Foreign relations of Bahrain

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Template:Short description Template:Sidebar with collapsible listsBahrain plays a modest, moderating role in regional politics and adheres to the views of the Arab League on Middle East peace and Palestinian rights. Since achieving independence in 1971, Bahrain has maintained friendly relations with most of its neighbours and with the world community. It generally pursues a policy of close consultation with neighbouring states and works to narrow areas of disagreement.

Bahrain is a member of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC), established on May 26, 1981, with five other Arab Gulf states. The country has fully complied with steps taken by the GCC to coordinate economic development and defense and security planning. In December 1994, it concurred with the GCC decision to drop secondary and tertiary boycotts against Israel. In many instances, it has established special bilateral trade agreements.

Bahrain has been a member of The Forum of Small States (FOSS) since the group's founding in 1992.[1]

Bahrain's current Minister of Foreign Affairs is Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani.[2] Its previous foreign minister was Sheikh Khaled bin Ahmed Al Khalifa, a career diplomat. Sheikh Khaled was educated in the United States, as a student he was a member of US President Jimmy Carter's 1980 presidential campaign team. His deputy was Nazar Al Baharna, a politician and business leader, who was appointed in 2006 following the victory of the biggest Shia party Al Wefaq in that year's parliamentary elections. Al Baharna was formerly a leading member of Al Wefaq.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In June 2006, Bahrain was elected head of the United Nations General Assembly, and used the honour to appoint Haya bint Rashid Al Khalifa as the Assembly's president, making her the first Middle East woman and only the third woman in history to take over the post. Sheikha Haya is a leading Bahraini lawyer and women's rights advocate who took over the post at a time of change for the world body. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan said of her, "I met her yesterday and I found her quite impressive. All the member states are determined to work with her and to support her, and I think she's going to bring a new dimension to the work here."[3] The move follows a series of appointments of women to high-profile positions in the Kingdom (see Women's political rights in Bahrain for further details).

During the Persian Gulf War in 1990–91, Bahrain was part of the coalition that fought to liberate Kuwait. Bahraini, RAF, and USAF pilots flew air strikes in Iraq from the Sheik Isa Air Base, while coalition navies operated out of Manama, the capital. Bahrain was hit by Scud missiles fired from Iraq.[4] A number of Bahraini students studying in Iraq and Kuwait at the outbreak of hostilities went missing and are presumed the victims of Saddam Hussein's secret police.

After the liberation of Kuwait, Bahrain and the United States strengthened their already good ties by signing a ten-year agreement in October 1991, which granted American forces access to Bahraini facilities and allowed the U.S. to pre-position war material for future crises. In July 1995 the U.S. 5th Fleet was established in the Persian Gulf with its headquarters at NSA Bahrain in Manama. In 2003, U.S. President George W. Bush designated Bahrain as a major non-NATO ally.[5]

Bahrain was an active member of the coalition that fought to remove the Taliban regime from Afghanistan in 2001; the Kingdom provided ships for the naval cordon in the Indian Ocean put in place to intercept fleeing Taliban and Al Qaeda fighters.

File:Bahrain Saudi kings meeting.jpg
Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa I with the Saudi king Ibn Saud.

However, the Kingdom opposed unilateral action against Iraq in 2003, and to the annoyance of Washington in the run up to the war sought to defuse the crisis by offering Saddam Hussein asylum as a way of avoiding war.[6]

Bahrain-Iran relations have been strained since the Iranian Revolution and the 1981 discovery of a planned Iran-sponsored coup in Bahrain. Bahraini suspicions of the Iranian role in local unrest in the mid-1990s remain. However, with the decline of Iraq as a regional powerbroker, Bahrain has begun taking steps to improve relations with Iran and increase regional harmony. These efforts have included encouraging Bahrain-Iran trade.[7]

The long-standing territorial dispute with Qatar over the Hawar Islands and the maritime boundary were resolved in 2001 by a compromise decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ).

