Turret ship: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
imported>Parsecboy
 
imported>NOLA1982
m →British developments: repair CS1 maintenance message: parse location information into location parameter in ref; other updates to ref
 
Line 16: Line 16:
[[File:HMS captainWilliam Frederick Mitchell.jpg|thumb|left|{{HMS|Captain|1869|6}} was one of the first ocean-going turret ships.]]
[[File:HMS captainWilliam Frederick Mitchell.jpg|thumb|left|{{HMS|Captain|1869|6}} was one of the first ocean-going turret ships.]]


During the [[Crimean War]], Captain [[Cowper Phipps Coles]] of the British [[Royal Navy]] constructed a [[raft]] with guns protected by a 'cupola' and used the raft, named ''Lady Nancy'', to [[Siege of Taganrog|shell]] the Russian town of [[Taganrog]] in the [[Black Sea]]. ''Lady Nancy'' "proved a great success",<ref name="captain1p21">{{cite book|author=Preston, Antony|title=The World's Worst Warships|publisher=London: Conway Maritime Press|year=2002|isbn=0-85177-754-6|page=21}}</ref> and Coles patented his rotating turret after the war. Following Coles' patenting, the [[British Admiralty]] ordered a [[prototype]] of Coles' design in 1859, which was installed in the floating battery vessel, {{HMS|Trusty|1855|6}}, for trials in 1861, becoming the first vessel to be fitted with a revolving gun turret. Coles' design aim was to create a ship with the greatest possible all round [[arc of fire]], as low in the water as possible to minimise the target.<ref name="Barnaby">{{cite book |title=Some ship disasters and their causes |author=K. C. Barnaby |publisher=Hutchinson |location=London |year=1968|pages=20–30}}</ref>
During the [[Crimean War]], Captain [[Cowper Phipps Coles]] of the British [[Royal Navy]] constructed a [[raft]] with guns protected by a 'cupola' and used the raft, named ''Lady Nancy'', to [[Siege of Taganrog|shell]] the Russian town of [[Taganrog]] in the [[Black Sea]]. ''Lady Nancy'' "proved a great success",<ref name="captain1p21">{{cite book|last=Preston |first=Antony|title=The World's Worst Warships |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press|year=2002|isbn=0-85177-754-6|page=21}}</ref> and Coles patented his rotating turret after the war. Following Coles' patenting, the [[British Admiralty]] ordered a [[prototype]] of Coles' design in 1859, which was installed in the floating battery vessel, {{HMS|Trusty|1855|6}}, for trials in 1861, becoming the first vessel to be fitted with a revolving gun turret. Coles' design aim was to create a ship with the greatest possible all round [[arc of fire]], as low in the water as possible to minimise the target.<ref name="Barnaby">{{cite book |title=Some ship disasters and their causes |author=K. C. Barnaby |publisher=Hutchinson |location=London |year=1968|pages=20–30}}</ref>


The British Admiralty accepted the principle of the gun turret as a useful innovation, and incorporated it into other new designs. Coles submitted a design for a ship having ten domed turrets each housing two large guns. The design was rejected as impractical, although the Admiralty remained interested in turret ships and instructed its own designers to create better designs.
The British Admiralty accepted the principle of the gun turret as a useful innovation, and incorporated it into other new designs. Coles submitted a design for a ship having ten domed turrets each housing two large guns. The design was rejected as impractical, although the Admiralty remained interested in turret ships and instructed its own designers to create better designs.
Line 30: Line 30:
The turret's rounded shape helped to deflect cannon shot.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mindell |first=David A. |year=2000 |ref=Mindell |title=War, Technology, and Experience Aboard the USS Monitor |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6250-2|page=41}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McCordock |first=Robert Stanley |title=The Yankee Cheese Box |ref=McCordock |publisher=Dorrance |year=1938 |page=31}}</ref> A pair of [[donkey engine]]s rotated the turret through a set of gears; a full rotation was made in 22.5 seconds during testing on 9 February 1862.<ref name="Thompson"/> This design was technologically inferior to Coles', and made fine control of the turret difficult.<ref name=Sandler/>  If turret rotation overshot its mark it was difficult to make a correction. Either the engine would have to be placed in reverse or another full rotation was necessary.
The turret's rounded shape helped to deflect cannon shot.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mindell |first=David A. |year=2000 |ref=Mindell |title=War, Technology, and Experience Aboard the USS Monitor |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6250-2|page=41}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McCordock |first=Robert Stanley |title=The Yankee Cheese Box |ref=McCordock |publisher=Dorrance |year=1938 |page=31}}</ref> A pair of [[donkey engine]]s rotated the turret through a set of gears; a full rotation was made in 22.5 seconds during testing on 9 February 1862.<ref name="Thompson"/> This design was technologically inferior to Coles', and made fine control of the turret difficult.<ref name=Sandler/>  If turret rotation overshot its mark it was difficult to make a correction. Either the engine would have to be placed in reverse or another full rotation was necessary.


