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The {{Nihongo|'''Tatenokai'''|楯の会, 楯の會}} or '''Shield Society''' was a [[private militia]] in Japan dedicated to traditional Japanese values and veneration of the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]].<ref name="henkaku">{{cite journal |last=Mishima |first=Yukio |date=1970-01-21 |script-title=ja:「変革の思想」とは―道理の実現 |trans-title=What is "Thought of Revolution": Realization of the Reason |language=ja |journal=[[Yomiuri Shimbun]] }} collected in {{Harvnb| | The {{Nihongo|'''Tatenokai'''|楯の会, 楯の會}} or '''Shield Society''' was a [[private militia]] in Japan dedicated to traditional Japanese values and veneration of the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]].<ref name="henkaku">{{cite journal |last=Mishima |first=Yukio |date=1970-01-21 |script-title=ja:「変革の思想」とは―道理の実現 |trans-title=What is "Thought of Revolution": Realization of the Reason |language=ja |journal=[[Yomiuri Shimbun]] }} collected in {{Harvnb|Complete36|2003|pp=30–38}} (of that in pp.33–35)</ref><ref name="o-ency-tate">{{Harvnb|O-Encyclo|1976|pp=246–247}}</ref><ref name="ando-tate">{{Harvnb|Ando|1998|pp=259-261}}</ref> It was founded and led by author [[Yukio Mishima]].<ref name="o-ency-tate"/> The private militia was officially founded in 1968 for the purpose of preventing [[aggression|indirect aggression]] by proponents of foreign ideology seeking to destroy Japanese traditional culture, and protecting the dignity of the Emperor as a symbol of Japan's national identity.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mishima |first=Yukio |date=November 1968 |script-title=ja:「楯の会」のこと |trans-title=About the "Tatenokai" |language=ja |journal=Pamphlet Celebrating the First Anniversary of the Founding of the "Tatenokai" }} collected in {{Harvnb|Complete35|2003|pp=720–727}} (of that in pp.724–725), {{Harvnb|Suzuki|2005|pp=72–80}} (of that in pp.77–78)</ref><ref name="o-ency-tate"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Encyclo|2000|pp=210–211, 519–520, 523–524}}</ref> | ||
The name of Tatenokai comes from two classical ''[[Waka (poetry)|waka]]'', one from the [[7th century]] [[Asuka period]] and the other from the [[19th century]] [[Edo period]], which express the determination to become a shield to protect the Emperor.<ref name="o-ency-tate"/><ref name="juro-4-na">{{Harvnb|Jurō|2005|pp=164–165}}</ref><ref name="higun-na">{{Harvnb|Suzuki|2005|p=38}}</ref> | The name of Tatenokai comes from two classical ''[[Waka (poetry)|waka]]'', one from the [[7th century]] [[Asuka period]] and the other from the [[19th century]] [[Edo period]], which express the determination to become a shield to protect the Emperor.<ref name="o-ency-tate"/><ref name="juro-4-na">{{Harvnb|Jurō|2005|pp=164–165}}</ref><ref name="higun-na">{{Harvnb|Suzuki|2005|p=38}}</ref> | ||
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今日よりは 顧みなくて 大君の 醜の御楯と 出で立つ我は<br /> | 今日よりは 顧みなくて 大君の 醜の御楯と 出で立つ我は<br /> | ||
(''Kyō yori wa'' ''Kaeri minakute'' ''Ōkimi no'' ''Shiko no mi-tate to'' ''Idetatsu ware wa''){{efn|The meaning of {{Nihongo|"ugly"|醜|shiko}} here expresses a feeling of self-deprecation and humility.<ref>{{Harvnb|Manyo5-iwa|2015|pp=232–233}}</ref><ref name="juro-4-na"/>}}<br /> | (''Kyō yori wa'' ''Kaeri minakute'' ''Ōkimi no'' ''Shiko no mi-tate to'' ''Idetatsu ware wa''){{efn|The meaning of {{Nihongo|"ugly"|醜|shiko}} here expresses a feeling of self-deprecation and humility.<ref>{{Harvnb|Manyo5-iwa|2015|pp=232–233}}</ref><ref name="juro-4-na"/>}}<br /> | ||
From today onwards, / Without any regard for myself, / I set out to become, / (although my shield may be insignificant,) / A strong shield for the Great Lord [[Emperor]]. | From today onwards, / Without any regard for myself, / I set out to become, / (although my shield may be insignificant,) / A strong shield for the Great Lord [[Emperor]]. | ||
