Gudea

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox royalty Script error: No such module "Location map". Gudea (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Sumerian: Template:Script, Gu3-de2-a; died Template:Circa 2124 BC) was a Sumerian ruler (ensi) of the state of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia, who ruled Template:Circa–2060 BC (short chronology) or 2144–2124 BC (middle chronology). He probably did not come from the city, but had married Ninalla, daughter of the ruler Ur-Baba of Lagash, thus gaining entrance to the royal house of Lagash. He was succeeded by his son Ur-Ningirsu II. Gudea ruled at a time when the center of Sumer was still ruled by the Gutian dynasty, and when the Akkadian king Ishtup-Ilum ruled to the north in Mari.[1] Under Gudea, Lagash had a golden age, and seemed to enjoy a high level of independence from the Gutians, a language isolate speaking people who had arrived from regions to the northeast of Mesopotamia.[2]

Inscriptions

File:Gudea dedication tablet (name and title).jpg
Gudea Ensi Lagashki, "Gudea, Governor of Lagash", in an inscription
File:Cylinder seal of Gudea.jpg
Cylinder seal of Gudea. It reads "Gudea, Ensi of Lagash; Lugal-me, scribe, thy servant".[3]

Gudea chose the title of énsi (town-king or governor), not the more exalted Script error: No such module "Lang". (Akkadian šarrum). Gudea did not style himself "god of Lagash" as he was not deified during his own lifetime, this title must have been given to him posthumouslyTemplate:Sfnp as in accordance with Mesopotamian traditions for all rulers except Naram-Sin of Akkad and some of the Ur III kings.[4]

The 20 years of his reign are all known by name; the main military exploit seems to have occurred in his Year 6, called the "Year when Anshan was smitten with weapons".[5]

Although Gudea claimed to have conquered Elam and Anshan, most of his inscriptions emphasize the building of irrigation channels and temples, and the creation of precious gifts to the gods.[6]

Materials for his buildings and statues were brought from all parts of western Asia: cedar wood from the Amanus mountains, quarried stones from Lebanon, copper from northern Arabia, gold and precious stones from the desert between Canaan and Egypt, diorite from Magan (Oman), and timber from Dilmun (Bahrain).[7][8][9]

Statues of Gudea

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File:0 Gudéa, prince de l'État de Lagash - AO 29155 (1).JPG
Statue of Gudea, Louvre-Lens
File:Head of Gudea.jpg
Sculpture of the head of Sumerian ruler Gudea, Template:Circa, National Archaeological Museum

Religion

File:Foundation figurines representing gods. Copper alloy. Reign of Gudea, c. 2150 BCE. From the temple of Ningirsu at Girsu, Iraq. The British Museum, London.jpg
Foundation figurines of gods in copper alloy, reign of Gudea, Template:Circa, from the temple of Ningirsu at Girsu (British Museum, London)
File:Gudea being led by Ningishzida into the presence of a deity who is seated on a throne.jpg
Votive stele of Gudea, ruler of Lagash, to the temple of Ningirsu: Gudea being led by Ningishzida into the presence of a deity who is seated on a throne. From Girsu, Iraq. 2144-2124 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.
File:Sacred basin, a gift from Gudea to the temple of Ningirsu. From Girsu, Iraq. 2144-2122 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.jpg
Sacred basin, a gift from Gudea to the temple of Ningirsu. From Girsu, Iraq. 2144-2122 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.
File:Diorite mortar, an offering from Gudea to Enlil. From Nippur, Iraq. 2144-2124 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.jpg
Diorite mortar, an offering from Gudea to Enlil. From Nippur, Iraq. 2144-2124 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.

The inscription on a statue of Gudea as architect of the House of Ningirsu,Template:Sfnp warns the reader of doom if the words are altered, but there is a startling difference between the warnings of Sargon or his line and the warnings of Gudea. The one is length; Gudea's curse lasts nearly a quarter of the inscription's considerable length,Template:Sfnp and another is creativity. The gods will not merely reduce the offender's progeny to ash and destroy his foundations, no, they will, "let him sit down in the dust instead of on the seat they set up for him". He will be "slaughtered like a bull… seized like an aurochs by his fierce horn".Template:Sfnp

Lagash under Gudea had extensive commercial communications with distant realms. According to his own records, Gudea brought cedars from the Amanus and Lebanon mountains in Syria, diorite from eastern Arabia, copper and gold from central and southern Arabia and from Sinai, while his armies were engaged in battles in Elam on the east.[10]

International relations

File:Moyen Orient 3mil aC.svg
Location of foreign lands for the Mesopotamians, including Meluhha

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In an inscription, Gudea referred to the Meluhhans who came to Sumer to sell gold dust, carnelian etc...[10] In another inscription, he mentioned his victory over the territories of Magan, Meluhha, Elam and Amurru.[10]

In the Gudea cylinders, Gudea mentions that "I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend" (cylinder A, IX).[11] In cylinder B, XIV, he mentions his procurement of "blocks of lapis lazuli and bright carnelian from Meluhha."[12]

The first known reference to Goa in India possibly appears as Gubi in the records of Gudea.[13] At the time, Sumerians had established trade contacts with India.[13]

Important artifacts

References

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Sources

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  • F. Johansen, "Statues of Gudea, ancient and modern". Mesopotamia 6, 1978.
  • A. Parrot, Tello, vingt campagnes des fouilles (1877-1933). (Paris 1948).
  • N.K. Sandars, "Introduction" page 16, The Epic of Gilgamesh, Penguin, 1972.
  • H. Steible, "Versuch einer Chronologie der Statuen des Gudea von Lagas". Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 126 (1994), 81–104.

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External links

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Template:S-endTemplate:Rulers of SumerTemplate:Authority control
Regnal titles
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check King of Lagash
c. 2144 – c. 2124 BC Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Year-names for Gudea, Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative.
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ "J'étendrai sur le monde le respect de mon temple, sous mon nom l'univers depuis l'horizon s'y rassemblera, et [même les pays lointains] Magan et Meluhha, sortant de leurs montagnes, y descendront" (cylindre A, IX)" in Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ D. O. Edzard, The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early periods, vol. 3/1, Gudea and His Dynasty, Toronto, 1997, p. 117-118
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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