Including the guns, the turret weighed approximately {{convert|160|LT|t|0}}; the entire weight rested on an iron spindle that had to be jacked up using a wedge before the turret could rotate.<ref name="Thompson"/>  The spindle was {{convert|9|in|cm|0}} in diameter, which gave it ten times the strength needed in preventing the turret from sliding sideways.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=James Phinney, 3rd |author-link=James Phinney Baxter III |title=The Introduction of the Ironclad Warship  |url=https://archive.org/details/introductionofi00baxt |url-access=registration |edition=reprint of the 1933 publication |year=1968 |publisher=Archon Books |location=Hamden, Connecticut  |oclc=695838727 <!-- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CQzAAAAMAAJ no preview--> |ref=Baxter|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductionofi00baxt/page/256 256]}}</ref> When not in use, the turret rested on a brass ring on the deck that was intended to form a watertight seal. In service, however, this proved to leak heavily, despite [[caulking]] by the crew.<ref name="Thompson"/>  The gap between the turret and the deck proved to be a problem as debris and shell fragments entered the gap and jammed the turrets of several {{Sclass|Passaic|monitor|3|warship}}s, which used the same turret design, during the [[First Battle of Charleston Harbor]] in April 1863.<ref>{{cite book |last=Canney| first=Donald L. |title=The Old Steam Navy |ref=Canney |publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland <!-- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzAhAQAAIAAJ no preview--> |year=1993 |volume=2: The Ironclads, 1842–1885 |isbn=0-87021-586-8|pages=79–80}}</ref> Direct hits at the turret with heavy shot also had the potential to bend the spindle, which could also jam the turret.<ref>{{cite book |title=Our Iron-clad Ships: Their Qualities, Performances, and Cost. With Chapters on Turret Ships, Iron-clad Rams |last=Reed |first=Sir Edward James |ref=Reed |location=London |publisher=J. Murray |year=1869 |url=https://archive.org/details/ourironcladship01reedgoog|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ourironcladship01reedgoog/page/n295 253]–54}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Broadwater |first=John D. |title=USS Monitor: A Historic Ship Completes Its Final Voyage  |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-60344-473-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht7Im50Mec8C |ref=Broadwater|page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=H. W. |title=Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare From 1855 to 1895 |volume=1 |ref=Wilson |year=1896 |publisher=Little, Brown |location=Boston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3DgGKmaHDEC|page=30}}</ref>
Including the guns, the turret weighed approximately {{convert|160|LT|t|0}}; the entire weight rested on an iron spindle that had to be jacked up using a wedge before the turret could rotate.<ref name="Thompson"/>  The spindle was {{convert|9|in|cm|0}} in diameter, which gave it ten times the strength needed in preventing the turret from sliding sideways.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baxter III |first=James Phinney |author-link=James Phinney Baxter III |title=The Introduction of the Ironclad Warship  |url=https://archive.org/details/introductionofi00baxt |url-access=registration |edition=reprint of the 1933 publication |year=1968 |publisher=Archon Books |location=Hamden, Connecticut  |oclc=695838727 |ref=Baxter|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductionofi00baxt/page/256 256]}}</ref> When not in use, the turret rested on a brass ring on the deck that was intended to form a watertight seal. In service, however, this proved to leak heavily, despite [[caulking]] by the crew.<ref name="Thompson"/>  The gap between the turret and the deck proved to be a problem as debris and shell fragments entered the gap and jammed the turrets of several {{Sclass|Passaic|monitor|3|warship}}s, which used the same turret design, during the [[First Battle of Charleston Harbor]] in April 1863.<ref>{{cite book |last=Canney| first=Donald L. |title=The Old Steam Navy |ref=Canney |publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland <!-- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzAhAQAAIAAJ no preview--> |year=1993 |volume=2: The Ironclads, 1842–1885 |isbn=0-87021-586-8|pages=79–80}}</ref> Direct hits at the turret with heavy shot also had the potential to bend the spindle, which could also jam the turret.<ref>{{cite book |title=Our Iron-clad Ships: Their Qualities, Performances, and Cost. With Chapters on Turret Ships, Iron-clad Rams |last=Reed |first=Sir Edward James |ref=Reed |location=London |publisher=J. Murray |year=1869 |url=https://archive.org/details/ourironcladship01reedgoog|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ourironcladship01reedgoog/page/n295 253]–54}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Broadwater |first=John D. |title=USS Monitor: A Historic Ship Completes Its Final Voyage  |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-60344-473-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht7Im50Mec8C |ref=Broadwater|page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=H. W. |title=Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare From 1855 to 1895 |volume=1 |ref=Wilson |year=1896 |publisher=Little, Brown |location=Boston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3DgGKmaHDEC|page=30}}</ref>