To mark Mahatma Gandhi's birthday on 2 October 2007, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs co-sponsored with the Bahrain Centre for Studies and Research and the Indian Embassy a conference on the relevance of Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy for the Arab world in the 21st Century. The conference, attended by Arab and Indian academics, UN officials and diplomats discussed the Gandhi’s teaching of non-violence, austerity and spiritualism with particular reference to the Arab world today. Among the keynote speakers was leading liberal academic, Dr Abdulla Al Madani, who emphasised Gandhi’s moral vision: "Had he resorted to kidnapping, suicide-bombings, beheadings, or other barbarian means, his memory would not have remained rooted in the world's conscience. Believing that the credibility of one's action lay in setting a personal example, Gandhi began with himself. He quit his legal practice, gave up wearing Western-style clothing, and embraced a humble lifestyle by making his own clothes and living on a simple vegetarian diet. This, of course, differs from the practice of leaders of some Arab resistance movements, who urge their followers to boycott the West while savouring the Western lifestyle, products, and technology."[8]

Relations with Thailand and the Hakeem al-Araibi incident

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Bahrain's foreign relations were put under strain and its human rights record under the spotlight when in November 2018 Bahraini footballer Hakeem al-Araibi, who had been sentenced in absentia by Bahrain to 10 years in prison for vandalising a police station in 2013, was arrested upon arrival in Thailand with his wife for their honeymoon. The footballer, who had been granted refugee status by Australia in 2014, urged the Thailand authorities not to deport him to Bahrain as he had been previously tortured in Bahrain for his political views.[9]

He was kept in detention in Thailand while the Australian government and many international organisations and individuals lobbied for his release, until it was announced on 11 February 2019 by the Thai Office of the Attorney-General (OAG)[10] that the extradition case against al-Araibi had been dropped by the criminal court at Bahrain's request. No reason was given by the foreign ministry, but the decision was made under Section 21 of the Prosecution Act, which allows for cases to be dropped if not in the public interest, and he would be released and allowed to return to Australia as soon as possible.[11]

During the media frenzy surrounding the case, the strong links between Bahrain and Thailand were alluded to in the press. Academics and human rights groups raised the issue of the very close ties between the two countries, both financially and between the two royal families.[12] According to Dr Aim Sinpeng, an expert in South-East Asian politics at the University of Sydney, the Thai and Bahraini royal families have always had a close relationship and the Bahraini royal family visits Thailand every year. Thai Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Surapong Tovichakchaikul said in 2012 that the relationship between Thailand and Bahrain “was very close and strong” and also disclosed that the Bahrain Prime Minister was a “close personal friend” of former Thai prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra and had “donated roughly $2 million of his own money” to Thailand for flood relief.[12]

