N'Ko script: Difference between revisions
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{{distinguish|N'Ko language}} | {{distinguish|N'Ko language}} | ||
{{Infobox writing system | {{Infobox writing system | ||
|name = | |name = Nko, N'Ko | ||
|native_name = ߒߞߏ | |native_name = ߒߞߏ | ||
|type = [[Alphabet]] | |type = [[Alphabet]] | ||
|time = 1949–present | |time = 1949–present | ||
|languages = [[N'Ko language| | |languages = [[N'Ko language|Nko]], [[Manding languages]] ([[Mandingo language|Mandingo]], [[Maninka language|Maninka]],<br />[[Bambara language|Bambara]], [[Dyula language|Dyula]]) | ||
|creator = [[Solomana Kante|Solomana Kanté]] | |creator = [[Solomana Kante|Solomana Kanté]] | ||
|unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U07C0.pdf U+07C0–U+07FF] | |unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U07C0.pdf U+07C0–U+07FF] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
''' | '''Nko''' (ߒߞߏ), also spelled '''N'Ko'''<ref>{{cite book|author1=Moussa Koulako Bala Doumbouya|author2=Baba Mamadi Diané|author3=Solo Farabado Cissé|author4=Djibrila Diané|author5=Abdoulaye Sow|author6=Séré Moussa Doumbouya|author7=Daouda Bangoura|author8=Fodé Moriba Bayo|author9=Ibrahima Sory 2. Condé|author10=Kalo Mory Diané|author11=Chris Piech|author12=Christopher Manning|title=Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Machine Translation (WMT), December 6–7, 2023|chapter=Machine Translation for Nko: Tools, Corpora and Baseline Results|pages=312–343|year=2023|publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|url=https://www2.statmt.org/wmt23/pdf/2023.wmt-1.34.pdf|quote=Also spelled N’Ko, but speakers prefer the name Nko.}}</ref>, is an [[alphabetic script]] devised by [[Solomana Kante|Solomana Kanté]] in 1949, as a modern [[writing system]] for the [[Manding languages]] of West Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nqo|title=N'ko|date=2019|editor-last=Eberhard|editor-first=David|editor2-last=Simons|editor2-first=Gary|website=Ethnoloque|access-date=June 12, 2019|editor3-last=Fennig|editor3-first=Charles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oyler|first=Dianne|date=Spring 2002|title=Re-Inventing Oral Tradition: The Modern Epic of Souleymane Kanté|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=33|issue=1|pages=75–93 |doi=10.1353/ral.2002.0034|jstor=3820930|s2cid=162339606|oclc=57936283}}</ref> The term ''Nko'', which means ''I say'' in all Manding languages, is also used for the [[N'Ko language|Manding literary standard]] written in the Nko script. | ||
The script has a few similarities to the [[Arabic script]], notably its direction ([[right-to-left]]) and the letters that are connected at the base. Unlike Arabic, it is obligatory to mark both [[Tone (linguistics)|tone]] and [[vowel]]s. | The script has a few similarities to the [[Arabic script]], notably its direction ([[right-to-left]]) and the letters that are connected at the base. Unlike Arabic, it is obligatory to mark both [[Tone (linguistics)|tone]] and [[vowel]]s. Nko tones are marked as [[diacritic]]s. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
==Current use== | ==Current use== | ||
[[File:Online N'ko classroom via WhatsApp (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Smartphone]] with a | [[File:Online N'ko classroom via WhatsApp (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Smartphone]] with a Nko class via [[WhatsApp]]]] | ||
{{Anchor|Literary language}}As of 2005, it was used mainly in [[Guinea]] and the [[Ivory Coast]] (respectively by [[Maninka language|Maninka]] and [[Dyula language|Dyula]] speakers), with an active user community in [[Mali]] (by [[Bambara language|Bambara]] speakers). Publications include a translation of the [[Quran]], a variety of textbooks on subjects such as [[physics]] and [[geography]], poetic and philosophical works, descriptions of traditional medicine, a dictionary, and several local newspapers. Though taught mostly informally through | {{Anchor|Literary language}}As of 2005, it was used mainly in [[Guinea]] and the [[Ivory Coast]] (respectively by [[Maninka language|Maninka]] and [[Dyula language|Dyula]] speakers), with an active user community in [[Mali]] (by [[Bambara language|Bambara]] speakers). Publications include a translation of the [[Quran]], a variety of textbooks on subjects such as [[physics]] and [[geography]], poetic and philosophical works, descriptions of traditional medicine, a dictionary, and several local newspapers. Though taught mostly informally through Nko literacy promotion associations, Nko has also been introduced more recently into formal education through private primary schools in Upper Guinea.