Hammer throw

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The hammer throw (HT for short[1]) is one of the four throwing events in regular outdoor track-and-field competitions, along with the discus throw, shot put and javelin.

The hammer used in this sport is not like any of the tools also called by that name. It consists of a metal ball attached by a steel wire to a grip. These three components are each separate and can move independently. Both the size and weight of the ball vary between men's and women's events. The women's hammer weighs Template:Convert for college and professional meets while the men's hammer weighs Template:Convert.[2]

History

Tradition traces it to the Tailteann Games in Tara, Ireland, around the year 1830 BC.[3] Some time later the Celtic warrior Culchulainn reputedly took a chariot axle with a wheel still attached, spun it around and hurled it a long way.[4] The wheel was later replaced by a rock with a wooden handle attached.[4] A sledgehammer began to be used for the sport in Scotland and England during the Middle Ages.[4] In current times, the hammer has changed to the more modern 16 lb. ball attached to a wire and a handle, but the Scottish hammer throw as seen in Highland Games still feature the older style of hammer throw with the rock and the solid wood handle.

While the men's hammer throw has been part of the Olympics since 1900, the International Association of Athletics Federations did not start ratifying women's marks until 1995. Women's hammer throw was first included in the Olympics at the 2000 summer games in Sydney, Australia, after having been included in the World Championships a year earlier.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Competition

The men's hammer weighs Template:Convert and the women's weighs Template:Convert, with the wire in either case no more than Template:Convert in length.[5] Like the other throwing events, the competition is decided by who can throw the implement the farthest.

The throwing motion starts with the thrower swinging the hammer back-and-forth about two times to generate momentum. The thrower then makes three, four or (rarely) five full rotations using a complex heel-toe foot movement, spinning the hammer in a circular path and increasing its angular velocity with each rotation. Rather than spinning the hammer horizontally, it is instead spun in a plane that angles up towards the direction in which it will be launched. The thrower releases the hammer as its velocity is upward and toward the target.[6]

Throws are made from a throwing circle. The thrower is not allowed to step outside the throwing circle before the hammer has landed and may only enter and exit from the rear of the throwing circle. The hammer must land within a 34.92º throwing sector that is centered on the throwing circle. The sector angle was chosen because it provides a sector whose bounds are easy to measure and lay out on a field (10 metres out from the center of the ring, 6 metres across).[7][8] A violation of the rules results in a foul and the throw not being counted.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Template:Asof the men's hammer world record is held by Yuriy Sedykh, who threw Template:T&Fcalc at the 1986 European Athletics Championships in Stuttgart, West Germany on 30 August. The world record for the women's hammer is held by Anita Włodarczyk, who threw Template:T&Fcalc during the Kamila Skolimowska Memorial on 28 August 2016.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Sedykh's 1986 world record has been noted for its longevity, and for dating from "a time when track and field was starting to realize the scale of performance-enhancing drug use" (AP).[9] According to Russian doping whistleblower Grigory Rodchenkov, Sedykh was a heavy user of steroids, which Sedykh denied.[9]

The throwing distance depends on the velocity and height at which the hammer is released, but also on other factors that are not under the athlete's control.[10] In particular, Earth's rotation affects it via the location's latitude (due to the centrifugal force, the hammer will fly a bit further in a location closer to the equator) and to a lesser extent also via the throw's azimuth (i.e. its compass direction, due to Coriolis forces).[10] According to a 2023 study, such effects are large enough that the top 20 world-record rankings for both men and women at the time could somewhat change if they were adjusted for latitude and azimuth.[10]

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Safety issues

Hammer throwing has been described as involving "inherent danger [...]. Athletes, coaches, and spectators participating in the event are at risk; steel hammers [...] are hurled through the air at great speeds, [travel] far distances, and [are] sometimes difficult to spot in flight."[11] For example, hammer throws resulted in four deaths in Europe in 2000 alone,[12] and have caused deaths and permanent brain damage injuries in the United States too.[11]

To mitigate such risks, a C-shaped "hammer cage" was introduced, which is built around the throwing circle, preventing the hammer from flying off in unwanted directions.[11] In 2004, the IAAF changed its rules to increase the mandatory height of hammer cages to 10m and reduce their "danger zone" angle to around 53°.[11] The change also moved the cage gates further away from the throwing circle, thus reducing the risk of a misdirected hammer bouncing back on the thrower.[13]

All-time top 25

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Tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 hammer throw marks and the top 25 athletes:
- denotes top performance for athletes in the top 25 hammer throw marks
- denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 hammer throw marks, by repeat athletes
- denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 athletes who fall outside the top 25 hammer throw marks