The latest new business venture between the two countries is a new 6,700 sq. m. Thai shopping centre in Manama, set to launch in the first half of 2019 and described as an opportunity for Thai small and medium-sized enterprises to reach a huge potential market of Saudi shoppers,[12] said to be the biggest economic centre in Bahrain, with import and exports between the two countries expected to be worth around US$400m annually.[13][14]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Bahrain maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Bahrain.svg
# Country Date[15]
1 Template:Country data Kuwait Template:Dts
2 Template:Country data United Kingdom Template:Dts
3 Template:Country data Saudi Arabia Template:Dts
4 Template:Country data India Template:Dts
5 Template:Country data Pakistan Template:Dts
6 Template:Country data United States Template:Dts
7 Template:Country data Qatar Template:Dts
8 Template:Country data United Arab Emirates Template:Dts
9 Template:Country data Iraq Template:Dts
10 Template:Country data France Template:Dts
11 Template:Country data Australia Template:Dts
12 Template:Country data Japan Template:Dts
13 Template:Country data Netherlands Template:Dts
14 Template:Country data Yemen Template:Dts
15 Template:Country data Germany Template:Dts
16 Template:Country data Lebanon Template:Dts
17 Template:Country data Afghanistan Template:Dts
18 Template:Country data Egypt Template:Dts
19 Template:Country data Jordan Template:Dts
20 Template:Country data Tunisia Template:Dts
21 Template:Country data Somalia Template:Dts
22 Template:Country data Spain Template:Dts
23 Template:Country data Sudan Template:Dts
— Template:Country data Iran (severed) Template:Dts[16]
24 Template:Country data Chad Template:Dts
25 Template:Country data Canada Template:Dts
26 Template:Country data Morocco Template:Dts
27 Template:Country data Turkey Template:Dts
28 Template:Country data Mauritania Template:Dts
29 Template:Country data Norway Template:Dts[17]
30 Template:Country data Greece Template:Dts
31 Template:Country data Switzerland Template:Dts[18]
32 Template:Country data Italy Template:Dts
33 Template:Country data Guinea Template:Dts
34 Template:Country data Sweden Template:Dts
35 Template:Country data Argentina Template:Dts[19]
36 Template:Country data Ireland Template:Dts
37 Template:Country data Bangladesh Template:Dts
38 Template:Country data Denmark Template:Dts
39 Template:Country data Malta Template:Dts
40 Template:Country data Niger Template:Dts
41 Template:Country data Malaysia Template:Dts
42 Template:Country data Finland Template:Dts
43 Template:Country data Syria Template:Dts
44 Template:Country data Libya Template:Dts
45 Template:Country data Cameroon Template:Dts
46 Template:Country data Austria Template:Dts
47 Template:Country data Mexico Template:Dts[20]
48 Template:Country data Gabon Template:Dts
49 Template:Country data Mauritius Template:Dts
50 Template:Country data Brazil Template:Dts
51 Template:Country data South Korea Template:Dts
52 Template:Country data Portugal Template:Dts
53 Template:Country data Lesotho Template:Dts
54 Template:Country data Nepal Template:Dts
55 Template:Country data Thailand Template:Dts
56 Template:Country data Venezuela Template:Dts
57 Template:Country data Mali Template:Dts
58 Template:Country data Burundi Template:Dts
59 Template:Country data Ghana Template:Dts
60 Template:Country data Iceland Template:Dts
61 Template:Country data Philippines Template:Dts
62 Template:Country data Tanzania Template:Dts
63 Template:Country data Oman Template:Dts
64 Template:Country data Luxembourg Template:Dts
65 Template:Country data Maldives Template:Dts[21]
66 Template:Country data Democratic Republic of the Congo Template:Dts
67 Template:Country data Belgium Template:Dts
68 Template:Country data Senegal Template:Dts
69 Template:Country data Cyprus Template:Dts[22]
70 Template:Country data Zambia Template:Dts
71 Template:Country data Chile Template:Dts
72 Template:Country data Djibouti Template:Dts
73 Template:Country data Gambia Template:Dts
74 Template:Country data Seychelles Template:Dts
75 Template:Country data Algeria Template:Dts
76 Template:Country data Indonesia Template:Dts
77 Template:Country data New Zealand Template:Dts
78 Template:Country data Comoros Template:Dts
79 Template:Country data Singapore Template:Dts
80 Template:Country data Haiti Template:Dts
81 Template:Country data Brunei Template:Dts
— Template:Country data State of Palestine Template:Dts[23]
82 Template:Country data Burkina Faso Template:Dts
83 Template:Country data China Template:Dts
84 Template:Country data Colombia Template:Dts
85 Template:Country data Panama Template:Dts
86 Template:Country data Serbia Template:Dts
87 Template:Country data Hungary Template:Dts
88 Template:Country data Russia Template:Dts
89 Template:Country data Romania Template:Dts
90 Template:Country data Poland Template:Dts
91 Template:Country data Nicaragua Template:Dts
92 Template:Country data Bulgaria Template:Dts[24]
