Receiver (firearms): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
Removed the section on zero percent receivers. This article does not need to address a gag gift/political statement by one particular manufacturer.
 
imported>BunnysBot
 
Line 21: Line 21:


==3D printed receivers==
==3D printed receivers==
{{As of|2024}}, several designs and at least two designs for [[3D printed firearm|3D printable]] polymer lower unfinished receivers for the AR-15 have been released: the [[AR Lower V5]] and the [[Charon (gun)|Charon]]. 3D printed designs may also be used to produce [[Privately made firearm|privately made firearms]].<ref name="Greenberg">{{cite magazine |title = I Made an Untraceable AR-15 Ghost Gun in My Office And It Was Easy |first1 = Andy |last1 = Greenberg |magazine = Wired |date = June 3, 2015 |url = https://www.wired.com/2015/06/i-made-an-untraceable-ar-15-ghost-gun/ |accessdate = October 17, 2016 |url-status = live |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161020040839/https://www.wired.com/2015/06/i-made-an-untraceable-ar-15-ghost-gun/ |archivedate = October 20, 2016 |df = mdy-all}}</ref>
{{As of|2024}}, several designs and at least two designs for [[3D printed firearm|3D printable]] polymer lower unfinished receivers for the AR-15 have been released: the [[AR Lower V5]] and the [[Charon (gun)|Charon]]. 3D printed designs may also be used to produce [[privately made firearm]]s.<ref name="Greenberg">{{cite magazine |title = I Made an Untraceable AR-15 Ghost Gun in My Office And It Was Easy |first1 = Andy |last1 = Greenberg |magazine = Wired |date = June 3, 2015 |url = https://www.wired.com/2015/06/i-made-an-untraceable-ar-15-ghost-gun/ |accessdate = October 17, 2016 |url-status = live |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161020040839/https://www.wired.com/2015/06/i-made-an-untraceable-ar-15-ghost-gun/ |archivedate = October 20, 2016 |df = mdy-all}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
Line 43: Line 43:
! rowspan="2" |[[Charon (gun)|Charon]]<ref name="outdoorhub.com">[http://www.outdoorhub.com/news/2013/05/22/3d-printed-hybrid-ar-15fn-p90-lower-and-12-gauge-slugs-make-web-debut/ 3D-printed Hybrid AR-15/FN P90 Lower and 12 Gauge Slugs Make Web Debut], outdoorhub, May 22, 2013. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200017/http://www.outdoorhub.com/news/2013/05/22/3d-printed-hybrid-ar-15fn-p90-lower-and-12-gauge-slugs-make-web-debut/ archive])</ref><ref name="guns.com">Slowik, Max, [http://www.guns.com/2013/06/03/meet-the-charon-family-of-3d-printable-ar-lowers-photos/ Meet the Charon Family of 3D-Printable AR Lowers (Photos)], 3 June 2013.</ref><ref name="Slowik 2013">Slowik, Max, [http://www.guns.com/2013/07/01/3d-printing-community-updates-liberator-with-rifle-pepperbox-and-glock-powered-shuty-9 "3D Printing Community Updates Liberator with Rifle, Pepperbox and Glock-Powered ‘Shuty-9′"], 1 July 2013.</ref>
! rowspan="2" |[[Charon (gun)|Charon]]<ref name="outdoorhub.com">[http://www.outdoorhub.com/news/2013/05/22/3d-printed-hybrid-ar-15fn-p90-lower-and-12-gauge-slugs-make-web-debut/ 3D-printed Hybrid AR-15/FN P90 Lower and 12 Gauge Slugs Make Web Debut], outdoorhub, May 22, 2013. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200017/http://www.outdoorhub.com/news/2013/05/22/3d-printed-hybrid-ar-15fn-p90-lower-and-12-gauge-slugs-make-web-debut/ archive])</ref><ref name="guns.com">Slowik, Max, [http://www.guns.com/2013/06/03/meet-the-charon-family-of-3d-printable-ar-lowers-photos/ Meet the Charon Family of 3D-Printable AR Lowers (Photos)], 3 June 2013.</ref><ref name="Slowik 2013">Slowik, Max, [http://www.guns.com/2013/07/01/3d-printing-community-updates-liberator-with-rifle-pepperbox-and-glock-powered-shuty-9 "3D Printing Community Updates Liberator with Rifle, Pepperbox and Glock-Powered ‘Shuty-9′"], 1 July 2013.</ref>
|<span style="display: none;">2013-05</span>May 2013<ref name="outdoorhub.com" />
|<span style="display: none;">2013-05</span>May 2013<ref name="outdoorhub.com" />
|'''Receiver:''' [[AR-15]] rifle [[Receiver (firearms)|lower receiver]]<ref name="outdoorhub.com" /><ref name="guns.com" /><ref name="Slowik 2013" />
|'''Receiver:''' [[AR-15]] rifle lower receiver<ref name="outdoorhub.com" /><ref name="guns.com" /><ref name="Slowik 2013" />
|FDM<ref name="Charon V3">[http://grabcad.com/library/charon-v3-1 Charon V3], grabcad, September 3, 2013. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215809/http://grabcad.com/library/charon-v3-1 archive])</ref>
|FDM<ref name="Charon V3">[http://grabcad.com/library/charon-v3-1 Charon V3], grabcad, September 3, 2013. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215809/http://grabcad.com/library/charon-v3-1 archive])</ref>
|WarFairy<ref name="guns.com" /><ref name="Slowik 2013" />
|WarFairy<ref name="guns.com" /><ref name="Slowik 2013" />

