Pseudowintera: Difference between revisions
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|image_caption = ''[[Pseudowintera colorata]]'' | |image_caption = ''[[Pseudowintera colorata]]'' | ||
|taxon = Pseudowintera | |taxon = Pseudowintera | ||
|authority = [[James Edgar Dandy|Dandy]] | |authority = [[James Edgar Dandy|Dandy]] {{R|POWO}} | ||
|subdivision_ranks = Species | |subdivision_ranks = Species {{R|POWO}} | ||
|subdivision = | |subdivision = | ||
*''[[ | *''Pseudowintera axillaris'' {{small|([[Johann Reinhold Forster|J.R.Forst.]] & [[Georg Forster|G.Forst.]]) Dandy}} | ||
*''Pseudowintera colorata'' {{small|([[Étienne Raoul|Raoul]]) Dandy}} | |||
*'' | *''Pseudowintera insperata'' {{small|[[Peter Brian Heenan|Heenan]] & [[Peter de Lange (botanist)|de Lange]]}} | ||
*''Pseudowintera traversii'' {{small|([[John Buchanan (botanist)|Buchanan]]) Dandy}} | |||
|synonyms = Wintera {{small|G.Forst. ex [[Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem|Tiegh.]]}} | |||
|synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''''Pseudowintera''''', commonly known as '''horopito''', is a [[genus]] of woody | '''''Pseudowintera''''', commonly known as '''horopito''', is a [[genus]] of woody evergreen [[flowering plant|flowering]] trees and shrubs, part of family [[Winteraceae]]. The species of ''Pseudowintera'' are native to New Zealand. Winteraceae are [[magnoliids]], associated with the humid [[Antarctic flora]] of the southern hemisphere. Horopito can be chewed for a hot, peppery taste.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/shrubs-and-small-trees-of-the-forest/12|title=The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Pepper trees: horopito and kawakawa}}</ref> | ||
==Species== | ==Species== | ||
| Line 27: | Line 29: | ||
==Pharmaceutical use== | ==Pharmaceutical use== | ||
Horopito contains a substance called ''sesquiterpene dialdehyde polygodiali'', otherwise known as ''[[polygodial]]'' that has a number of biological properties including | Horopito contains a substance called ''sesquiterpene dialdehyde polygodiali'', otherwise known as ''[[polygodial]]'' that has a number of biological properties including antifungal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and insecticide effects. Polygodial has been tested as a very effective inhibitor of [[Candida albicans]].<ref>McCallion, R. F., A. L. Cole, J. R. L. Walker, J. W. Blunt, and M. H. G. Munro. 1982. Antibiotic compounds from New Zealand plants, II: polygodial, an anti-Candida agent from Pseudowintera colorata. Planta Med. 44:134-138</ref><ref>Lee, S.H., Lee, J.R., Lunde, Kubo, I., In vitro antifungal susceptibilities of Candida albicans and other fungal pathogens to polygodial, a sesquiterpene dialdehyde. 1999, Planta Medica 65, pp 204-208</ref> Horopito was used traditionally by [[Māori people|Maori]] for a variety of medicinal purposes including treatment of: fungal skin infection, stomach pain, diarrhoea and as an analgesic. Early European settlers to New Zealand also used horopito for medicinal purposes. | ||
==Use and history== | ==Use and history== | ||
''Pseudowintera'' is one of the major plants used in traditional | ''Pseudowintera'' is one of the major plants used in traditional Māori medicine.<ref name="MeaningTrees"/> The name horopito appears to be unique to Māori language, as there is no evidence of its use in other [[Polynesian language]]s to describe similar plants.<ref name="MeaningTrees"/> | ||
''Pseudowintera'' is known to be a deterrent against introduced | ''Pseudowintera'' is known to be a deterrent against introduced deer, who refuse to consume the plant. Because of this, ''Pseudowintera'' has grown to dominate the understory of some forested areas of New Zealand.<ref name="MeaningTrees"/> The unrelated species ''[[Alseuosmia pusilla]]'' which has a similar appearance to ''Pseudowintera'' may have undergone [[Batesian mimicry]] in response to predation pressures, either from deer or earlier hypothesised predation by [[moa]] species.<ref name="MeaningTrees"/> | ||
''[[Pseudowintera colorata]]'' is the most commonly used species for culinary use, which produces a numbing spiciness when the leaves are chewed.<ref name="MeaningTrees"/> Horopito leaves are typically dried and then ground to form a powder. The powder may be used wherever black pepper is used and applied directly to meats, mixed with oils, used to make condiments (e.g. with mustard), in vinegars, biscuits, and as flavouring for beer and ice-cream.<ref name="MeaningTrees"/> | ''[[Pseudowintera colorata]]'' is the most commonly used species for culinary use, which produces a numbing spiciness when the leaves are chewed.<ref name="MeaningTrees"/> Horopito leaves are typically dried and then ground to form a powder. The powder may be used wherever black pepper is used and applied directly to meats, mixed with oils, used to make condiments (e.g. with mustard), in vinegars, biscuits, and as flavouring for beer and ice-cream.<ref name="MeaningTrees"/> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist|refs= | ||
