Lahore University of Management Sciences: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>Nouman Aqil
Numbers need to be updated (rankings, student count, programmes) with latest numbers
 
imported>WikiCleanerBot
m v2.05b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)
 
Line 23: Line 23:
  | vice_chancellor        = Ali Cheema
  | vice_chancellor        = Ali Cheema
  | provost                = Tariq Jadoon
  | provost                = Tariq Jadoon
  | academic_staff        = 290
  | academic_staff        = 300
  | administrative_staff  =  
  | administrative_staff  =  
  | students              = 5,092
  | students              = 5,768<ref>[https://lums.edu.pk/sites/default/files/2024-09/LUMS%20AT%20A%20GLANCE.pdf]</ref>
  | undergrad              =  
  | undergrad              =  
  | postgrad              =  
  | postgrad              =  
Line 35: Line 35:
  | country                = Pakistan
  | country                = Pakistan
  | campus                = Urban, {{Convert|100|acre|ha}}
  | campus                = Urban, {{Convert|100|acre|ha}}
| campus_size            =
  | former_names          =  
  | former_names          =  
  | athletics              =  
  | athletics              =  
Line 51: Line 52:
In 1984, [[Syed Babar Ali]] recognized the shortage of qualified managers in the country. He proposed to establish a world-class university that would attract and retain the highest caliber of students and faculty. He shared this idea with fellow businessman and close friend, Abdul Razak Dawood, who was in full support of the vision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hbs.edu/businesshistory/emerging-markets/pages/profile-detail.aspx?profile=sbabarali|title=Syed Babar Ali - Creating Emerging Markets - Business History - Harvard Business School|website=www.hbs.edu|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/syed-babar-ali-a-non-confrontational-winner/|title=Syed Babar Ali: A non-confrontational winner|date=2016-01-09|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/02/22/from-packages-to-lums-babar-ali-narrates-his-success-story-at-llf/|title=From Packages to LUMSU: Babar Ali narrates his success story at LLF|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref> The university has since then expanded, launching a [[Liberal arts education|liberal arts]] undergraduate school in 1994, an [[engineering school]] in 2008, a [[Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law|law school]] in 2004 and an education school in 2017.<ref name="History of LUMS" /><ref name="The Nation, Pakistan">{{cite news|last=Ghani|first=Asma|title=3 Pakistani varsities ranked among world's top 700|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/11-Sep-2013/3-pakistani-varsities-ranked-among-world-s-top-700|access-date=13 September 2013|newspaper=The Nation, Pakistan|date=11 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912233916/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/islamabad/11-Sep-2013/3-pakistani-varsities-ranked-among-world-s-top-700|archive-date=12 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lums.edu.pk/page.php/nmf|title=National Management Foundation - About {{!}} LUMS|last=shabbir.hussain|website=lums.edu.pk|access-date=2016-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616132235/http://lums.edu.pk/page.php/nmf|archive-date=16 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The university launched a National Outreach Programme (NOP) in 2001 to provide financial aid to students<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lums.edu.pk/nop/page.php/about-us-nationalop|title=About Us|last=ayesha.aslam|website=lums.edu.pk|access-date=2016-06-16|archive-date=20 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620090725/http://lums.edu.pk/nop/page.php/about-us-nationalop|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in 2015, in partnership with [[Afghan government]], launched a [https://postsfirst.com/hec-announced-4500-scholarships-for-afghan-nationals/ scholarship programme for Afghan students] to diversify its student body.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/print/25417-afghan-students-to-study-at-lums|title=Afghan students to study at LUMS|website=www.thenews.com.pk|access-date=2016-06-16}}</ref>
In 1984, [[Syed Babar Ali]] recognized the shortage of qualified managers in the country. He proposed to establish a world-class university that would attract and retain the highest caliber of students and faculty. He shared this idea with fellow businessman and close friend, Abdul Razak Dawood, who was in full support of the vision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hbs.edu/businesshistory/emerging-markets/pages/profile-detail.aspx?profile=sbabarali|title=Syed Babar Ali - Creating Emerging Markets - Business History - Harvard Business School|website=www.hbs.edu|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/syed-babar-ali-a-non-confrontational-winner/|title=Syed Babar Ali: A non-confrontational winner|date=2016-01-09|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/02/22/from-packages-to-lums-babar-ali-narrates-his-success-story-at-llf/|title=From Packages to LUMSU: Babar Ali narrates his success story at LLF|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref> The university has since then expanded, launching a [[Liberal arts education|liberal arts]] undergraduate school in 1994, an [[engineering school]] in 2008, a [[Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law|law school]] in 2004 and an education school in 2017.<ref name="History of LUMS" /><ref name="The Nation, Pakistan">{{cite news|last=Ghani|first=Asma|title=3 Pakistani varsities ranked among world's top 700|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/11-Sep-2013/3-pakistani-varsities-ranked-among-world-s-top-700|access-date=13 September 2013|newspaper=The Nation, Pakistan|date=11 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912233916/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/islamabad/11-Sep-2013/3-pakistani-varsities-ranked-among-world-s-top-700|archive-date=12 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lums.edu.pk/page.php/nmf|title=National Management Foundation - About {{!}} LUMS|last=shabbir.hussain|website=lums.edu.pk|access-date=2016-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616132235/http://lums.edu.pk/page.php/nmf|archive-date=16 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The university launched a National Outreach Programme (NOP) in 2001 to provide financial aid to students<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lums.edu.pk/nop/page.php/about-us-nationalop|title=About Us|last=ayesha.aslam|website=lums.edu.pk|access-date=2016-06-16|archive-date=20 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620090725/http://lums.edu.pk/nop/page.php/about-us-nationalop|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in 2015, in partnership with [[Afghan government]], launched a [https://postsfirst.com/hec-announced-4500-scholarships-for-afghan-nationals/ scholarship programme for Afghan students] to diversify its student body.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/print/25417-afghan-students-to-study-at-lums|title=Afghan students to study at LUMS|website=www.thenews.com.pk|access-date=2016-06-16}}</ref>