|author={{Nihongo|Imamatsuribe no Yosō|[[:ja:今奉部与曾布|今奉部與曾布]]}}|title={{Nihongo|"Poem of a Defender"|[[:ja:防人歌|防人の歌]]|Sakimori no uta|}}<ref name="juro-4-na"/>}} | |author={{Nihongo|Imamatsuribe no Yosō|[[:ja:今奉部与曾布|今奉部與曾布]]}}|title={{Nihongo|"Poem of a Defender"|[[:ja:防人歌|防人の歌]]|Sakimori no uta|}}<ref name="juro-4-na"/>}} | ||
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大皇の 醜の御楯と いふ物は 如此る物ぞと 進め真前に<br /> | 大皇の 醜の御楯と いふ物は 如此る物ぞと 進め真前に<br /> | ||
(''Ōkimi no'' ''Shiko no mi-tate to'' ''Iu mono wa'' ''Kakaru mono zo to'' ''Susume masaki ni'')<br /> | (''Ōkimi no'' ''Shiko no mi-tate to'' ''Iu mono wa'' ''Kakaru mono zo to'' ''Susume masaki ni'')<br /> | ||
For the Great Lord Emperor, / (although my shield may be insignificant,) / Thinking this is what a strong shield should be, / I bravely forge ahead. | For the Great Lord Emperor, / (although my shield may be insignificant,) / Thinking this is what a strong shield should be, / I bravely forge ahead. | ||
|author=橘曙覧 ([[Tachibana Akemi]])<ref name="hosaka-mitate">{{Harvnb|Hosaka|2001|p=149}}</ref>}} | |author=橘曙覧 ([[Tachibana Akemi]])<ref name="hosaka-mitate">{{Harvnb|Hosaka|2001|p=149}}</ref>}} | ||
| Line 54: | Line 54: | ||
{{Conservatism in Japan}} | {{Conservatism in Japan}} | ||
{{Main|Yukio Mishima#Coup attempt and suicide}} | {{Main|Yukio Mishima#Coup attempt and suicide}} | ||
On November 25, 1970 Mishima and four Tatenokai members briefly seized control of the Japan Self-Defense Force's headquarters and attempted to rally the soldiers to stage a coup d'état, and unsuccessfully tried to inspire the JSDF to rise up and overthrow [[Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution|Article 9]] of the [[Constitution of Japan|1947 Constitution]] to restore autonomous national defense and the divinity of the emperor,<ref | On November 25, 1970 Mishima and four Tatenokai members briefly seized control of the Japan Self-Defense Force's headquarters and attempted to rally the soldiers to stage a coup d'état, and unsuccessfully tried to inspire the JSDF to rise up and overthrow [[Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution|Article 9]] of the [[Constitution of Japan|1947 Constitution]] to restore autonomous national defense and the divinity of the emperor,<ref name="o-ency-tate" /><ref name="ency-jiken">{{Harvnb|Encyclo|2000|pp=604–606}}</ref> after which Mishima and [[Masakatsu Morita]], the Tatenokai's student leader, committed ''[[seppuku]]'' (ritual suicide).<ref name="ency-jiken"/> The rest of the members, around 90 people, were not informed about Mishima's plan at all.<ref>{{Harvnb|Suzuki|2005|pp=108–109}}</ref> | ||
===Participants=== | ===Participants=== | ||
*[[Yukio Mishima]], | *[[Yukio Mishima]], Captain | ||
**Born: January 14, 1925 - Died: November 25, 1970 | **Born: January 14, 1925 - Died: November 25, 1970 | ||
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**Born: July 25, 1945 - Died: November 25, 1970 | **Born: July 25, 1945 - Died: November 25, 1970 | ||
**1st generation member, the leader of 1st team | **1st generation member, the leader of 1st team | ||
**a {{Nihongo|"suicide squad"|[[:ja:決死隊|決死隊]]|Kesshi-tai|}} member capable of slashing in Tatenokai | |||
**Morita was born in [[Yokkaichi]]-shi, [[Mie Prefecture]], he lost his father and mother to illness one after another when he was a toddler (the year he turns 3 years old), and was raised by his brother, who was 16 years older than him, and other his older sisters.<ref name="resshi-1-4">{{Harvnb|Nakamura|2015|pp=26–32}}</ref><ref name="inu-0">{{Harvnb|Inuzuka|2020|pp=3–20}}</ref> When his older brother and sisters got married, he was left in the care of his childless aunt, and when the aunt's husband died, he grew up living with his aunt in an outhouse on his older brother's house.<ref name="resshi-1-4"/> Morita grew up to be a cheerful and lively person,<ref name="resshi-1-4"/> but his high school diary was filled with his having a romantic notion of death, and his longing for his mother and father, who were likely living happily together in heaven.