Spatial planning: Difference between revisions
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[[File:NovoLisice.jpg|thumb|right|The graphical scheme of the Detailed Urbanist Plan for a settlement within the [[Aerodrom Municipality (Skopje)|Municipality of Aerodrom]] in the [[City of Skopje]], [[North Macedonia]].]] | [[File:NovoLisice.jpg|thumb|right|The graphical scheme of the Detailed Urbanist Plan for a settlement within the [[Aerodrom Municipality (Skopje)|Municipality of Aerodrom]] in the [[City of Skopje]], [[North Macedonia]].]] | ||
'''Spatial planning''' | '''Spatial planning''' is the management of space and resources through the creation and implementation of a plan restricting how space can be used and developed. Spatial planning is normally undertaken by state actors—at either the national, regional or local levels—but is sometimes undertaken by private sector actors as well. In achieving set policy aims, it usually tries to balance the competing demands upon land as a resource, mediating between the demands of the state, market, and local community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Getimis |first=Panagiotis |date=2012-02 |title=Comparing Spatial Planning Systems and Planning Cultures in Europe. The Need for a Multi-scalar Approach |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02697459.2012.659520 |journal=Planning Practice and Research |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=25–40 |doi=10.1080/02697459.2012.659520 |issn=0269-7459}}</ref> | ||
In so doing, three different mechanisms—of involving stakeholders, integrating sectoral policies and promoting development projects—mark the three schools of transformative strategy formulation, innovation action and performance in spatial planning.<ref>Ziafati Bafarasat, A., 2015. Reflections on the three schools of thought on strategic spatial planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 30(2), pp.132-148.</ref> | |||
Discrete professional disciplines which involve spatial planning include [[land use planning|land use]], [[urban planning|urban]], [[regional planning|regional]], [[transport planning|transport]] and [[environmental planning]].<ref>Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, H. (2013). Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems. Planning Theory, 12(2), 177-198.</ref> Other related areas are also important, including [[economic planning|economic]] and [[community planning]], as well as maritime spatial planning. | |||
Numerous planning systems exist around the [[world]]. The form of planning largely diverges and co-evolves with societies and their governance systems.<ref>Allmendinger, P. (2009). Planning theory. Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> Every country, and states within those countries, have a unique planning systems that is made up by different actors, different planning perspectives and a particular institutional framework. Perspectives, actors and institutions change over time, influencing both the form and the impact of spatial planning.<ref>Van Assche, K., & Verschraegen, G. (2008). The limits of planning: Niklas Luhmann's systems theory and the analysis of planning and planning ambitions. Planning theory, 7(3), 263-283.</ref><ref>Gunder, M., & Hillier, J. (2009). Planning in ten words or less: A Lacanian entanglement with spatial planning. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.</ref> Especially in Northwestern Europe, spatial planning has evolved greatly since the late 1950s. Until the 1990s, the term ‘spatial’ was used primarily to refer to the way that planning should deal with more than simply zoning, land use planning, or the design of the physical form of cities or regions, but also should address the more complex issues of the spatial relationship of activities such as employment, homes and leisure uses. | |||
<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacity00cave|url-access=limited|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9780415252256|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacity00cave/page/n664 624]}}</ref> | |||
== Definition == | |||
An early definition of spatial planning comes from the European Regional/Spatial Planning Charter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/versioncharte/default_EN.asp |title=Council of Europe |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2013-10-06}}</ref> (often called the 'Torremolinos Charter'), adopted in 1983 by the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning (CEMAT): "''Regional/spatial planning gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society. It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach directed towards a balanced regional development and the physical organization of space according to an overall strategy''." | An early definition of spatial planning comes from the European Regional/Spatial Planning Charter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/versioncharte/default_EN.asp |title=Council of Europe |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2013-10-06}}</ref> (often called the 'Torremolinos Charter'), adopted in 1983 by the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning (CEMAT): "''Regional/spatial planning gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society. It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach directed towards a balanced regional development and the physical organization of space according to an overall strategy''." | ||
== In Europe == | |||
=== Compendia of spatial planning in Europe === | |||
Various '''compendia of spatial planning''' systems can be found. Below is a table showing some of the main sources, the countries covered and the date of publication. | Various '''compendia of spatial planning''' systems can be found. Below is a table showing some of the main sources, the countries covered and the date of publication. | ||
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==European spatial planning== | === Development of European spatial planning=== | ||
In 1999, a document called the [[European Spatial Development Perspective]] (ESDP) was signed by the ministers responsible for regional planning in the EU member states. Although the ESDP has no binding status, and the [[European Union]] has no formal authority for spatial planning, the ESDP has influenced spatial planning policy in European regions and member states, and placed the coordination of EU sectoral policies on the political agenda. | In 1999, a document called the [[European Spatial Development Perspective]] (ESDP) was signed by the ministers responsible for regional planning in the EU member states. Although the ESDP has no binding status, and the [[European Union]] has no formal authority for spatial planning, the ESDP has influenced spatial planning policy in European regions and member states, and placed the coordination of EU sectoral policies on the political agenda. | ||
Revision as of 14:52, 20 June 2025
Template:Short description Template:Multiple issues
Spatial planning is the management of space and resources through the creation and implementation of a plan restricting how space can be used and developed. Spatial planning is normally undertaken by state actors—at either the national, regional or local levels—but is sometimes undertaken by private sector actors as well. In achieving set policy aims, it usually tries to balance the competing demands upon land as a resource, mediating between the demands of the state, market, and local community.[1]
In so doing, three different mechanisms—of involving stakeholders, integrating sectoral policies and promoting development projects—mark the three schools of transformative strategy formulation, innovation action and performance in spatial planning.[2]
Discrete professional disciplines which involve spatial planning include land use, urban, regional, transport and environmental planning.[3] Other related areas are also important, including economic and community planning, as well as maritime spatial planning.