As of 2021, the university has a student body of 5,092 graduate and undergraduate students, a faculty of 300 out of which nearly three-quarters have [[doctoral degrees]].<ref name="topuniversities.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/lahore-university-management-sciences-lums#322172|title=Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS)|date=2015-07-16|newspaper=Top Universities|access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=The world's best small universities 2020|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-small-universities|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Student}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lahore University of Management Sciences |url=https://lums.edu.pk/ |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> Its campus, where more than half of its student population and faculty lives, spreads over 100 acres.<ref name="HEC Rankings">{{cite news|title=HEC Rankings|url=http://www.hec.gov.pk/INSIDEHEC/DIVISIONS/QALI/OTHERS/RANKINGOFUNIVERSITIES/Pages/CategoryWise.aspx#|access-date=27 May 2015|date=23 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525073744/http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/QALI/Others/RankingofUniversities/Pages/CategoryWise.aspx|archive-date=25 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Express Tribune">{{cite news|last=Naeem|first=Waqas|title=quaid-e-azam-university-secures-top-slot-in-hec-university-rankings|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/892026/quaid-e-azam-university-secures-top-slot-in-hec-university-rankings/|access-date=27 May 2015|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=5 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="LUMS News">{{cite news|last=LUMS News |title=LUMS Tops Again in Business Education in the HEC Rankings |url=http://lums.edu.pk/news-detail/lums-tops-in-business-education-in-pakistan-hec-rankings-1874 |access-date=13 September 2013 |newspaper=LUMS News |date=9 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926082822/http://lums.edu.pk/news-detail/lums-tops-in-business-education-in-pakistan-hec-rankings-1874 |archive-date=26 September 2013 }}</ref> Its business school is accredited by [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]]. It is also one of two business schools in Pakistan to be certified by the South Asian Quality Assurance System and is [[Rankings of universities in Pakistan|ranked as one of the top business schools]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title = LUMS Ranked #1 Business University in Pakistan by HEC|url = http://lums.edu.pk/news-details.php/lums-ranked-1-business-university-in-pakistan-by-hec|website = lums.edu.pk|access-date = 2016-02-22|archive-date = 6 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306210304/http://lums.edu.pk/news-details.php/lums-ranked-1-business-university-in-pakistan-by-hec|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amdisa.org/b-schools_granted_saqs_accreditation_24042015.pdf|title=B-Schools Granted SAQS Accreditation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222212257/http://www.amdisa.org/b-schools_granted_saqs_accreditation_24042015.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> The university is also a member of [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]].<ref name="ACU UK">{{cite web|title=ACU members|url=https://www.acu.ac.uk/membership/acu-members/asia-central-south?country_id=172&items_perpage=20&pageID=1|publisher=ACU UK|access-date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061217/https://www.acu.ac.uk/membership/acu-members/asia-central-south?country_id=172&items_perpage=20&pageID=1|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
As of 2025, the university has a student body of 5,768 graduate and undergraduate students, a faculty of 300 out of which nearly three-quarters have [[doctoral degrees]].<ref name="topuniversities.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/lahore-university-management-sciences-lums#322172|title=Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS)|date=2015-07-16|newspaper=Top Universities|access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=The world's best small universities 2020|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-small-universities|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Student}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lahore University of Management Sciences |url=https://lums.edu.pk/ |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> Its campus, where more than half of its student population and faculty lives, spreads over 100 acres.<ref name="HEC Rankings">{{cite news|title=HEC Rankings|url=http://www.hec.gov.pk/INSIDEHEC/DIVISIONS/QALI/OTHERS/RANKINGOFUNIVERSITIES/Pages/CategoryWise.aspx#|access-date=27 May 2015|date=23 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525073744/http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/QALI/Others/RankingofUniversities/Pages/CategoryWise.aspx|archive-date=25 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Express Tribune">{{cite news|last=Naeem|first=Waqas|title=quaid-e-azam-university-secures-top-slot-in-hec-university-rankings|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/892026/quaid-e-azam-university-secures-top-slot-in-hec-university-rankings/|access-date=27 May 2015|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=5 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="LUMS News">{{cite news|last=LUMS News |title=LUMS Tops Again in Business Education in the HEC Rankings |url=http://lums.edu.pk/news-detail/lums-tops-in-business-education-in-pakistan-hec-rankings-1874 |access-date=13 September 2013 |newspaper=LUMS News |date=9 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926082822/http://lums.edu.pk/news-detail/lums-tops-in-business-education-in-pakistan-hec-rankings-1874 |archive-date=26 September 2013 }}</ref> Its business school is accredited by [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]]. It is also one of two business schools in Pakistan to be certified by the South Asian Quality Assurance System and is [[Rankings of universities in Pakistan|ranked as one of the top business schools]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title = LUMS Ranked #1 Business University in Pakistan by HEC|url = http://lums.edu.pk/news-details.php/lums-ranked-1-business-university-in-pakistan-by-hec|website = lums.edu.pk|access-date = 2016-02-22|archive-date = 6 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306210304/http://lums.edu.pk/news-details.php/lums-ranked-1-business-university-in-pakistan-by-hec|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amdisa.org/b-schools_granted_saqs_accreditation_24042015.pdf|title=B-Schools Granted SAQS Accreditation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222212257/http://www.amdisa.org/b-schools_granted_saqs_accreditation_24042015.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> The university is also a member of [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]].<ref name="ACU UK">{{cite web|title=ACU members|url=https://www.acu.ac.uk/membership/acu-members/asia-central-south?country_id=172&items_perpage=20&pageID=1|publisher=ACU UK|access-date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061217/https://www.acu.ac.uk/membership/acu-members/asia-central-south?country_id=172&items_perpage=20&pageID=1|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>