<ref name="resshi-1-5a">{{Harvnb|Nakamura|2015|pp=32–36}}</ref><ref name="inu-0"/> | **Morita was born in [[Yokkaichi]]-shi, [[Mie Prefecture]], he lost his father and mother to illness one after another when he was a toddler (the year he turns 3 years old), and was raised by his brother, who was 16 years older than him, and other his older sisters.<ref name="resshi-1-4">{{Harvnb|Nakamura|2015|pp=26–32}}</ref><ref name="inu-0">{{Harvnb|Inuzuka|2020|pp=3–20}}</ref> When his older brother and sisters got married, he was left in the care of his childless aunt, and when the aunt's husband died, he grew up living with his aunt in an outhouse on his older brother's house.<ref name="resshi-1-4"/> Morita grew up to be a cheerful and lively person,<ref name="resshi-1-4"/> but his high school diary was filled with his having a romantic notion of death, and his longing for his mother and father, who were likely living happily together in heaven.<ref name="resshi-1-5a">{{Harvnb|Nakamura|2015|pp=32–36}}</ref><ref name="inu-0"/> | ||
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**Born: July 31, 1948 - | **Born: July 31, 1948 - | ||
**2nd generation member, the leader of 5th team | **2nd generation member, the leader of 5th team | ||
**a "Kesshi-tai" member capable of slashing in Tatenokai | |||
**His nickname was "Chibi-Koga", to distinguish him from {{Nihongo|Koga|古賀}}, whose surname has the same pronunciation.<ref name="azusa7-koga">{{Harvnb|Azusa|1996|p=233}}</ref><ref name="nathan8-chibi">{{Harvnb|Nathan-j|2000|p=319}}, {{Harvnb|Nathan-e|1975|p=262}}, {{Harvnb|Nathan-e|2000|p=262}}</ref> Further, he was short in height, and the [[kanji]] character {{Nihongo|"small", "little"|小|ko}} in {{Nihongo|"koga"|小賀}}, so, by extension {{Nihongo|"tiny", "shorty"|チビ|chibi}}.<ref name="nathan8-chibi"/> | **His nickname was "Chibi-Koga", to distinguish him from {{Nihongo|Koga|古賀}}, whose surname has the same pronunciation.<ref name="azusa7-koga">{{Harvnb|Azusa|1996|p=233}}</ref><ref name="nathan8-chibi">{{Harvnb|Nathan-j|2000|p=319}}, {{Harvnb|Nathan-e|1975|p=262}}, {{Harvnb|Nathan-e|2000|p=262}}</ref> Further, he was short in height, and the [[kanji]] character {{Nihongo|"small", "little"|小|ko}} in {{Nihongo|"koga"|小賀}}, so, by extension {{Nihongo|"tiny", "shorty"|チビ|chibi}}.<ref name="nathan8-chibi"/> | ||
**Chibi-Koga was born in [[Arida, Wakayama|Arida]]-shi, [[Wakayama Prefecture]] and lost his father due to illness at a young age.<ref name="date-2a1-2">{{Harvnb|Date|1972|pp=64–67}}</ref><ref name="juro-1-a6">{{Harvnb|Jurō|2005|p=17}}</ref><ref name="nishi-2-5-c">{{Harvnb|Nishi|2020|pp=166–169}}</ref> His mother was a follower of [[Seicho-no-Ie]], a new religion,<ref name="date-2a1-2"/><ref name="juro-1-a6"/><ref name="nishi-2-5-c"/> so he also began attending training sessions for the religion and becoming a follower of it when he was in junior high school.<ref name="date-2a1-2"/><ref name="nishi-2-5-c"/> | **Chibi-Koga was born in [[Arida, Wakayama|Arida]]-shi, [[Wakayama Prefecture]] and lost his father due to illness at a young age.<ref name="date-2a1-2">{{Harvnb|Date|1972|pp=64–67}}</ref><ref name="juro-1-a6">{{Harvnb|Jurō|2005|p=17}}</ref><ref name="nishi-2-5-c">{{Harvnb|Nishi|2020|pp=166–169}}</ref> His mother was a follower of [[Seicho-no-Ie]], a new religion,<ref name="date-2a1-2"/><ref name="juro-1-a6"/><ref name="nishi-2-5-c"/> so he also began attending training sessions for the religion and becoming a follower of it when he was in junior high school.<ref name="date-2a1-2"/><ref name="nishi-2-5-c"/> | ||
| Line 80: | Line 82: | ||