Latest revision as of 11:34, 2 June 2025

Template:Short description

File:Disassembled mauser long action.jpg
A disassembled Mauser action showing a partially disassembled receiver and bolt

In firearms terminology and law, the firearm frame or receiver is the part of a firearm which integrates other components by providing housing for internal action components such as the hammer, bolt or breechblock, firing pin and extractor, and has threaded interfaces for externally attaching ("receiving") components such as the barrel, stock, trigger mechanism and iron/optical sights.[1] Some firearm designs, such as the AR-15 platform, feature receivers that have 2 separate sub-assemblies called the upper receiver which houses the barrel/trunnion, bolt components etc and the lower receiver (Trigger Mechanism Housing in some cases) that holds the fire control group, pistol grip, selector, stock etc.[2]

The receiver is often made of forged, machined, or stamped steel or aluminium. Apart from these traditional materials, modern techniques have introduced polymer and sintered metal powder receivers to the market.[3]

Mounting

A barrel may typically be affixed to a firearm receiver using barrel and receiver action threads or similar methods.

In US law

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

File:Stag2wi.jpg
AR-15 rifles showing their configurations with different upper receivers. The lower receiver is visible at the bottom

For the purposes of United States law, the receiver or frame is legally the firearm,[4] and as such it is the controlled part. The definition of which assembly is the legal receiver varies from firearm to firearm, under US law. Generally, the law requires licensed manufacturers and importers to mark the designated receiver with a serial number, the manufacturer or importer, the model and caliber. Makers of receivers are restricted by International Traffic in Arms Regulations. Thus, in the case of a firearm that has multiple receiver parts, such as the AR-15, which has an upper and a lower receiver, the legally controlled part is the one that is serialized.[5]

For the AR-15 rifle, the lower receiver assembly is legally considered the actual receiver,[5] although it is functionally a chassis that also houses the separate trigger group. In the FN-FAL rifle, it is the upper assembly that is serialized and legally considered the receiver.[6][7] This has led to prosecutors dropping charges against illegal manufacturing of AR-type firearms to avoid court precedents establishing that neither the upper nor the lower receiver individually contain all the components to be legally classified as a firearm.[8]

Unfinished receivers

"Unfinished receivers", also called "80 percent receivers" or "blanks", are partially completed receivers with no serial numbers. Purchasers must perform their own finishing work in order to make the receiver usable. The finishing of receivers for sale or distribution by unlicensed persons is against US law.[9] Because an unfinished 80% receiver is not a firearm, purchasers do not need to pass a background check.[9] The resulting firearm is known as a "ghost gun".[10]

During the Biden Administration, the ATF imposed regulations on the sale and marketing of unfinished receivers and kits containing them by revising the legal definition of receivers to include "a partially complete, disassembled, or nonfunctional frame or receiver, including a frame or receiver parts kit, that is designed to or may readily be completed, assembled, restored, or otherwise converted to function as a frame or receiver". (The term "receiver" was also redefined as referring to non-handgun firearms, while "frame" was redefined as referring to handguns exclusively.) The new definitions went into effect on August 24, 2022.[11] In the case VanDerStok v. Garland, filed on June 30, 2023, a federal court in Texas ruled that the new ATF regulations exceeded the agency's statutory authority, and struck them down.[12] However, on August 8, 2023, the Texas court's nationwide vacatur was temporarily placed on hold by the Supreme Court of the United States, leaving the new ATF regulations on unfinished receivers in place.[13]

3D printed receivers

Template:As of, several designs and at least two designs for 3D printable polymer lower unfinished receivers for the AR-15 have been released: the AR Lower V5 and the Charon. 3D printed designs may also be used to produce privately made firearms.[14]

