Guinea 14 September 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1983[306]
  • Peru is accredited to Papua New Guinea from its consulate-general in Sydney.

Transnational issues

Illicit drugs

Until recently the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru has reduced the area of coca under cultivation from 115,300 ha to 38,700 ha, or 66%, between 1995 and 1999;[307] most of cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia, Bolivia, and Brazil for processing into cocaine for the international drug market, but exports of finished cocaine are increasing by maritime conveyance to Mexico, US, and Europe.


See also

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Peru topics Template:Foreign relations of Peru Template:Foreign relations in South America Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Schenoni, Luis (2017) "Subsystemic Unipolarities?" in Strategic Analysis, 41(1): 74-86 [1]
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  154. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  155. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  156. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  158. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  160. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ Ejecutivo dispone la reapertura de la Embajada del Perú en Kenia (in Spanish)
  162. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  163. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  164. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  165. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  167. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  168. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  169. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  172. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  173. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  175. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  176. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  179. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  180. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  182. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  183. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  186. ↑ Alexander Panetta, "Canada limits main foreign aid recipients to 20 countries", Canada East website (accessed 3 March 2009)
  187. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  188. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  189. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  190. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  191. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  192. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  193. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  194. ↑ http://www.peru.com/economiayfinanzas/noticias20091114/66081/Presidente-de-Ecuador-Rafael-Correa-agradece-cooperacion-de-Peru-en-crisis-energetica- Template:Dead link
  195. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  196. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  197. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  198. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  199. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  200. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  201. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  202. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  203. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  204. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  205. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  206. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  207. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  208. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  209. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  210. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  211. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  212. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  213. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  214. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  215. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  216. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  217. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  218. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  219. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  220. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  221. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  222. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  223. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  224. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  225. ↑ Template:Cite thesis
  226. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  227. ↑ Template:Cite thesis
  228. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  229. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  230. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  231. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  232. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  233. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  234. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  235. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  236. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  237. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  238. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  239. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  240. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  241. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  242. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  243. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  244. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  245. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  246. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  247. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  248. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  249. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  250. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  251. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  252. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  253. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  254. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  255. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  256. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  257. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  258. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  259. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  260. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  261. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  262. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  263. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  264. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  265. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  266. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  267. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  268. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  269. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  270. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  271. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  272. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  273. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  274. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  275. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  276. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  277. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  278. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  279. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  280. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  281. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  282. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  283. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  284. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  285. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  286. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  287. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  288. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  289. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  290. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  291. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  292. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  293. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  294. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  295. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  296. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  297. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  298. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  299. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  300. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  301. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  302. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  303. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  304. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  305. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  306. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  307. ↑ Template:Cite report
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