LUMS is ranked as the top university in Pakistan in the [[QS World University Rankings|''QS University Rankings'']] for the year 2016, 111th in Asia and among the top 700 in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1121151/pakistani-universities-fail-make-mark-asias-best-university-ranking/|title=Pakistani universities fail to make mark in Asia's best university ranking - The Express Tribune|date=2016-06-14|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> It is also ranked by [[QS World University Rankings|''QS'']] as among the top 250 universities globally for [[Business school|business]] and among the top 400 universities globally in [[mathematics]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1351528/pakistani-university-among-worlds-top-300-business-schools/|title=Pakistani university among world's top 300 business schools - The Express Tribune|date=2017-03-10|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=2017-03-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="topuniversities.com"/> In 2020, LUMS was ranked 40 globally in "World's Best Small Universities" by Times Higher Education, being the only Pakistani university on the list.<ref name=":1" /> Following a liberal arts curriculum, LUMS is one of Pakistan's most expensive, [[Selective school|selective]] and [[Progressive education|progressive]] universities.<ref>{{Cite web|title = LUMS, NUST and Aga Khan dominate HEC University Rankings 2013 - The Express Tribune|url = http://tribune.com.pk/story/572920/lums-nust-and-aga-khan-dominate-hec-university-rankings-2013/|website = The Express Tribune| date=5 July 2013 |access-date = 2016-02-23|language = en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/813017/the-love-life-of-lums-students|title=The love life of LUMS students|last=Akhtar|first=Asif|date=2009-10-02|access-date=2016-09-28}}</ref> LUMS counts several prominent Pakistani [[intellectual]]s and public figures among its alumni and current and former faculty including [[Umar Saif]], [[Hina Rabbani Khar]], [[Adil Najam]], [[Arif Zaman]], [[Amer Iqbal]], [[Ayesha Jalal]], [[Asad Abidi]], Osama Siddique and [[Pervez Hoodbhoy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = 3 Pakistani varsities ranked among world's top 700|url = http://nation.com.pk/islamabad/11-Sep-2013/3-pakistani-varsities-ranked-among-world-s-top-700|website = The Nation|date = 11 September 2013|access-date = 2016-02-22}}</ref> It also counts several [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]], [[Chevening Scholarship|Chevening]] and [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes]] scholars among its alumni.
LUMS is ranked as the top university in Pakistan in the [[QS World University Rankings|''QS University Rankings'']] for the year 2016, 111th in Asia and among the top 700 in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1121151/pakistani-universities-fail-make-mark-asias-best-university-ranking/|title=Pakistani universities fail to make mark in Asia's best university ranking - The Express Tribune|date=2016-06-14|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> It is also ranked by [[QS World University Rankings|''QS'']] as among the top 250 universities globally for [[Business school|business]] and among the top 400 universities globally in [[mathematics]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1351528/pakistani-university-among-worlds-top-300-business-schools/|title=Pakistani university among world's top 300 business schools - The Express Tribune|date=2017-03-10|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=2017-03-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="topuniversities.com"/> In 2020, LUMS was ranked 40 globally in "World's Best Small Universities" by Times Higher Education, being the only Pakistani university on the list.<ref name=":1" /> Following a liberal arts curriculum, LUMS is one of Pakistan's most expensive, [[Selective school|selective]] and [[Progressive education|progressive]] universities.<ref>{{Cite web|title = LUMS, NUST and Aga Khan dominate HEC University Rankings 2013 - The Express Tribune|url = http://tribune.com.pk/story/572920/lums-nust-and-aga-khan-dominate-hec-university-rankings-2013/|website = The Express Tribune| date=5 July 2013 |access-date = 2016-02-23|language = en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/813017/the-love-life-of-lums-students|title=The love life of LUMS students|last=Akhtar|first=Asif|date=2009-10-02|access-date=2016-09-28}}</ref> LUMS counts several prominent Pakistani [[intellectual]]s and public figures among its alumni and current and former faculty including [[Umar Saif]], [[Hina Rabbani Khar]], [[Adil Najam]], [[Arif Zaman]], [[Amer Iqbal]], [[Ayesha Jalal]], [[Asad Abidi]], Osama Siddique and [[Pervez Hoodbhoy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = 3 Pakistani varsities ranked among world's top 700|url = http://nation.com.pk/islamabad/11-Sep-2013/3-pakistani-varsities-ranked-among-world-s-top-700|website = The Nation|date = 11 September 2013|access-date = 2016-02-22}}</ref> It also counts several [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]], [[Chevening Scholarship|Chevening]] and [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes]] scholars among its alumni.