Name Date made public Type Process Designer Caliber
AR Lower V5[15] 2013-032013, March[15] Receiver: AR-15 rifle lower receiver[15] FDM[16] Defense Distributed[15] .223 Rem/ 5.56x45
  • The receiver was able to handle enough stress to fire more than 600 rounds.[15]
Charon[17][18][19] 2013-05May 2013[17] Receiver: AR-15 rifle lower receiver[17][18][19] FDM[20] WarFairy[18][19] .223 Rem/ 5.56x45
  • Charon V3 weighs 0.2 pounds and showed no signs of strain after 96 rounds of 5.56 AR-15 ammo were fired.[20]
WarFairy P-15[17] 2013-052013, May[17] Receiver: AR-15 rifle lower receiver[15] FDM[20] WarFairy[18][19] .223 Rem/ 5.56x45
Hanuman AR-15 Bullpup[21][22] 2014-052014, May[21][22] Receiver: AR-15 rifle bullpup lower receiver[21][22] FDM w/ ABS WarFairy[21][22] .223 Rem/ 5.56x45
  • According to the creators, "It requires a bufferless upper to function, such as the ARAK-21 or Rock River Arms PDS Carbine, or a regular upper with a CMMG Style .22 LR Conversion installed."[21]
Ruger Charger[23][24][25] 2014-072014, July[24] Receiver: Ruger 10/22 semi-automatic pistol[24] FDM[26] "Buck-o-Fama" (pseudonym)[24] .22 Long Rifle
A pistol version of the popular Ruger 10/22 rifle.[23][24]
CM901[27] 2015-032015, March Receiver: AR-10 Receiver FDM Printed Firearm[28] 7.62×51mm
Lopoint / Bigpoint[29] 2019, November (v1); 2020, November (,40/.45); 2021, May (v2) Frame: Hi-Point pistol frame FDM CTRLPew / Atmac / freeman1337 9×19mm Parabellum, .380 ACP, .40 S&W, .45 ACP
  • Compatible with Hi-Point C9, CF380, JCP, and JHP parts.
  • Extremely cheap due to the high availability of the required parts kits.
Scz0rpion[30] 2020, October Receiver: CZ Scorpion Evo 3 receiver FDM Are We Cool Yet? 9×19mm Parabellum
  • First 3D printed frame to be successfully tested with 1000+ rounds full auto in one sitting without failure.[31][32]
3011 / 3011DS[33] 2021, November; 2023, January (DS) Receiver: 1911 based PDW FDM Deterrence Dispensed .45 ACP, 9×19mm Parabellum, .22 TCM
  • Utilizes a 1911 slide for the upper, and an AR-15 fire control group.
  • An updated version, called the 3011DS, allows the use of double-stack higher capacity Remington and RIA magazines.
3DPD10[34] 2023, April Frame: Pistol frame FDM Avidity Arms 9×19mm Parabellum
  • A 3D-printable frame for the Avidity Arms PD10.
  • This design is notable as the first firearm released by commercial company designed to be 3D printed.[35]

In Canadian law

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The receiver or frame is legally the firearm, and as such it is the part that requires a manufacturer's serial number and valid Possession and Acquisition Licence to acquire and own. In the case of a handgun frame or revolver frame, it is the part that requires a Restricted-class PAL (RPAL), and registration.

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Firearms Template:Firearm accessories mounting standards

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Royal Air Force Common Core and Deployment Skills Aide-Memoire AP 3242B VOL 5, ABBREVIATIONS
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Template:Federal Register
  12. ↑ Template:Cite court
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  15. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". ()
  16. ↑ Printed AR Lower v5 Review, Defense Distributed official tumblr blog (archive)
  17. ↑ a b c d e 3D-printed Hybrid AR-15/FN P90 Lower and 12 Gauge Slugs Make Web Debut, outdoorhub, May 22, 2013. (archive)
  18. ↑ a b c d Slowik, Max, Meet the Charon Family of 3D-Printable AR Lowers (Photos), 3 June 2013.
  19. ↑ a b c d Slowik, Max, "3D Printing Community Updates Liberator with Rifle, Pepperbox and Glock-Powered ‘Shuty-9′", 1 July 2013.
  20. ↑ a b c Charon V3, grabcad, September 3, 2013. (archive)
  21. ↑ a b c d e WarFairy’s 3D Printable AR-15 Bullpup, firearmblog, May 27, 2014. (archive)
  22. ↑ a b c d Check out this 3D-printable bullpup for AR-pattern uppers, Guns.com, May 27, 2014. (archive)
  23. ↑ a b 3D Printed Semi-automatic Ruger Charger Pistol is Assembled and Fired – ‘If you take my gun, I’ll print another!’, 3Dprint, July 4, 2014. (archive)
  24. ↑ a b c d e 3D-Printed Semiautomatic .22 Debuts. "If you take my gun, I will simply print another one.", Reason, July 2014. (archive)
  25. ↑ 3D Printed Ruger Style Pistol Demo by Buck O’ Fama ~ Video, Ammoland, July 4, 2014. (archive)
  26. ↑ 3D Printing Lets Man Assemble Ruger Charger Pistol Without Legal Paperwork, Softpedia, July 8, 2014. (archive)
  27. ↑ Great, now 3D-printed rifles can fire larger, deadlier rounds
  28. ↑ Template:In lang 3D Yazıcıdan Üretilen Ölümcül Tüfek!
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Receiver_(firearms)&oldid=769510"