The turret was intended to mount a pair of {{convert|15|in|mm|adj=on|0}} [[smoothbore]] [[Dahlgren gun]]s, but they were not ready in time and {{convert|11|in|mm|adj=on|0}} guns were substituted.<ref name="Thompson"/> Each gun weighed approximately {{convert|16000|lb}}. ''Monitor''{{'}}s guns used the standard propellant charge of {{convert|15|lb|kg}} specified by the 1860 ordnance for targets "distant", "near", and "ordinary", established by the gun's designer Dahlgren himself.<ref>{{cite book |last=Field |first=Ron |year=2011 |title=Confederate Ironclad vs Union Ironclad: Hampton Roads |ref=Field |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-78096-141-5|page=33}}</ref> They could fire a {{convert|136|lb|1|adj=on}} round shot or shell up to a range of {{convert|3650|yd}} at an elevation of +15°.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olmstead |first1=Edwin|last2=Stark|first2=Wayne E. |last3=Tucker |first3=Spencer C. |year=1997 |title=The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and Naval Cannon |ref=Olmstead |publisher=Museum Restoration Service |location=Alexandria Bay, New York |isbn=0-88855-012-X|page=90}}</ref><ref>Lyon, David & Winfield, Rif ''The Sail and Steam Navy List, all the ships of the Royal Navy 1815-1889'', pub Chatham, 2004, {{ISBN|1-86176-032-9}} pages 240-2</ref>
The turret was intended to mount a pair of {{convert|15|in|mm|adj=on|0}} [[smoothbore]] [[Dahlgren gun]]s, but they were not ready in time and {{convert|11|in|mm|adj=on|0}} guns were substituted.<ref name="Thompson"/> Each gun weighed approximately {{convert|16000|lb}}. ''Monitor''{{'}}s guns used the standard propellant charge of {{convert|15|lb|kg}} specified by the 1860 ordnance for targets "distant", "near", and "ordinary", established by the gun's designer Dahlgren himself.<ref>{{cite book |last=Field |first=Ron |year=2011 |title=Confederate Ironclad vs Union Ironclad: Hampton Roads |ref=Field |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-78096-141-5|page=33}}</ref> They could fire a {{convert|136|lb|1|adj=on}} round shot or shell up to a range of {{convert|3650|yd}} at an elevation of +15°.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olmstead |first1=Edwin|last2=Stark|first2=Wayne E. |last3=Tucker |first3=Spencer C. |year=1997 |title=The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and Naval Cannon |ref=Olmstead |publisher=Museum Restoration Service |location=Alexandria Bay, New York |isbn=0-88855-012-X|page=90}}</ref><ref>Lyon, David & Winfield, Rif ''The Sail and Steam Navy List, all the ships of the Royal Navy 1815-1889'', pub Chatham, 2004, {{ISBN|1-86176-032-9}} pages 240-2</ref>
Line 50: Line 50:


==References==
==References==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist}}
 
=== Bibliography ===
{{Expand section|date=November 2016}}


{{Ironclad types}}
{{Ironclad types}}

Latest revision as of 02:37, 11 June 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For".

File:USSMonitor1862.3.ws.jpg
Turret of Template:USS, one of the first turret-armed warships

Turret ships were a 19th-century type of warship, the earliest to have their guns mounted in a revolving gun turret, instead of a broadside arrangement.

Background

File:HMS Prince Albert (1864).jpg
HMS Prince Albert, a pioneering turret ship, built by naval engineer Cowper Phipps Coles.

Before the development of large-calibre, long-range guns in the mid-19th century, the classic ship of the line design used rows of port-mounted guns on each side of the ship, often mounted in casemates. Firepower was provided by a large number of guns which could only be aimed in a limited arc from one side of the ship. Due to instability, fewer larger and heavier guns can be carried on a ship. Also, the casemates often sat near the waterline, which made them vulnerable to flooding and restricted their use to calm seas.

Turrets were weapon mounts designed to protect the crew and mechanism of the artillery piece and with the capability of being aimed and fired in many directions as a rotating weapon platform. This platform can be mounted on a fortified building or structure such as an anti-naval land battery, or on a combat vehicle, a naval ship, or a military aircraft.

Origins

Designs for a rotating gun turret date back to the late 18th century.[1] Practical rotating turret warships were independently developed in Great Britain and the United States with the availability of steam power in the mid-19th Century.

British developments

File:HMS captainWilliam Frederick Mitchell.jpg
Template:HMS was one of the first ocean-going turret ships.