== History ==
== History ==
The university was granted a charter by the government of Pakistan in March 2023{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}. The LUMS Board of Trustees comprises members of the domestic business community, academics and government representatives. The principal functions of the board are to set policy guidelines and to review the operations of the university. The Board of Governors, as the sponsor of LUMS, raises funds for the university's operation and maintenance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahroz |first=Ahmed |date=2024-02-21 |title=AIOU t (February 2024) |url=https://aiouenrollment.pk/matric-result/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=aiouenrollment.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1986, a business school by the name of Lahore Business School was established for an MBA Programme. Later the school was renamed and is known as Suleman Dawood School of Business.<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070324/saturday/main1.htm |title=The Tribune&nbsp;– Magazine section&nbsp;– Saturday Extra |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=24 March 2007 |access-date=19 February 2012}}</ref>
The university was granted a charter by the government of Pakistan in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About LUMS {{!}} Welcome to LUMS |url=https://lums.edu.pk/aboutlums |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=lums.edu.pk}}</ref> The LUMS Board of Trustees comprises members of the domestic business community, academics and government representatives. The principal functions of the board are to set policy guidelines and to review the operations of the university. The Board of Governors, as the sponsor of LUMS, raises funds for the university's operation and maintenance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahroz |first=Ahmed |date=2024-02-21 |title=AIOU t (February 2024) |url=https://aiouenrollment.pk/matric-result/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=aiouenrollment.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1986, a business school by the name of Lahore Business School was established for an MBA Programme. Later the school was renamed and is known as Suleman Dawood School of Business.<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070324/saturday/main1.htm |title=The Tribune&nbsp;– Magazine section&nbsp;– Saturday Extra |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=24 March 2007 |access-date=19 February 2012}}</ref>


After the construction of the current campus, LUMS started undergraduate programmes in Economics and Computer Sciences in 1994. In 1996, the School of Arts and Science was introduced to oversee the undergraduate programmes.<ref name="tribuneindia.com" /> LUMS established the School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law to oversee the Social Sciences, Economics and Law departments. The School of Sciences and Engineering, for the disciplines of Mathematics, Computer Science and other science subjects, was established in 2008.<ref name="tribuneindia.com" /> In 2016, the university charges Rs. 272,400 tuition fee per semester for undergraduate students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1144509/university-asked-withdraw-fee-hike/|title=LUMS asked to withdraw 10% fee hike - The Express Tribune|date=2016-07-18|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-13}}</ref> From 2020, the university changed the fee structure to a credit-based system. For the year 2021–2022, the per credit hour tuition fee was Rs. 23,760.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BSc (Honours) Accounting and Finance {{!}} Welcome to LUMS|url=https://lums.edu.pk/programmes/bsc-honours-accounting-and-finance|access-date=2021-06-06|website=lums.edu.pk}}</ref>
After the construction of the current campus, LUMS started undergraduate programmes in Economics and Computer Sciences in 1994. In 1996, the School of Arts and Science was introduced to oversee the undergraduate programmes.<ref name="tribuneindia.com" /> LUMS established the School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law to oversee the Social Sciences, Economics and Law departments. The School of Sciences and Engineering, for the disciplines of Mathematics, Computer Science and other science subjects, was established in 2008.<ref name="tribuneindia.com" /> In 2016, the university charges Rs. 272,400 tuition fee per semester for undergraduate students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1144509/university-asked-withdraw-fee-hike/|title=LUMS asked to withdraw 10% fee hike - The Express Tribune|date=2016-07-18|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-13}}</ref> From 2020, the university changed the fee structure to a credit-based system. For the year 2021–2022, the per credit hour tuition fee was Rs. 23,760.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BSc (Honours) Accounting and Finance {{!}} Welcome to LUMS|url=https://lums.edu.pk/programmes/bsc-honours-accounting-and-finance|access-date=2021-06-06|website=lums.edu.pk}}</ref>
Line 335: Line 336:


==Societies==
==Societies==
*DANCELUMS
*Rizq LUMS Society, the university chapter of the social enterprise Rizq, which was also founded by LUMS Alumni
*Rizq LUMS Society  
*LUMS Arts Society
*LUMS Arts Society
* LUMS Law & Politics Society  
* LUMS Law & Politics Society  
Line 343: Line 343:
* [[AIESEC]] LUMS Chapter
* [[AIESEC]] LUMS Chapter
*[https://lsms.lums.edu.pk/ LUMS Students' Mathematics Society (LSMS)]
*[https://lsms.lums.edu.pk/ LUMS Students' Mathematics Society (LSMS)]
*DANCELUMS
*[https://osa.lums.edu.pk/students-socities/riayat-lums-chapter Riayat LUMS Chapter]
*[https://osa.lums.edu.pk/students-socities/riayat-lums-chapter Riayat LUMS Chapter]
*[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) - LUMS Student Chapter
*[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) - LUMS Student Chapter
* LUMS Emergency Medical Services, Pakistan's ever student-managed EMS established in a university campus with technical assistance from [[Rescue 1122]] in 2008-09
* LUMS Emergency Medical Services, Pakistan's ever student-managed EMS established in a university campus with technical assistance from [[Rescue 1122]] in 2008-09
* LUMS Model United Nations (LUMUN)
* [https://lumun.lums.edu.pk/ LUMS Model United Nations (LUMUN)]
* LUMS Society of Chemical Sciences & Engineering (LSCSE)
* LUMS Society of Chemical Sciences & Engineering (LSCSE)
* LUMS Finance Society (FINTRA)
* LUMS Finance Society (FINTRA)
Line 355: Line 356:
* LUMS Society of Professional Accountancy (LSPA)
* LUMS Society of Professional Accountancy (LSPA)
*FEMSOC (Feminist Society)
*FEMSOC (Feminist Society)
*INDEX: The Design and Innovation Society
*[https://index.lums.edu.pk/ INDEX: The Design and Innovation Society]
*LUMS Women in Computing (LWiC)
*[https://lwic.lums.edu.pk/ LUMS Women in Computing (LWiC)]
*LUMS Literary Society
*LUMS Literary Society
*LUMS Daily Student
*LUMS Daily Student
*LUMS Dramatics Society - Dramaline
*LUMS Dramatics Society (Dramaline)
*LUMS Policy Research Institute (LPRI)
*LUMS Policy Research Institute (LPRI)
*LUMS Consultancy Group (LCG)
*LUMS Consultancy Group (LCG)
Line 373: Line 374:


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Education in Pakistan]]
* [[List of universities in Pakistan]]
* [[List of universities in Pakistan]]
* [[List of engineering universities in Pakistan]]
* [[List of engineering universities in Pakistan]]

Latest revision as of 04:40, 19 June 2025

Script error: No such module "Unsubst".Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main otherTemplate:Main otherScript error: No such module "check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for clobbered parameters".

Lahore University of Management Sciences, also known by its acronym LUMS, is a private research university in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.[1] Founded in 1985, it is ranked as one of the most prestigious modern universities in Pakistan.[2]

In 1984, Syed Babar Ali recognized the shortage of qualified managers in the country. He proposed to establish a world-class university that would attract and retain the highest caliber of students and faculty. He shared this idea with fellow businessman and close friend, Abdul Razak Dawood, who was in full support of the vision.[3][4][5] The university has since then expanded, launching a liberal arts undergraduate school in 1994, an engineering school in 2008, a law school in 2004 and an education school in 2017.[1][6][7] The university launched a National Outreach Programme (NOP) in 2001 to provide financial aid to students[8] and in 2015, in partnership with Afghan government, launched a scholarship programme for Afghan students to diversify its student body.[9]

As of 2025, the university has a student body of 5,768 graduate and undergraduate students, a faculty of 300 out of which nearly three-quarters have doctoral degrees.[10][11][12] Its campus, where more than half of its student population and faculty lives, spreads over 100 acres.[13][14][15] Its business school is accredited by Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. It is also one of two business schools in Pakistan to be certified by the South Asian Quality Assurance System and is ranked as one of the top business schools in the country.[16][17] The university is also a member of Association of Commonwealth Universities.[18]

LUMS is ranked as the top university in Pakistan in the QS University Rankings for the year 2016, 111th in Asia and among the top 700 in the world.[19] It is also ranked by QS as among the top 250 universities globally for business and among the top 400 universities globally in mathematics.[20][10] In 2020, LUMS was ranked 40 globally in "World's Best Small Universities" by Times Higher Education, being the only Pakistani university on the list.[11] Following a liberal arts curriculum, LUMS is one of Pakistan's most expensive, selective and progressive universities.[21][22] LUMS counts several prominent Pakistani intellectuals and public figures among its alumni and current and former faculty including Umar Saif, Hina Rabbani Khar, Adil Najam, Arif Zaman, Amer Iqbal, Ayesha Jalal, Asad Abidi, Osama Siddique and Pervez Hoodbhoy.[23] It also counts several Fulbright, Chevening and Rhodes scholars among its alumni.