{{sfn|Wyrod|2008}} It has been classed as the most successful of the West African scripts.<ref>Unseth, Peter. 2011. Invention of Scripts in West Africa for Ethnic Revitalization. In {{cite book|last1=Fishman|first1=Joshua|author-link1=Joshua Fishman|last2=Garcia|first2=Ofelia|author-link2=Ofelia García (educator)|title=Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-983799-1}}</ref> | ||
Nko literature generally uses a [[literary language]] register, termed ''kangbe'' (literally, 'clear language'), that is seen as a potential [[compromise dialect]] across [[Manding languages|Mandé languages]].<ref>[http://www.fakoli.net/nko/tutorial/intro.html N'Ko Language Tutorial: Introduction]</ref> For example, the word for 'name' in Bamanan is ''tɔgɔ'' and in Maninka it is ''tɔɔ''. Nko has only one written word for 'name', but individuals read and pronounce the word in their own language. This literary register is thus intended as a [[koiné language]] blending elements of the principal [[Manding languages]], which are [[mutually intelligible]], but has a very strong Maninka influence. | |||
There has also been documented use of | There has also been documented use of Nko, with additional diacritics, for traditional religious publications in the [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] and [[Fon language|Fon]] languages of [[Benin]] and southwestern [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Agelogbagan Agbovi |title=Gànhúmehàn Vodún - Living Sacred Text (completely in Fongbe and N'ko) |url=http://www.restorationhealing.com/ganhumehan-vodun-book |website=Kilombo Restoration & Healing |publisher=Kilombo Restoration and Healing |language=en |access-date=2017-07-19 |archive-date=2020-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128041832/http://www.restorationhealing.com/ganhumehan-vodun-book |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
==Letters== | ==Letters== | ||
The | The Nko script is written from right to left, with letters being connected to one another. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
| Line 71: | Line 71: | ||
===Tones=== | ===Tones=== | ||
Nko uses 7 [[diacritic]]al marks to denote [[tone (linguistics)|tonality]] and [[vowel length]]. Together with plain vowels, Nko distinguishes four tones: high, low, ascending, and descending; and two vowel lengths: long and short. Unmarked signs designate short, descending vowels. One dot below a vowel marks that vowel as nasal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 19 – Unicode 16.0.0 |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-19/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.unicode.org |quote=When applied to a vowel, U+07F2 NKO COMBINING NASALIZATION MARK indicates the nasalization of that vowel. }}</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" | ||
| Line 96: | Line 96: | ||
===Non-native sounds and letters=== | ===Non-native sounds and letters=== | ||
Nko also provides a way of representing non-native sounds through the modification of its letters with diacritics.<ref>{{cite book |last=Doumbouya |first=Mamady |date=2012 |title=Illustrated English/N'Ko Alphabet: An introduction to N'Ko for English Speakers |url=http://cormand.huma-num.fr/maninkabiblio/ouvrages/dunbuya-angile_nko.pdf |location=Philadelphia, PA, USA |publisher=N'Ko Institute of America |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.culturesofwestafrica.com/nko-alphabet-west-african-script/ |title=N'Ko Alphabet: a West African Script |last=Sogoba |first=Mia |date=June 1, 2018 |website=Cultures of West Africa |access-date=June 2, 2019 |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106041611/https://www.culturesofwestafrica.com/nko-alphabet-west-african-script/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> These letters are used in transliterated names and loanwords. | |||
[[Two dots (diacritic)|Two dots]] above a vowel, resembling a diaeresis or umlaut mark, represent a foreign vowel: u-two-dots for the French {{IPAslink|y}} sound, or e-two-dots for the French {{IPAslink|ə}}. | [[Two dots (diacritic)|Two dots]] above a vowel, resembling a diaeresis or umlaut mark, represent a foreign vowel: u-two-dots for the French {{IPAslink|y}} sound, or e-two-dots for the French {{IPAslink|ə}}. | ||