93 Template:Country data Bhutan Template:Dts[25]
94 Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:Dts
95 Template:Country data Kazakhstan Template:Dts
96 Template:Country data Uzbekistan Template:Dts
97 Template:Country data Sri Lanka Template:Dts
98 Template:Country data Ukraine Template:Dts
99 Template:Country data Croatia Template:Dts
100 Template:Country data Albania Template:Dts
101 Template:Country data Georgia Template:Dts
102 Template:Country data Czech Republic Template:Dts
103 Template:Country data South Africa Template:Dts
104 Template:Country data Uganda Template:Dts
105 Template:Country data Cuba Template:Dts
106 Template:Country data Slovakia Template:Dts
107 Template:Country data Vietnam Template:Dts[26]
108 Template:Country data Tajikistan Template:Dts
109 Template:Country data Uruguay Template:Dts
110 Template:Country data Ivory Coast Template:Dts
111 Template:Country data Lithuania Template:Dts
112 Template:Country data Eritrea Template:Dts
113 Template:Country data Turkmenistan Template:Dts
114 Template:Country data Kyrgyzstan Template:Date table sorting[27]
115 Template:Country data Slovenia Template:Dts
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118 Template:Country data North Macedonia Template:Dts
119 Template:Country data Armenia Template:Dts
120 Template:Country data Azerbaijan Template:Dts
121 Template:Country data São Tomé and Príncipe Template:Dts
122 Template:Country data Mozambique Template:Dts
123 Template:Country data Guyana Template:Dts
124 Template:Country data Rwanda Template:Dts
125 Template:Country data Mongolia Template:Dts
126 Template:Country data Malawi Template:Dts
127 Template:Country data Republic of the Congo Template:Dts
128 Template:Country data El Salvador Template:Dts
129 Template:Country data Suriname Template:Dts
130 Template:Country data Ethiopia Template:Dts
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131 Template:Country data Latvia Template:Dts
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133 Template:Country data Honduras Template:Dts
134 Template:Country data North Korea Template:Dts
135 Template:Country data Laos Template:Dts
136 Template:Country data Moldova Template:Dts
137 Template:Country data Estonia Template:Dts
138 Template:Country data Cape Verde Template:Dts
139 Template:Country data Liechtenstein Template:Dts
140 Template:Country data Paraguay Template:Dts
141 Template:Country data Eswatini Template:Dts
142 Template:Country data Belize Template:Dts
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144 Template:Country data Antigua and Barbuda Template:Dts
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146 Template:Country data Guatemala Template:Dts
147 Template:Country data Dominican Republic Template:Dts
148 Template:Country data Barbados Template:Dts
149 Template:Country data Cambodia Template:Dts
150 Template:Country data Peru Template:Dts
151 Template:Country data Montenegro Template:Dts
152 Template:Country data Myanmar Template:Dts
153 Template:Country data Bahamas Template:Dts
154 Template:Country data Fiji Template:Dts
155 Template:Country data Kenya Template:Dts
156 Template:Country data Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Template:Dts
157 Template:Country data South Sudan Template:Dts
158 Template:Country data Monaco Template:Dts
159 Template:Country data Angola Template:Dts
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160 Template:Country data Kiribati Template:Dts[28]
161 Template:Country data Saint Kitts and Nevis Template:Dts[28]
162 Template:Country data Jamaica Template:Dts[28]
163 Template:Country data Palau Template:Dts[28]
164 Template:Country data San Marino Template:Dts[29]
165 Template:Country data Timor-Leste Template:Dts[30]
166 Template:Country data Israel Template:Dts[31][32]
167 Template:Country data Central African Republic Template:Dts[33]
168 Template:Country data Sierra Leone Template:Dts[28]
169 Template:Country data Tonga Template:Dts[28]
170 Template:Country data Federated States of Micronesia Template:Dts[28]
171 Template:Country data Solomon Islands Template:Dts[28]
172 Template:Country data Togo Template:Dts[28]
173 Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago Template:Dts[28]
174 Template:Country data Dominica Template:Dts[28]
175 Template:Country data Madagascar Template:Dts[28]
176 Template:Country data Saint Lucia Template:Dts[28]
177 Template:Country data Samoa Template:Dts[28]
178 Template:Country data Nauru Template:Dts[28]
179 Template:Country data Papua New Guinea Template:Dts[28]
180 Template:Country data Grenada Template:Dts[28]
181 Template:Country data Benin Template:Dts[28]
182 Template:Country data Bolivia Template:Dts[28]
183 Template:Country data Vanuatu Template:Dts[34]
184 Template:Country data Equatorial Guinea Template:Dts[28]
185 Template:Country data Liberia Template:Dts[28]
186 Template:Country data Namibia Template:Dts[28]
187 Template:Country data Nigeria Template:Dts[35]