<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:41643-1 |title=''Pseudowintera'' Dandy |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2025 |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Heenan">{{cite journal|last1=Heenan|first1=P. B.|last2=de Lange|first2=P. J.|title=''Pseudowintera insperata'' (Winteraceae), an overlooked and rare new species from northern New Zealand|journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany|date=2006|volume=44|issue=1|pages=89–98|doi=10.1080/0028825X.2006.9513008|bibcode=2006NZJB...44...89H |s2cid=84044658|language=English|issn=1175-8643}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7255714}} | {{Taxonbar|from=Q7255714}} | ||
Latest revision as of 18:07, 13 June 2025
Template:Short description Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Automatic taxobox
Pseudowintera, commonly known as horopito, is a genus of woody evergreen flowering trees and shrubs, part of family Winteraceae. The species of Pseudowintera are native to New Zealand. Winteraceae are magnoliids, associated with the humid Antarctic flora of the southern hemisphere. Horopito can be chewed for a hot, peppery taste.[1]
Species
- Pseudowintera axillaris, is known as the lowland horopito. It is a shrub or small tree growing up to eight metres tall in lowland and lower montane forests from 35° to 42° South. In the South Island it grows West of the Main Divide.
- Pseudowintera colorata, or mountain horopito, is an evergreen shrub or small tree (1–2.5 m) commonly called pepperwood because its leaves have a very hot bite. Its yellow and green leaves are blotched with red; new leaves in the spring are bright red. It is widespread throughout New Zealand, from lowland forests to higher montane forests, and from 36° 30' South as far southwards as Stewart Island / Rakiura. Because of its various uses, both medicinal and culinary, the name horopito when used in common speech normally refers to the colorata species.
- Pseudowintera insperata, a rare species first identified in 2006,[2] found in the Northland Region.[3]
- Pseudowintera traversii, or Travers horopito,[4] is a compact shrub up to one metre tall. It grows naturally only in the northwest corner of the South Island, from Collingwood to Westport.
Cultivation
Horopito spreads naturally through regrowth on cleared land but may often be found in domestic gardens as a decorative plant. Planting for commercial purposes has begun in recent years.[5]
Pharmaceutical use
Horopito contains a substance called sesquiterpene dialdehyde polygodiali, otherwise known as polygodial that has a number of biological properties including antifungal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and insecticide effects. Polygodial has been tested as a very effective inhibitor of Candida albicans.[6][7] Horopito was used traditionally by Maori for a variety of medicinal purposes including treatment of: fungal skin infection, stomach pain, diarrhoea and as an analgesic. Early European settlers to New Zealand also used horopito for medicinal purposes.
Use and history
Pseudowintera is one of the major plants used in traditional Māori medicine.[3] The name horopito appears to be unique to Māori language, as there is no evidence of its use in other Polynesian languages to describe similar plants.[3]
Pseudowintera is known to be a deterrent against introduced deer, who refuse to consume the plant. Because of this, Pseudowintera has grown to dominate the understory of some forested areas of New Zealand.[3] The unrelated species Alseuosmia pusilla which has a similar appearance to Pseudowintera may have undergone Batesian mimicry in response to predation pressures, either from deer or earlier hypothesised predation by moa species.[3]
Pseudowintera colorata is the most commonly used species for culinary use, which produces a numbing spiciness when the leaves are chewed.[3] Horopito leaves are typically dried and then ground to form a powder. The powder may be used wherever black pepper is used and applied directly to meats, mixed with oils, used to make condiments (e.g. with mustard), in vinegars, biscuits, and as flavouring for beer and ice-cream.[3]
References
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ McCallion, R. F., A. L. Cole, J. R. L. Walker, J. W. Blunt, and M. H. G. Munro. 1982. Antibiotic compounds from New Zealand plants, II: polygodial, an anti-Candida agent from Pseudowintera colorata. Planta Med. 44:134-138
- ↑ Lee, S.H., Lee, J.R., Lunde, Kubo, I., In vitro antifungal susceptibilities of Candida albicans and other fungal pathogens to polygodial, a sesquiterpene dialdehyde. 1999, Planta Medica 65, pp 204-208