| Line 103: | Line 103: | ||
== Numerals == | == Numerals == | ||
Nko numerals use [[positional notation]]. Unlike both [[Western Arabic numerals|Western]] and [[Eastern Arabic numerals]], digits decrease in significance from right to left.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.afrikanistik-aegyptologie-online.de/archiv/2012/3553 | title=Numerical Notation in Africa | journal=Afrikanistik Online | date=27 December 2012 | volume=2012 | issue=9 | last1=Andrij | first1=Rovenchak }}</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;" | ||
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" | |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" | ||
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==Digitization== | ==Digitization== | ||
With the increasing use of computers and the subsequent desire to provide universal access to information technology, the challenge arose of developing ways to use the | With the increasing use of computers and the subsequent desire to provide universal access to information technology, the challenge arose of developing ways to use the Nko script on computers. From the 1990s onwards, there were efforts to develop fonts and even web content by adapting other software and fonts. A [[DOS]] word processor named Koma Kuda was developed by Prof. Baba Mamadi Diané from [[Cairo University]].<ref>Personal note from the LISA/Cairo conference, in Dec. 2005, Don Osborn</ref> However the lack of intercompatibility inherent in such solutions was a block to further development. | ||
===Wikipedia=== | ===Wikipedia=== | ||
There is also a [[:nqo:ߓߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߘߊ| | There is also a [[:nqo:ߓߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߘߊ|Nko version of Wikipedia]] in existence since 26 November 2019, it contains {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|nqo|N}} articles, with {{NUMBEROF|EDITS|nqo|N}} edits and {{NUMBEROF|USERS|nqo|N}} users.<ref>[[:nqo:ߞߙߍߞߙߍߣߍ߲:Statistics]]</ref> | ||
==Unicode== | ==Unicode== | ||
{{Further|NKo (Unicode block)}} | {{Further|NKo (Unicode block)}} | ||
The | The Nko script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0. Additional characters were added in 2018. While the script is spelled "N’Ko" in the relevant chapter of Unicode, the alias for the script is "Nko"<ref>{{cite web|title=ISO 15924 Code Lists: Codes for the representation of names of scripts|url=https://www.unicode.org/iso15924/iso15924-codes.html}}</ref> and the Unicode block name is "NKo" (because the apostrophe is not allowed in block names).<ref>{{cite book|author=Unicode, Inc.|chapter=Africa|title=The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0|year=2024|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-19/#G56584|quote=Although the traditional name of the N’Ko language and script includes an apostrophe, apostrophes are disallowed in Unicode character and block names. Because of this, the formal block name is “NKo” and the script portion of the Unicode character names is “{{Smallcaps all|nko}}”.}}</ref> | ||
[[UNESCO]]'s Programme Initiative B@bel supported preparing a proposal to encode | [[UNESCO]]'s Programme Initiative B@bel supported preparing a proposal to encode Nko in [[Unicode]]. In 2004, the proposal, presented by three professors of Nko (Baba Mamadi Diané, Mamady Doumbouya, and Karamo Kaba Jammeh) working with [[Michael Everson]], was approved for balloting by the ISO working group WG2. In 2006, Nko was approved for Unicode 5.0. The Unicode block for Nko is U+07C0–U+07FF: | ||
{{Unicode chart NKo}} | {{Unicode chart NKo}} | ||
Revision as of 05:52, 20 June 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Nko (ߒߞߏ), also spelled N'Ko[1], is an alphabetic script devised by Solomana Kanté in 1949, as a modern writing system for the Manding languages of West Africa.[2][3] The term Nko, which means I say in all Manding languages, is also used for the Manding literary standard written in the Nko script.
The script has a few similarities to the Arabic script, notably its direction (right-to-left) and the letters that are connected at the base. Unlike Arabic, it is obligatory to mark both tone and vowels. Nko tones are marked as diacritics.