Bilateral relations

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Country data Armenia
  • Armenia is accredited to Bahrain from its embassy in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
  • Bahrain is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
Template:Country data France
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Paris.
  • France has an embassy in Manama.
Template:Country data Germany
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Manama.
Template:Country data India See Bahrain–India relations

India is a close ally of Bahrain, the Kingdom along with its GCC partners are (according to Indian officials) among the most prominent backers of India's bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council,[36] and Bahraini officials have urged India to play a greater role in international affairs. For instance, over concerns about Iran's nuclear programme Bahrain's Crown Prince appealed to India to play an active role in resolving the crisis[37]

Ties between India and Bahrain go back generations, with many of Bahrain's most prominent figures having close connections: poet and constitutionalist Ebrahim Al-Arrayedh grew up in Mumbai, while 17th century Bahraini theologians Sheikh Salih Al-Karzakani and Sheikh Ja`far bin Kamal al-Din were influential figures in the Kingdom of Golkonda[38] and the development of Shia thought in the sub-continent.

Bahraini politicians have sought to enhance these long standing ties, with Parliamentary Speaker Khalifa Al Dhahrani in 2007 leading a delegation of parliamentarians and business leaders to meet Indian President Pratibha Patil, opposition leader L K Advani, and take part in training and media interviews.[39] Politically, it is easier for Bahrain's politicians to seek training and advice from India than it is from the United States or other western alternative.

In December 2007, the Bahrain India Society was launched in Manama to promote ties between the two countries. Headed by the former Minister of Labour Abdulnabi Al Shoala, the Society seeks to take advantage of the development in civil society to actively work to strengthen ties between the two countries, not only business links, but according to the body's opening statement in politics, social affairs, science and culture. India's Minister of State for Foreign Affairs E Ahmed and his Bahraini counterpart Dr Nazar Al Baharna attended the launch.[40]

Bahrain's ruler Sheikh Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa went on a state visit to India in February 2014 and has secured $450 million of bilateral trade and investment between the two nations.[41]

Template:Country data Iran See Bahrain–Iran relations

On 12 August 2012, Foreign Minister Sheikh Khalid al-Khalifa announced[42] that Bahrain has reinstated its Ambassador to Iran.[43]

On 19 July 2015, after Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei voiced support for the oppressed people across the Middle East including Bahrain, the Iranian acting chargé d'affaires Morteza Sanubari was summoned by the Bahraini Foreign Ministry over "flagrant interference". The foreign ministry handed "an official protest memorandum" to the diplomat over "statements made by Ali Khamenei against the kingdom of Bahrain".[44]

On 1 October 2015 (a week after the 2015 Mina stampede), the Bahraini government recalled its ambassador from Tehran and ordered the Iranian acting chargé d'affaires to leave the country within 3 days in response to "continuing interference by Iran in the affairs of the kingdom". This comes when Bahraini authorities in Nuwaidrat (30 September) discovered a large bomb-making factory and seized a large stash of weapons and arrested a number of people suspected of having links with Iran's Revolutionary Guards.[45] Bahrain's decision to recall its ambassador comes "in light of continued Iranian meddling in the affairs of the kingdom of Bahrain ... in order to create sectarian strife and to impose hegemony and control.[46][47] In response (on 2 October), the Iranian Foreign Ministry retaliated by releasing this statement: "The number two official in Bahrain's embassy in Tehran is persona non grata and Mr. Bassam al-Dossari must leave Iran's territory within 72 hours," the official IRNA news agency quoted a foreign ministry statement as saying late Friday.[48]

On 4 January 2016, Bahrain severed diplomatic ties with Iran, accusing it of interference in Saudi internal affairs after Saudi Arabia executed prominent Shia cleric, Nimr al-Nimr for his involvement in 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests.[49] This followed the same decision by the Saudi government, after Iranian protesters set fires in the Saudi Embassy in Tehran.[50]

Template:Country data Iraq See Bahrain–Iraq relations
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Baghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Manama.
Template:Country data Israel See Bahrain–Israel relations

Until September 11, 2020, there were no official relations between Bahrain and Israel and the government of Bahrain didn't recognize Israel as a state. However, Israeli citizens were allowed to enter Bahrain with the requirement of a visa.

Unofficial relations began in late 2016 due to tensions with Iran and denounced the Arab League boycott of Israel.

On September 11, 2020, Bahrain and Israel signed a normalization agreement thereby agreeing to recognize each other and establish diplomatic relations.

On November 2, 2023, Bahrain recalled its ambassador to Israel and froze economic ties with them.[51]

Template:Country data Italy
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Manama.
Template:Country data Kazakhstan

Bahrain's first ever royal visit to Kazakhstan was in April 2014, where the King met with the Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev.[52] The country have signed major deals between the two countries to bolster trade and investments. Bahrain have expressed its support for the Astana Expo 2017 and have encouraged local businessmen and government sectors to take part in the prestigious event.[53] The Kazakh Government has created the Bahraini-Kazakh Business Council, unveiling plans to sign an agreement on encouraging and protecting investment, avoiding taxation and fiscal evasion.[54]

Template:Country data Kosovo 13 March 2014

On 19 May 2009, Bahrain officially recognised Kosovo as an independent state.[55] On 13 March 2014, Bahrain and Kosovo established diplomatic relations.[56]

Template:Country data Kuwait See Bahrain–Kuwait relations
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Manama.
Template:Country data Malaysia See Bahrain–Malaysia relations
Template:Country data Pakistan See Bahrain-Pakistan relations
File:Ships during the exercise Arabian Shark '08.jpg
April 17, 2008: Arabian Shark '08 in process, a joint exercise between the navies of Pakistan, Bahrain and the United States, focusing on antisubmarine warfare.