During the Crimean War, Captain Cowper Phipps Coles of the British Royal Navy constructed a raft with guns protected by a 'cupola' and used the raft, named Lady Nancy, to shell the Russian town of Taganrog in the Black Sea. Lady Nancy "proved a great success",[2] and Coles patented his rotating turret after the war. Following Coles' patenting, the British Admiralty ordered a prototype of Coles' design in 1859, which was installed in the floating battery vessel, Template:HMS, for trials in 1861, becoming the first vessel to be fitted with a revolving gun turret. Coles' design aim was to create a ship with the greatest possible all round arc of fire, as low in the water as possible to minimise the target.[3]

The British Admiralty accepted the principle of the gun turret as a useful innovation, and incorporated it into other new designs. Coles submitted a design for a ship having ten domed turrets each housing two large guns. The design was rejected as impractical, although the Admiralty remained interested in turret ships and instructed its own designers to create better designs.

Coles enlisted the support of Prince Albert, who wrote to the First Lord of the Admiralty, the Duke of Somerset, supporting the construction of a turret ship. In January 1862, the Admiralty agreed to construct a ship, Template:HMS, which had four turrets and a low freeboard, intended only for coastal defence. Coles was allowed to design the turrets, but the ship was the responsibility of the chief Constructor Isaac Watts.[3]

Another of Coles's designs, Template:HMS, was completed in August 1864. Its existing broadside guns were replaced with four turrets on a flat deck and the ship was fitted with Template:Convert of armour in a belt around the waterline.[3] Early ships like Template:USS and Royal Sovereign had little sea-keeping qualities being limited to coastal waters. Coles, in collaboration with Sir Edward James Reed, went on to design and build Template:HMS, the first seagoing warship to carry her guns in turrets. Laid down in 1866 and completed in June 1869, it carried two turrets, although the inclusion of a forecastle and poop deck prevented the guns firing fore and aft.[3]

American developments

File:USS Monitor plans.jpg
Inboard plans of Template:USS.

The gun turret was independently invented by the Swedish inventor John Ericsson in the United States.[4] Ericsson designed USS Monitor in 1861. Erickson's most prominent design feature was a large cylindrical gun turret mounted amidships above the low-freeboard upper hull, also called the "raft". The raft extended well past the sides of the lower, more traditionally shaped lower hull. A small armoured pilot house was fitted on the upper deck towards the bow, however, its position prevented Monitor from firing her guns straight forward.[5] Template:Efn One of Ericsson's prime goals in designing the ship was to present the smallest possible target to enemy gunfire.[6]

The turret's rounded shape helped to deflect cannon shot.[7][8] A pair of donkey engines rotated the turret through a set of gears; a full rotation was made in 22.5 seconds during testing on 9 February 1862.[6] This design was technologically inferior to Coles', and made fine control of the turret difficult.[4] If turret rotation overshot its mark it was difficult to make a correction. Either the engine would have to be placed in reverse or another full rotation was necessary.

Including the guns, the turret weighed approximately Template:Convert; the entire weight rested on an iron spindle that had to be jacked up using a wedge before the turret could rotate.[6] The spindle was Template:Convert in diameter, which gave it ten times the strength needed in preventing the turret from sliding sideways.[9] When not in use, the turret rested on a brass ring on the deck that was intended to form a watertight seal. In service, however, this proved to leak heavily, despite caulking by the crew.[6] The gap between the turret and the deck proved to be a problem as debris and shell fragments entered the gap and jammed the turrets of several Template:Sclasss, which used the same turret design, during the First Battle of Charleston Harbor in April 1863.[10] Direct hits at the turret with heavy shot also had the potential to bend the spindle, which could also jam the turret.[11][12][13]

The turret was intended to mount a pair of Template:Convert smoothbore Dahlgren guns, but they were not ready in time and Template:Convert guns were substituted.[6] Each gun weighed approximately Template:Convert. MonitorTemplate:'s guns used the standard propellant charge of Template:Convert specified by the 1860 ordnance for targets "distant", "near", and "ordinary", established by the gun's designer Dahlgren himself.[14] They could fire a Template:Convert round shot or shell up to a range of Template:Convert at an elevation of +15°.[15][16]

Culmination

File:HMS Thunderer (1872).jpg
Template:HMS incorporated hydraulic mechanisms into the turret, and marked the transition toward the modern battleship.

Template:HMS of 1871 and Template:HMS of 1872 represented the culmination of this pioneering work. These ironclad turret ships were designed by Edward James Reed. They were also the world's first mastless battleships, built with a central superstructure layout, and became the prototype for all subsequent warships, leading directly to the modern battleship.

Surviving examples

See also

Footnotes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Ironclad types Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Lyon, David & Winfield, Rif The Sail and Steam Navy List, all the ships of the Royal Navy 1815-1889, pub Chatham, 2004, Template:ISBN pages 240-2
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Turret_ship&oldid=853399"