History
Kanté created N’Ko in response to erroneous beliefs that no indigenous African writing system existed, as well as to provide a better way to write Manding languages, which had for centuries been written predominantly in Ajami script, which was not perfectly suited to the tones unique to Mandé and common to other West African languages. An anecdote popular with N'Ko proponents is that Kanté was particularly challenged to create the distinct system when, while in Bouake, he found a book by Kamel Mrowa who dismissed African languages as “like those of the birds, impossible to transcribe”[4] despite said Ajami history.[5] Kanté then devised N’Ko while he was in Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire and later brought it to his native Kankan, Guinea.[6]
N’Ko began to be used in many educational books, and the script is believed to have been finalized[7] on April 14, 1949 – a date now celebrated as N’Ko Alphabet Day.[8] Kanté initially used the system to transcribe religious, scientific, and philosophical literature, and even a dictionary.[9] These texts were then distributed as gifts across the Manding-speaking parts of West Africa. The script received its first dedicated typewriter from Eastern Europe as Guinea had ties to the Soviet Union in the 1950s.[10]
This introduction of the script led to a movement promoting N’Ko literacy among Mandé speakers in both Anglophone and Francophone West Africa. N’Ko literacy was thus instrumental in shaping Maninka cultural identity in Guinea, and strengthened Manding identity in wider West Africa.[11]
On June 27, 2024, the N’Ko literary standard was added to Google Translate.[12][13]
Current use
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Script error: No such module "anchor".As of 2005, it was used mainly in Guinea and the Ivory Coast (respectively by Maninka and Dyula speakers), with an active user community in Mali (by Bambara speakers). Publications include a translation of the Quran, a variety of textbooks on subjects such as physics and geography, poetic and philosophical works, descriptions of traditional medicine, a dictionary, and several local newspapers. Though taught mostly informally through Nko literacy promotion associations, Nko has also been introduced more recently into formal education through private primary schools in Upper Guinea.Template:Sfn It has been classed as the most successful of the West African scripts.[14]
Nko literature generally uses a literary language register, termed kangbe (literally, 'clear language'), that is seen as a potential compromise dialect across Mandé languages.[15] For example, the word for 'name' in Bamanan is tɔgɔ and in Maninka it is tɔɔ. Nko has only one written word for 'name', but individuals read and pronounce the word in their own language. This literary register is thus intended as a koiné language blending elements of the principal Manding languages, which are mutually intelligible, but has a very strong Maninka influence.
There has also been documented use of Nko, with additional diacritics, for traditional religious publications in the Yoruba and Fon languages of Benin and southwestern Nigeria.[16]
Letters
The Nko script is written from right to left, with letters being connected to one another.
Vowels
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script |
| File:NKo Aw.svg | File:NKo O.svg | File:NKo Uh.svg | File:NKo Eh.svg | File:NKo E.svg | File:NKo A.svg | File:NKo Ah.svg |
Consonants
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script |
| File:NKo R.svg | File:NKo T.svg | File:NKo D.svg | File:NKo Ch.svg | File:NKo J.svg | File:NKo P.svg | File:NKo B.svg |
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| Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script |
| File:NKo M.svg | File:NKo Gb.svg | File:NKo L.svg | File:NKo K.svg | File:NKo F.svg | File:NKo S.svg | File:NKo Rr.svg |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | |
| File:NKo Ng.svg | File:NKo H.svg | File:NKo Y.svg | File:NKo W.svg | File:NKo N.svg | File:NKo Ny.svg |
Tones
Nko uses 7 diacritical marks to denote tonality and vowel length. Together with plain vowels, Nko distinguishes four tones: high, low, ascending, and descending; and two vowel lengths: long and short. Unmarked signs designate short, descending vowels. One dot below a vowel marks that vowel as nasal.[17]
| high | low | rising | falling | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | |
| long | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script | Template:Script |
Non-native sounds and letters
Nko also provides a way of representing non-native sounds through the modification of its letters with diacritics.[18][19] These letters are used in transliterated names and loanwords.
Two dots above a vowel, resembling a diaeresis or umlaut mark, represent a foreign vowel: u-two-dots for the French Template:IPAslink sound, or e-two-dots for the French Template:IPAslink.