Numerous planning systems exist around the world. The form of planning largely diverges and co-evolves with societies and their governance systems.[4] Every country, and states within those countries, have a unique planning systems that is made up by different actors, different planning perspectives and a particular institutional framework. Perspectives, actors and institutions change over time, influencing both the form and the impact of spatial planning.[5][6] Especially in Northwestern Europe, spatial planning has evolved greatly since the late 1950s. Until the 1990s, the term ‘spatial’ was used primarily to refer to the way that planning should deal with more than simply zoning, land use planning, or the design of the physical form of cities or regions, but also should address the more complex issues of the spatial relationship of activities such as employment, homes and leisure uses.
Definition
An early definition of spatial planning comes from the European Regional/Spatial Planning Charter[8] (often called the 'Torremolinos Charter'), adopted in 1983 by the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning (CEMAT): "Regional/spatial planning gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society. It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach directed towards a balanced regional development and the physical organization of space according to an overall strategy."
In Europe
Compendia of spatial planning in Europe
Various compendia of spatial planning systems can be found. Below is a table showing some of the main sources, the countries covered and the date of publication.
| Template:Resize (left to right) | |
| COMMIN | COMmon MINdscapes |
| COST C11 | COST Action on Green Structures and Urban Planning |
| ESPON | European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion COMPASS project |
| DG-REGIO | European Directorate-General for Regional Policy |
| CEMAT | European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional/Spatial Planning |
| ESTIA | European Space and Territorial Integration Alternative |
| ISOCARP | International Society of City and Regional Planners |
| MLIT | Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism |
| LEXALP | Legal Systems for Spatial Planning |
| RCEP | Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution |
| UNECE | United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |
| VASAB | Vision and Strategies around the Baltic Sea |
Development of European spatial planning
In 1999, a document called the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) was signed by the ministers responsible for regional planning in the EU member states. Although the ESDP has no binding status, and the European Union has no formal authority for spatial planning, the ESDP has influenced spatial planning policy in European regions and member states, and placed the coordination of EU sectoral policies on the political agenda.
At the European level, the term territorial cohesion is becoming more widely used and is for example mentioned in the draft EU Treaty (Constitution) as a shared competency of the European Union; it is also included in the Treaty of Lisbon. The term was defined in a "scoping document" in Rotterdam in late 2004 and is being elaborated further using empirical data from the ESPON programme[9] in a document entitled "The Territorial State and Perspectives of the European Union".[10] At the minister's conference in May 2007 in Leipzig, a political document called the "Territorial Agenda" was signed to continue the process begun in Rotterdam, revised in May 2011 in Gödöllő.
See also
- Architecture
- Comprehensive planning
- European Spatial Development Perspective
- Geography
- ISOCARP - International Society of City and Regional Planners
- Landscape architecture
- Land use planning
- Location theory
- Permeability (spatial and transport planning)
- Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
- Regional planning
- Spatial Citizenship
- Territorial spatial planning
- Unified settlement planning
- Urban planning
- Urban sprawl
References
- Andreas Faludi, Bas Waterhout, The Making of the European Spatial Development Perspective, London Routledge 2002. Template:ISBN.
- Gerhard Larsson, Spatial Planning Systems in Western Europe - An Overview, Delft Univ Press (2006), Template:ISBN.
- Gerhard Larsson, Land management as Public Policy, University Press of America (2010), Template:ISBN.
- UNECE, Spatial Planning - Key Instrument for Development and Effective Governance with Special Reference to Countries in Transition, Report ECE/HBP/146, Geneva UNECE 2008.
- Richard H. Williams, European union spatial policy and planning, London Chapman 1996. Template:ISBN.
External links
- CEMAT - European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning
- EJSD - European Journal of Spatial Development
- ESPON - European Observation Network on Territorial Development and Cohesion
- Planum - The European Journal of Planning
- VASAB - Vision and Strategies around the Baltic Sea - Baltic Sea Region intergovernmental cooperation in spatial planning and development
Template:Land-use planning Template:Environmental social science Template:Authority control
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- ↑ Ziafati Bafarasat, A., 2015. Reflections on the three schools of thought on strategic spatial planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 30(2), pp.132-148.
- ↑ Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, H. (2013). Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems. Planning Theory, 12(2), 177-198.
- ↑ Allmendinger, P. (2009). Planning theory. Palgrave Macmillan.
- ↑ Van Assche, K., & Verschraegen, G. (2008). The limits of planning: Niklas Luhmann's systems theory and the analysis of planning and planning ambitions. Planning theory, 7(3), 263-283.
- ↑ Gunder, M., & Hillier, J. (2009). Planning in ten words or less: A Lacanian entanglement with spatial planning. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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