History

The university was granted a charter by the government of Pakistan in 1985.[24] The LUMS Board of Trustees comprises members of the domestic business community, academics and government representatives. The principal functions of the board are to set policy guidelines and to review the operations of the university. The Board of Governors, as the sponsor of LUMS, raises funds for the university's operation and maintenance.[25] In 1986, a business school by the name of Lahore Business School was established for an MBA Programme. Later the school was renamed and is known as Suleman Dawood School of Business.[26]

After the construction of the current campus, LUMS started undergraduate programmes in Economics and Computer Sciences in 1994. In 1996, the School of Arts and Science was introduced to oversee the undergraduate programmes.[26] LUMS established the School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law to oversee the Social Sciences, Economics and Law departments. The School of Sciences and Engineering, for the disciplines of Mathematics, Computer Science and other science subjects, was established in 2008.[26] In 2016, the university charges Rs. 272,400 tuition fee per semester for undergraduate students.[27] From 2020, the university changed the fee structure to a credit-based system. For the year 2021–2022, the per credit hour tuition fee was Rs. 23,760.[28]

LUMS launched the National Outreach Programme (NOP) in 2001[26] to reach out to bright students from underprivileged areas of Pakistan. Under this initiative, induction of selected candidates into the academic programs is facilitated by preparation for the university's admission criteria and then by a provision of full financial assistance to those who qualify. Many students are admitted to LUMS on the basis of the NOP. There are very few number of scholarships that are offered on need/academic achievement basis. LUMS loan scheme covers 20%-100% of the tuition fee component of the student. LUMS loans are interest-free.[29]

According to LUMS, it has disbursed PKR 3.2 billion in financial assistance, with approximately 30% of the student body receiving some form of financial assistance each year. During the academic year 2015-16 alone, LUMS disbursed more than PKR 500 Million as financial aid to its students. As of 2016, more than 800 scholars have benefited from the LUMS National Outreach Programme (NOP).[30] In 2017, the Shahid Hussain Foundation established scholarships for international undergraduate students from South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation member countries.[31] LUMS also offers a variety of scholarships to MBA students such as SAARC scholarship, MCB interest-free loans.[32] It is the only institute in Pakistan offering the Asian Development Bank-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP).[33][34]

Not-for-profit status

LUMS is a federally chartered university and is approved as a not-for-profit organisation under section 2(36) of Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 in terms of provisions of Clause 63 of Part IV of Second Schedule to the Ordinance. Any individual or organisation making donations to LUMS is entitled to a tax credit under section 61 of Income Tax Ordinance, 2001. Moreover, the university has been granted exemption from the levy of income tax under Section 159 of the Ordinance, thus, tax is not deductible on payments made to the university.

Campus

File:Lahore University of Management Sciences Hostels.jpg
Hostels

The oldest building at LUMS is the two-storey Academic Block designed by Habib Fida Ali which spreads over an area of 150,000 sq. ft. The Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani School of Humanities and Social Sciences (MGSHSS) is based in this building.[35] The five-storey Suleman Dawood School of Business (SDSB) building occupies an area of 160,000 sq. ft, and accommodates over 1300 students. The Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering (SBASSE) is based in a 5-storey building which covers an area of 300,000 sq. ft; the building includes a 10MW electrical grid station and 20 research labs.[35] The latest addition to the building is National Incubation Center in the basement. The Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law (SAHSOL) spreads over an area of 78,000 sq. ft and comprises auditoriums, discussion rooms, faculty offices, meeting rooms, the Centre for Chinese Legal Studies and a state of the art moot court which is a replica of the courtroom of the Chief Justice of the Lahore High Court.[36]

More than half of the student body at LUMS lives on campus, which includes seven male and five female hostels. The Syed Maratab Ali Sports Complex includes a school gym and sports facilities for basketball, tennis, cricket and squash.[35] The Pepsi Dining Centre (PDC) covers an area of 14,000 sq. ft, and was funded by PepsiCo.[37] The Coca-Cola Aquatic Centre includes an Olympic-size swimming pool and is funded by a Rs. 22 million grant from the Coca-Cola Company.[38] A new female hostel (F6) is being constructed with Rs. 350 million in funding from the Syed Babar Ali Foundation. The new hostel building will be able to accommodate an additional 504 female students and will provide additional facilities such as breakout places, tea and coffee kiosks, and an open courtyard.[39]

File:Gad & Birgit Rausing Library, LUMS.jpg
The Gad & Birgit Rausing Library at LUMS houses over 350,000 volumes.

The LUMS library provides services that include loans, online information searching, reference services, inter-library loan, document delivery, photocopying, viewing of audiovisual and microfilm materials, access to virtual collections and digital resources, CD-ROM and online searching. It has a collection of 350,000 volumes, 128,000 e-books and 35,000 e-Journals.[40][41] The library has a multidisciplinary wing (the Khalid Ishaq Wing) dedicated to jurist and scholar Khalid M. Ishaq, who donated 92,957 books from his collection to the library.[42]

The campus also hosts a variety of animals. The most common animals found on campus are cats. The friendly cats are protected and fed by the Animal Welfare Society at LUMS.