Men

  • Correct as of April 2024.[14]
Ath.# Perf.# Mark Athlete Nation Date Place Template:Refh
1 1 Template:T&FcalcR Yuriy Sedykh Script error: No such module "flag". 30 August 1986 Stuttgart
2 Template:T&FcalcR Sedykh #2 22 June 1986 Tallinn
3 Template:T&FcalcR Sedykh #3 3 July 1984 Cork
2 4 Template:T&FcalcR Sergey Litvinov Script error: No such module "flag". 3 July 1986 Dresden
5 Template:T&FcalcR Litvinov #2 30 August 1986 Stuttgart
6 Template:T&FcalcR Sedykh #4 11 August 1986 Budapest
7 Template:T&FcalcR Sedykh #5 13 July 1984 London
Sedykh #6 17 August 1984 Moscow
9 Template:T&FcalcR Litvinov #3 3 July 1984 Cork
10 Template:T&FcalcR Litvinov #4 11 July 1986 London
Sedykh #7 4 September 1988 Moscow
12 Template:T&FcalcR Sedykh #8 20 August 1984 Budapest
13 Template:T&FcalcR Sedykh #9 3 July 1986 Dresden
3 14 Template:T&FcalcR Vadim Devyatovskiy Script error: No such module "flag". 21 July 2005 Minsk
15 Template:T&FcalcR Litvinov #5 10 September 1986 Rome
4 16 Template:T&FcalcR Koji Murofushi Script error: No such module "flag". 29 June 2003 Prague
17 Template:T&FcalcR Litvinov #6 26 September 1988 Seoul
18 Template:T&FcalcR Sedykh #10 9 July 1986 Moscow
19 Template:T&FcalcR Litvinov #7 9 July 1986 Moscow
5 20 Template:T&FcalcR Igor Astapkovich Template:Country data Belarus 6 June 1992 Seville
21 Template:T&FcalcR Sedykh #11 14 September 1984 Tokyo
22 Template:T&FcalcR Sedykh #12 8 June 1986 Leningrad
6 23 Template:T&FcalcR Ivan Tsikhan Script error: No such module "flag". 9 July 2008 Grodno
7 24 Template:T&FcalcR Igor Nikulin Script error: No such module "flag". 12 July 1990 Lausanne
25 Template:T&FcalcR Sedykh #13 14 September 1988 Vladivostok
Tsikhan #2 7 May 2004 Minsk
8 Template:T&FcalcR Jüri Tamm Script error: No such module "flag". 9 September 1984 Banská Bystrica
9 Template:T&FcalcR Ethan Katzberg Script error: No such module "flag". 20 April 2024 Nairobi [15]
10 Template:T&FcalcR Adrián Annus Script error: No such module "flag". 10 August 2003 Szombathely
11 Template:T&FcalcR Paweł Fajdek Script error: No such module "flag". 9 August 2015 Szczecin [16]
12 Template:T&FcalcR Tibor Gécsek Script error: No such module "flag". 19 September 1998 Zalaegerszeg
13 Template:T&FcalcR Andrey Abduvaliyev Script error: No such module "flag". 26 May 1990 Adler
14 Template:T&FcalcR Aleksey Zagornyi Script error: No such module "flag". 10 February 2002 Adler
15 Template:T&FcalcR Ralf Haber Template:GDR 16 May 1988 Athens
16 Template:T&FcalcR Szymon Ziółkowski Script error: No such module "flag". 5 August 2001 Edmonton
17 Template:T&FcalcR Olli-Pekka Karjalainen Script error: No such module "flag". 14 July 2004 Lahti
18 Template:T&FcalcR Heinz Weis Template:GER 29 June 1997 Frankfurt
19 Template:T&FcalcR Balázs Kiss Script error: No such module "flag". 4 June 1998 Saint-Denis
20 Template:T&FcalcR Karsten Kobs Template:GER 26 June 1999 Dortmund
21 Template:T&FcalcR Rudy Winkler Script error: No such module "flag". 20 June 2021 Eugene [17]
22 Template:T&FcalcR Krisztián Pars Script error: No such module "flag". 16 August 2014 Zürich
23 Template:T&FcalcR Günther Rodehau Template:GDR 3 August 1985 Dresden
24 Template:T&FcalcR Sergey Kirmasov Script error: No such module "flag". 30 May 1998 Bryansk
Andriy Skvaruk Script error: No such module "flag". 27 April 2002 Kyiv