Diacritics are also placed above some consonant letters to cover sounds not found in Mandé, such as gb-dot for Template:IPAslink; gb-line for Template:IPAslink; gb-two-dots for Template:IPAslink; f-dot for Template:IPAslink; rr-dot for Template:IPAslink; etc.
Numerals
Nko numerals use positional notation. Unlike both Western and Eastern Arabic numerals, digits decrease in significance from right to left.[20]
Punctuation
- ⸜...⸝ bracket paraphrased text, approximately equivalent to italics in Latin script.
- «...» bracket quoted text.
- Template:Angbr comma
- Template:Angbr exclamation mark
- Template:Angbr paragraph mark; marks the end of a section of text
- Template:Angbr apostrophe (elision of a vowel carrying a high tone)
- Template:Angbr apostrophe (elision of a vowel carrying a low tone)
A low hyphen is used for compound words and the ASCII hyphen Template:Angbr is used for splitting words at line breaks. There is no distinct computer character for the low hyphen; Unicode recommends using the non-breaking hyphen for that purpose.
Arabic punctuation marks used in Nko text include:
- Template:Angbr comma (may occur in the same text as Template:Angbr)
- Template:Angbr semicolon
- Template:Angbr question mark
- Template:Angbr ornate parentheses (graphic form may differ from Arabic)
Digitization
With the increasing use of computers and the subsequent desire to provide universal access to information technology, the challenge arose of developing ways to use the Nko script on computers. From the 1990s onwards, there were efforts to develop fonts and even web content by adapting other software and fonts. A DOS word processor named Koma Kuda was developed by Prof. Baba Mamadi Diané from Cairo University.[21] However the lack of intercompatibility inherent in such solutions was a block to further development.
Wikipedia
There is also a Nko version of Wikipedia in existence since 26 November 2019, it contains Template:NUMBEROF articles, with Template:NUMBEROF edits and Template:NUMBEROF users.[22]
Unicode
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
The Nko script was added to the Unicode Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0. Additional characters were added in 2018. While the script is spelled "N’Ko" in the relevant chapter of Unicode, the alias for the script is "Nko"[23] and the Unicode block name is "NKo" (because the apostrophe is not allowed in block names).[24]
UNESCO's Programme Initiative B@bel supported preparing a proposal to encode Nko in Unicode. In 2004, the proposal, presented by three professors of Nko (Baba Mamadi Diané, Mamady Doumbouya, and Karamo Kaba Jammeh) working with Michael Everson, was approved for balloting by the ISO working group WG2. In 2006, Nko was approved for Unicode 5.0. The Unicode block for Nko is U+07C0–U+07FF:
References
General sources
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External links
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- Kanjamadi
- Observations on the use of N'ko
- Omniglot page on N'ko, with more links
- Nkohome, N'ko tutorial site with information on N'ko publications and contacts
- Virtual N'Ko keyboard by KeymanWeb
- How to write the N'ko alphabet (ߒߞߏ) of West Africa: A tutorial!, tutorial video on writing basic letters from:
- An Ka Taa: "Learn Manding—commonly referred to as Bambara, Dioula, Malinké or Mandingo!"
- Information about Manding languages
- An introduction to N'Ko
- "Casablanca Statement" (on localization of ICT) translated & written in N'Ko
- PanAfriL10n page on N'Ko
- Translation of the Meaning of the Holy Quran in N'ko
- Everyone Speaks Text Message (Tina Rosenberg, The New York Times Magazine, Dec. 11, 2011)
Template:List of writing systems Template:Authority control
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
• Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". - ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite magazine
- ↑ Oyler, Dianne White (1994) Mande identity through literacy, the N'ko writing system as an agent of cultural nationalism. Toronto: African Studies Association.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Unseth, Peter. 2011. Invention of Scripts in West Africa for Ethnic Revitalization. In Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ N'Ko Language Tutorial: Introduction
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Personal note from the LISA/Cairo conference, in Dec. 2005, Don Osborn
- ↑ nqo:ߞߙߍߞߙߍߣߍ߲:Statistics
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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