Academics

School founding
Suleman Dawood School of Business
1986
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani School of arts and Sciences
1994
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering
2008
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law
2014
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
LUMS School of Education
2017
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

The university provides 18 undergraduate majors and 24 graduate degrees. The university consists of five schools which are further divided into various departments.

Suleman Dawood School of Business

Template:Infobox university rankings The Suleman Dawood School of Business was the first school established at LUMS in 1986. The school's curriculum was designed in partnership with Harvard Business School and Ivey Business School. The school offers full-time MBA, a week-end Executive MBA, a course-based PhD Management and Bachelor's programmes in Accounting and Finance and Management Science.[43] The school also offers minors in public management and computational finance. The school is led by Dr Fazal Jawad Seyyed along with Dr. Faiza Ali, Dr. Adeel Zaffar, Dr. Zehra Waheed and Dr. Tanveer Shehzad serving as Associate Deans' of Research, External Relations, Undergraduate Academics and Graduate Academics respectively. Between 2018 and 2023, the School was headed by Professor Alnoor Bhimani.

File:Suleman Dawood School Of Business.jpg
The Suleman Dawood School of Business at Lahore University of Management Sciences was ranked among world's top 250 business schools by QS rankings in 2020. It is the only AACSB accredited business school in Pakistan.
Business Rankings
-[44][45][46][47][48] 2018 2019 2020
QS Subject Ranking (Business & Management Studies) 251-300 301-350 201-250
QS Subject Ranking (Accounting & Finance) - - 201-250
QS MBA - - 201+
QS MBA Asia - - 23
QS EMBA - - 101+
QS EMBA Asia - - 15+

The school has research linkages with many renowned universities including Harvard University, McGill University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Chicago, University of Essex, University of Sussex, National University of Singapore, and Management Development Institute.[49]

On 14 November 2020, SBSD introduced hybrid class structure to balance safety and class-instruction quality during the coronavirus pandemic led by Dr. Syed Aun R. Rizvi then Associate Dean Academics.[50] In 2020, SBSD's Muhammad Abdullah scored the highest marks and was declared the global winner in ACCA's Strategic Business Reporting exam.[51]

Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani School of Humanities and Social Sciences

The School of Humanities and Social Sciences, named after Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani, consists of the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Department of Economics. DHSS offers undergraduate degrees in Anthropology/Sociology, History, English and Political Science, as well as a combined programme in Politics and Economics in conjunction with the Economics Department. The school also offers minors in political Science, Economics, History, English literature, Urdu literature, Religious studies, Sociology/Anthropology.

File:Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani School of Humanities and Social Sciences.jpg
Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Lahore University of Management Sciences

Started in 1999, the Department of Humanities and Social Science is home to disciplines in the Social Science and Humanities including Anthropology and Sociology, Literature, Philosophy, Political Science, Psychology and History.[52] The Economics Department offers four-year undergraduate programmes in Economics (the first class graduated in 1997), economics and mathematics and a graduate programme in Economics (the first class graduated in 2002). Economics is one of the most popular majors at LUMS and a significant percentage of the student body at LUMS studies Economics as a major, as part of a joint degree programme or as a minor.[53] The school is headed by Dr. Ali Khan.

File:Lums main building interior.jpg
Center boulevard inside Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Lahore University of Management Sciences

Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering

File:David Milliband with Mr Shahryar Khan.jpg
David Miliband, former Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs of UK at LUMS.

The School of Science and Engineering, named after Syed Babar Ali, is a school within LUMS modelled on MIT no boundaries approach. It offers undergraduate programs in Biology, Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Physics; and graduate programs in Computer Science, chemistry, physics, electrical engineering and Mathematics.[54] A vast majority of BS graduates join leading graduate and Phd programs of some of the leading universities of the world such including ETH Zürich, MIT, Cornell, UC Berkeley, Stanford and Dartmouth college. The school is headed by Dr. Muhammad Sabieh Anwar.[55]

File:Syed Babar Ali School Of Science And Engineering.jpg
Syed Babar Ali School of Science And Engineering at Lahore University of Management Sciences

Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law

The groundbreaking ceremony of LUMS' fourth school, Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law, took place on Saturday, 5 April 2014 on campus. The chief guest at the ceremony was the Chief Justice of Pakistan, Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani. The law school has been named after (late) Shaikh Ahmad Hassan. The establishment of SAHSOL has grown out of the LUMS Department of Law and Policy, which has been functioning since 2004, offers a 5-year joint BA-LL.B undergraduate programme, accredited by the Pakistan Bar Council.[56] The school is led by Sadaf Aziz.

File:Shaik Ahmad Hassan School of Law.jpg
Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law at Lahore University of Management Sciences

LUMS School of Education

On 6 January 2017, LUMS announced the establishment of its fifth school, the LUMS School of Education. The exploratory phase for the LUMS School of Education was initiated in October 2015 with funding from the Babar Ali Foundation. According to university sources, over the course of the project phase, the team established local, regional and international links through events such as the inaugural Education Roundtable at LUMS in March 2016.[57]

The school will be home to the following programs, starting in Fall 2018.