Annulled marks

Women

  • Correct as of April 2025.[18]
Ath.# Perf.# Mark Athlete Nation Date Place Template:Refh
1 1 Template:T&FcalcR Anita Włodarczyk Script error: No such module "flag". 28 August 2016 Warsaw [19]
2 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #2 29 July 2017 Władysławowo
3 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #3 15 August 2016 Rio de Janeiro
4 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #4 1 August 2015 Władysławowo
5 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #5 27 August 2015 Beijing
6 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #6 23 July 2017 Białystok
2 7 Template:T&FcalcR DeAnna Price Script error: No such module "flag". 26 June 2021 Eugene [20]
8 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #7 12 July 2016 Władysławowo
3 9 Template:T&FcalcR Brooke Andersen Script error: No such module "flag". 20 May 2023 Tucson [21]
10 Template:T&FcalcR Andersen #2 4 May 2024 Tucson [22]
11 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #8 15 August 2017 Warsaw
Andersen #3 20 April 2023 Charlottesville [23]
13 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #9 6 May 2017 Doha
14 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #10 27 June 2017 Ostrava
15 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #11 18 June 2016 Szczecin
16 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #12 22 July 2018 Lublin
17 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #13 31 August 2014 Berlin
18 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #14 21 May 2016 Halle
19 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #15 29 May 2016 Forbach
4 20 Template:T&FcalcR Betty Heidler Template:GER 21 May 2011 Halle
21 79.29 m (260 ft 1 in) Andersen #4 24 May 2025 Tucson
22 Template:T&FcalcR Andersen #5 30 April 2022 Tucson [24]
23 Template:T&FcalcR Andersen #6 17 July 2022 Eugene [25]
24 Template:T&FcalcR Włodarczyk #16 12 August 2018 Berlin
5 25 Template:T&FcalcR Rachel Richeson Script error: No such module "flag". 11 April 2025 Ramona [26]
6 Template:T&FcalcR Camryn Rogers Script error: No such module "flag". 26 May 2023 Westwood [27]
7 Template:T&FcalcR Tatyana Lysenko Script error: No such module "flag". 5 July 2012 Cheboksary
8 Template:T&FcalcR Janee' Kassanavoid Script error: No such module "flag". 21 May 2022 Tucson [28]
9 Template:T&FcalcR Gwen Berry Script error: No such module "flag". 8 June 2018 Chorzów [29]
10 Template:T&FcalcR Wang Zheng Script error: No such module "flag". 29 March 2014 Chengdu
11 Template:T&FcalcR Zhang Wenxiu Script error: No such module "flag". 28 September 2014 Incheon
12 Template:T&FcalcR Aksana Miankova Script error: No such module "flag". 29 June 2008 Minsk
13 Template:T&FcalcR Gulfiya Agafonova Script error: No such module "flag". 12 June 2006 Tula
14 Template:T&FcalcR Oksana Kondratyeva Script error: No such module "flag". 30 June 2013 Zhukovskiy
15 Template:T&FcalcR Hanna Skydan Script error: No such module "flag". 23 August 2023 Budapest [30]
16 Template:T&FcalcR Silja Kosonen Script error: No such module "flag". 15 March 2025 Nicosia [31]
17 Template:T&FcalcR Martina Hrašnová Script error: No such module "flag". 16 May 2009 Trnava
18 Template:T&FcalcR Malwina Kopron Script error: No such module "flag". 26 August 2017 Taipei City [32]
19 Template:T&FcalcR Kamila Skolimowska Script error: No such module "flag". 11 May 2007 Doha
20 Template:T&FcalcR Mariya Bespalova Script error: No such module "flag". 23 June 2012 Zhukovsky
21 Template:T&FcalcR Volha Tsander Script error: No such module "flag". 21 July 2005 Minsk
22 Template:T&FcalcR Yekaterina Khoroshikh Script error: No such module "flag". 24 June 2006 Zhukovsky
23 Template:T&FcalcR Yipsi Moreno Script error: No such module "flag". 9 September 2008 Zagreb
24 Template:T&FcalcR Alena Matoshka Script error: No such module "flag". 12 June 2012 Minsk
25 Template:T&FcalcR Joanna Fiodorow Script error: No such module "flag". 28 September 2019 Doha [33]

Annulled marks

The following athletes had their performances (over 77.00 m) annulled due to doping offences:

Olympic medalists

Men

Template:Olympic medalists in men's hammer throw

Women

Template:Olympic medalists in women's hammer throw

World Championships medalists

Men

Template:World Championships in Athletics medalists in men's hammer throw

Women

Template:World Championships in Athletics medalists in women's hammer throw

Season's bests

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See also

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Notes and references

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External links

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  1. ↑ https://www.worldathletics.org/download/download?filename=175739a3-b6be-4e84-914c-15d7ce791665.pdf&urlslug=Terms%20and%20abbreviations Template:Bare URL inline
  2. ↑ Hammer Throw Facts World Athletics
  3. ↑ 'Origins'. Hammer Throw, undated. Retrieved 28 January 2025
  4. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ 2023 USATF Throws Fest - Womens Hammer Throw - results
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-continental-tour/news/valarie-allman-north-american-discus-record-ramona
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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