CURL: Difference between revisions

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'''cURL''' (pronounced like "curl",<ref name = "FAQ, haxx.se" /> {{IPAc-en|k|ɜːr|l}}) is a [[Free and open-source software|free and open source]] computer program for transferring data to and from [[Internet]] servers using various network [[Application layer|protocols]]. It can download a [[URL]] from a [[web server]] over [[HTTP]], and supports a variety of other network protocols, [[Uniform Resource Identifier|URI]] schemes, multiple versions of HTTP, and [[Proxy server|proxying]]. The project consists of both a [[library (computing)|library]] ('''libcurl''') and [[command-line tool]] ('''curl'''), which have been widely ported to different [[Computing platform|computing platforms]].
'''cURL''' (pronounced like "curl",<ref name = "FAQ, haxx.se" /> {{IPAc-en|k|ɜːr|l}}) is a [[Free and open-source software|free and open source]] computer program for transferring data to and from [[Internet]] servers. It can download a [[URL]] from a [[web server]] over [[HTTP]], and supports a variety of other [[Application layer|network protocols]], [[Uniform Resource Identifier|URI]] schemes, multiple versions of HTTP, and [[Proxy server|proxying]]. The project consists of both a [[library (computing)|library]] ('''libcurl''') and [[command-line tool]] ('''curl'''), which have been widely ported to different [[Computing platform|computing platforms]].


It was created by [[Daniel Stenberg]], who is still the lead developer of the project.
It was created by [[Daniel Stenberg]], who is still the lead developer of the project.

Latest revision as of 06:12, 6 June 2025

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cURL (pronounced like "curl",[1] Template:IPAc-en) is a free and open source computer program for transferring data to and from Internet servers. It can download a URL from a web server over HTTP, and supports a variety of other network protocols, URI schemes, multiple versions of HTTP, and proxying. The project consists of both a library (libcurl) and command-line tool (curl), which have been widely ported to different computing platforms.

It was created by Daniel Stenberg, who is still the lead developer of the project.

History

The software was first released in 1996,[2] originally named httpget and then became urlget, before adopting the current name of curl.[3][4] The name stands for "Client for URL".[5] The original author and lead developer is the Swedish developer Daniel Stenberg, who created curl to power part of an IRC bot, because he wanted to automatically provide currency exchange rates, fetched from a website, to users in an IRC chat room.[6]

Components

libcurl

libcurl is a client-side URL transfer library that powers curl,[7] supporting DICT, FTP, FTPS, Gopher, HTTP/1[8] (with HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 support), HTTP cookies, HTTP POST, HTTP PUT, HTTP proxy tunneling, HTTPS, IMAP, Kerberos, LDAP, MQTT, POP3, RTSP, RTMP, SCP, SMTP, and SMB. The library supports the file URI scheme, SFTP, Telnet, TFTP, file transfer resume, FTP uploading, HTTP form-based upload, HTTPS certificates, LDAPS, proxies, and user-plus-password authentication.[9]

The libcurl library is portable, as it builds and works identically on most platforms, including AIX, AmigaOS, Android,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". BeOS, BlackBerry Tablet OS and BlackBerry 10,[10] OpenVMS, Darwin, DOS, FreeBSD, HP-UX, HURD, iOS, IRIX, Linux, macOS, NetBSD, NetWare, OpenBSD, OS/2, QNX Neutrino, RISC OS, Solaris, Symbian, Tru64, Ultrix, UnixWare, Microsoft Windows and OpenHarmony.[11][12][13]

The libcurl library is thread-safe and IPv6 compatible. Bindings are available for more than 50 languages, including C/C++, Java, Julia (is bundled with), PHP and Python.[14]

The libcurl library supports GnuTLS, mbed TLS, NSS, Template:Proper name on IBM i, SChannel on Windows, Secure Transport on macOS and iOS, SSL/TLS through OpenSSL, BoringSSL, libreSSL, AmiSSL, wolfSSL, BearSSL and Template:Proper name.[15]

curl

curl is a command-line tool for getting or sending data including files using URL syntax. curl provides an interface to the libcurl library; it supports every protocol libcurl supports.[9]

curl supports HTTPS and performs SSL certificate verification by default when a secure protocol is specified such as HTTPS. When curl connects to a remote server via HTTPS, it will obtain the remote server certificate, then check against its CA certificate store the validity of the remote server to ensure the remote server is the one it claims to be. Some curl packages are bundled with CA certificate store file. There are several options to specify a CA certificate such as Template:Mono and Template:Mono. The Template:Mono option can be used to specify the location of the CA certificate store file. In the Windows platform, if a CA certificate file is not specified, curl will look for a CA certificate file name “curl-ca-bundle.crt” in the following order:

  1. Directory where the curl program is located.
  2. Current working directory.
  3. Windows system directory.
  4. Windows directory.
  5. Directories specified in the %PATH% environment variables.[16]

curl will return an error message if the remote server is using a self-signed certificate, or if the remote server certificate is not signed by a CA listed in the CA cert file. Template:Mono or Template:Mono option can be used to skip certificate verification. Alternatively, if the remote server is trusted, the remote server CA certificate can be added to the CA certificate store file.

See also

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  • curl-loader – an open-source testing tool based on curl
  • libwww – an early library that comes with a command line interface
  • PowerShell – the iwr (Invoke-WebRequest) Windows PowerShell had functionality similar to curl; class Web-client too.[17]
  • Web crawler – an internet bot that can crawl the web
  • Wget – similar command-line tool with no associated library but capable of recursive downloading

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Download managers Template:Windows commands

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named FAQ, haxx.se
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cURL changelog, 2020
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Stenberg, Haxx SE, 2020
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Stenberg, haxx.se, 2018
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named history
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BlueOne
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Stenberg, GitHub, 2019
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Blackberry, GitHub
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Microsoft Techcommunity
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SSL, haxx.se
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ryan, Ryandel, 2018
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