  1. MPhil Education Leadership and Management
  2. A minor in education for undergraduate students at LUMS.[58][59]

People

LUMS has more than 200 full-time faculty members. Some prominent former and current faculty/staff members include:

Vice-chancellors

No. Name
1 Syed Zahoor Hassan
2 Ahmad Jan Durrani
3 Adil Najam
4 Syed Sohail Hussain Naqvi
5 Arshad Ahmad
6 Ali Cheema

Notable alumni

Research and reputation

[82][83] 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
QS World University Rankings 701+ 701+ 701+ 701+ 701+ 701+ 651+
QS Subject Rankings (Maths) - 301-400 - - - - -
QS Subject Rankings (Business) - 251st[20] 251 - 301+ 201+ -
QS Asian Rankings 181 161 111 103 95 110 -
HEC-Pakistan General Category 6 - - - - - -

The Office of Sponsored Programmes and Research (OSPR) of LUMS is responsible for promoting research at the university. The office is led by Shafay Shamail (PhD, Bath).[84] Between 2010 and 2014, the university spent PKR 680 million (or about $6.5 million) in research. During this period about LUMS faculty published 1287 research papers and received 80 external grants.[85]

The Suleman Dawood School of Business has produced more than 600 case studies and has published one of Asia's leading case research journals. Case studies written at LUMS are now used in universities across the world, including MBA programs in other Pakistani universities. In 2011, a case study written at LUMS by Shazib Shaikh and Zahoor Hassan won the Ruth Greene Memorial Award of the North American Case Research Association (NACRA) for the best case written outside North America.[86]

The LUMS School of Science and Engineering has published in international journals in Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering.

The biomechanics lab at LUMS is the sixth International Cricket Council (ICC)-accredited cricket lab in the world, following those in Brisbane, Chennai, Loughborough and Pretoria. The lab is able to perform bowling tests of international and domestic cricketers whose bowling actions are deemed illegal.[87][88]

Additionally, LUMS publishes the 'Asian Journal of Management Cases' in collaboration with Sage Publishing Pvt. Ltd., focusing on case studies and management practices in Asia.

Technology for People Initiative

Technology for People Initiative (TPI) is technology and design nonprofit centre at the Lahore University of Management Sciences in Lahore, Pakistan. It is focused on solving governance problems in the public sector through design thinking, prototyping and iteration. TPI's past and ongoing projects include evidence based policing for Lahore Police, CourtBeat for judicial courts, mapping rural Pakistan and the Bahawalpur Service Delivery Unit. The centre was founded in April 2012 with a seed grant from Google.org.[89]

Rausing Executive Development Centre, Lahore University of Management Sciences

REDC placed under the aegis of the Suleman Dawood School of Business at LUMS, Rausing Executive Development Centre has been pioneering executive education in Pakistan. It is housed in a purpose built facility. From three programmes in 1989, REDC now lists 21 programmes in its annual calendar for Open Programmes and conducts 70 programmes every year inclusive of customized programmes.

Other prominent research and development centres at the university include:[90]

  • Centre for Water Informatics and Technology[91]
  • Centre for Business and Society
  • National Incubation Centre Lahore
  • LUMS Energy Institute
  • The National Centre in Big Data and Cloud Computing
  • Centre for Islamic Finance
  • Mahbub ul Haq Research Centre
  • Centre for Chinese Legal Studies
  • LUMS Learning Institute
  • Centre for Continuing Education Studies
  • Gurmani Centre for Languages and Literature
  • Saida Waheed Gender Initiative

The university also houses the Pakistan office of the International Growth Centre.[92]

University Advisory Board

The advisory board of the university consists of leading academics from around the world, current members of the board include:[93]

Societies

  • Rizq LUMS Society, the university chapter of the social enterprise Rizq, which was also founded by LUMS Alumni
  • LUMS Arts Society
  • LUMS Law & Politics Society
  • Sports Society at LUMS
  • LUMS Community Service Society (LCSS)
  • AIESEC LUMS Chapter
  • LUMS Students' Mathematics Society (LSMS)
  • DANCELUMS
  • Riayat LUMS Chapter
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) - LUMS Student Chapter
  • LUMS Emergency Medical Services, Pakistan's ever student-managed EMS established in a university campus with technical assistance from Rescue 1122 in 2008-09
  • LUMS Model United Nations (LUMUN)
  • LUMS Society of Chemical Sciences & Engineering (LSCSE)
  • LUMS Finance Society (FINTRA)
  • LUMS Media Arts Society (LMA)
  • Society For Promotion and Development of Engineering and Sciences (SPADES)
  • The Music Society of LUMS
  • Debates and Recitations at LUMS (DRUMS)
  • LUMS Society of Professional Accountancy (LSPA)
  • FEMSOC (Feminist Society)
  • INDEX: The Design and Innovation Society
  • LUMS Women in Computing (LWiC)
  • LUMS Literary Society
  • LUMS Daily Student
  • LUMS Dramatics Society (Dramaline)
  • LUMS Policy Research Institute (LPRI)
  • LUMS Consultancy Group (LCG)
  • LUMS Religious Society

Gallery

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Business schools in Pakistan Template:Lahore Colleges Template:Engineering universities in Pakistan Template:Authority control

  1. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".