Bahrain and Pakistan enjoy cordial and deep ties. Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, during a visit to Pakistan, called Pakistan his second home and stated that Bahrain regards Pakistan extremely highly.[59] Joint initiatives between Pakistani and Bahraini governments have started to further their bilateral trades, which reached to $250 million in 2007. Pakistani businessmen are eyeing on Bahrain's property market while Bahrain is seeing Pakistan as a good agricultural potential investment country.

Template:Country data Portugal See Bahrain–Portugal relations

Bahrain was ruled by the Portuguese Empire from 1521 until 1602, when they were expelled by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty.

Template:Country data Qatar See Bahrain–Qatar relations

Bahrain has an embassy in Qatar.[60] Qatar also has an embassy in Bahrain.[61] In May 2017, Bahrain cut diplomatic ties with Qatar, and closed its airspace and maritime to Qatar transportations. It has also asked Qataris to leave the country, and Bahrainis to leave to Qatar. Islam Hassan argues that " the small Kingdom has been toeing the Saudi foreign policy for the past couple of years. It seems that their severing of ties with Qatar was mainly an answer to a Saudi call."[62][63] In April 2023, Bahrain had restored diplomatic ties with Qatar.[64]

Template:Country data Russia See Bahrain–Russia relations
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Manama.
Template:Country data Saudi Arabia See Bahrain–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Manama.
Template:Country data South Korea

See Bahrain—South Korea relations

On 24 June 2014, the South Korean deputy minister for multilateral and global affairs, Shin Dong-ik, met with ambassador Abdulla Abdullatif Abdullah, the undersecretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bahrain who was on a visit to the Republic of Korea from June 22 through 24. During the meeting, the two sides exchanged ideas on ways to promote the ROK-Bahrain relations and discussed ways to work together in the field of human rights. Dong-ik and Abdullah shared the view that continued high-level exchanges are essential for the improvement of relations between the South Korea and Bahrain.[65]

Template:Country data Spain See Bahrain–Spain relations
  • Bahrain is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain is accredited to Bahrain from its embassy in Kuwait City, Kuwait.
Template:Country data Syria See Bahrain–Syria relations
Template:Country data Turkey 4 December 1973 See Bahrain–Turkey relations

Relations between Bahrain and Turkey were officially established on December 4, 1973.[66] The relation between these two countries are considered positive, with trade at 78.1 million U.S dollars in 2006. Almost double then the amount then it was 2003.[67] In 2007, trade was at 186 million U.S dollars.[68]

  • Bahrain has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Manama.
Template:Country data United Arab Emirates See Bahrain–United Arab Emirates relations
Template:Country data United Kingdom 21 August 1971 See Bahrain–United Kingdom relations

Bahrain established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 21 August 1971.

  • Bahrain maintains an embassy in London.[69]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Bahrain through its embassy in Manama.[70]

The UK governed Bahrain from 1861 to 1971, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization, as well as the Bahrain–US Comprehensive Security Integration and Prosperity Agreement.[71] Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement.[72] Both countries are negotiating a Free Trade Agreement.[73]

Template:Country data United States See Bahrain–United States relations
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States has an embassy in Manama.

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Foreign relations of Bahrain Template:Foreign relations of Asia Template:Bahrain topics

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".access-date=28 March 2024
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ "Scud hits Bahrain" New Sunday Times archive, 23 Feb. 1991
  5. ↑ Presidential Determination on the designation of Bahrain as a major Non-NATO ally,White House archives
  6. ↑ Bahrain offers exile to Saddam-The Telegraph, 20 Mar 2003
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ 'India against Security Council membership without veto', Web India, 29 December 2004
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore
  38. ↑ Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p. 45
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Bahrain withdraws ambassador from Iran Template:Webarchive. The Daily Star. Retrieved 2015-10-01.
  47. ↑ Bahrain withdraws ambassador from Tehran. Gulf News. Retrieved 2015-10-01.
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Kingdom of Bahrain Template:Webarchive
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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