**Born: May 15, 1948 - Died: November 26, 2018 | **Born: May 15, 1948 - Died: November 26, 2018 | ||
**3rd generation member, the leader of 7th team | **3rd generation member, the leader of 7th team | ||
**a "Kesshi-tai" member capable of slashing in Tatenokai | |||
**He was tall and had a small moustache.<ref name="azusa7-koga"/> | **He was tall and had a small moustache.<ref name="azusa7-koga"/> | ||
**Ogawa was born in | **Ogawa was born in [[Sanbu District|Sanbu]]-gun, [[Chiba Prefecture]], and grew up with a father who was a former police officer and a mother who was a former teacher, as a boy interested in the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] and Japanese history.<ref name="date-7b-16a">{{Harvnb|Date|1972|pp=130–133, 247–252}}</ref><ref name="nishi-2-5-b">{{Harvnb|Nishi|2020|pp=158–166}}</ref> Ogawa was usually quiet boy, but had an inner fortitude, and was a member of the {{Nihongo|cheerleading squad|[[:ja:応援団|応援団]]|[[Ōendan]]|}} at high school and university.<ref name="nishi-2-5-b"/> | ||
==Inspired | == Inspired Events == | ||
On 3 March 1977, four Japanese nationalists took 12 hostages at the Keidanren Kaikan (headquarters of the [[Japan Federation of Economic Organizations]]), spreading leaflets at the scene that denounced [[big business]]. The hostages were released, unharmed, after an eleven-hour standoff during which the hostage-takers spoke for more than three hours to Mishima's widow, Yōko. Two of the hostage-takers – Yoshio | On 3 March 1977, four Japanese nationalists took 12 hostages at the Keidanren Kaikan (headquarters of the [[Japan Federation of Economic Organizations]]), spreading leaflets at the scene that denounced [[big business]]. The hostages were released, unharmed, after an eleven-hour standoff during which the hostage-takers spoke for more than three hours to Mishima's widow, Yōko. Two of the hostage-takers – {{Nihongo|Yoshio Itō|伊藤好雄}} and {{Nihongo|Shunichi Nishio|西尾俊一}} – were former members of the Tatenokai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Japanese gunmen hold 12 hostages for 11 hours|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KnAqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ll0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=mishima&pg=5595%2C3280040|access-date=2011-10-24|newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|author=White, Edwin Q.|date=March 4, 1977}}</ref><ref name="keidan">{{Harvnb|Complete42|2005|pp=344–345}}</ref><ref name="mura-5-kd">{{Harvnb|Murata|2015|pp=290–298}}</ref> This incident is called the {{Nihongo|"[[Japan Business Federation]] attack incident"|[[:ja:経団連襲撃事件|経団連襲撃事件]]|Keidanren shugeki jiken|}} in Japan.<ref name="keidan"/><ref name="mura-5-kd"/> | ||
== Notable members other than those involved in the Mishima Incident == | |||
*{{Nihongo|Hiroshi Mochimaru|[[:ja:持丸博|持丸博]]}}, The first Student leader, Waseda University | |||
**Born: 1943 - Died: September 24, 2013 | |||
**1st generation member, the leader of 2nd team | |||
**a "Kesshi-tai" member capable of slashing in Tatenokai | |||
**Mochimaru was born in [[Mito, Ibaraki|Mito]]-shi, [[Ibaraki Prefecture]]. | |||
**He was Mishima's right-hand man, but left the group in the summer of 1969 to marry {{Nihongo|Yoshiko Matsuura|[[:ja:松浦芳子|松浦芳子]]}}, a secretary staff at the Tatenokai, and find employment.<ref name="hs-4-d1">{{Harvnb|Hosaka|2001|pp=223–226}}</ref> | |||
*{{Nihongo|Tsutomu Abe|[[:ja:阿部勉 (民族主義者)|阿部勉]]}}, Waseda University | |||
**Born: August 30, 1946 - Died: October 11, 1999 | |||
**1st generation member, the leader of 5th team | |||
**the leader of 10th team {{Nihongo|"Constitutional Amendment Draft Study Group"|[[:ja:楯の会#憲法改正草案研究会|憲法改正草案研究会]]|Kenpō kaisei souan kenkyu-kai|}} | |||
**Abe was born in [[Senboku District, Akita|Senboku]]-gun, [[Akita Prefecture]]. | |||
**In 1972, after the Mishima Incident, he founded an ethnic nationalist group called ''[[Issuikai]]'' (meaning to hold regular meetings on the first Wednesday of every month).<ref>{{Harvnb|Yamadaira|2004|pp=123–127}}</ref><ref name="mh-4-abe">{{Harvnb|Murata|2015|pp=194–198}}</ref> | |||
*{{Nihongo|Kiyoshi Kuramochi|倉持清}}, Waseda University | |||
**Born: May 14, 1947 - | |||
**1st generation member, the leader of 2nd team | |||
**a "Kesshi-tai" member capable of slashing in Tatenokai | |||
**Kuramochi was born in Ibaraki Prefecture. | |||
**Like Morita, Kuramochi was a candidate for student leader after Hiroshi Mochimaru left the Tatenokai. Mishima had been asked by Kuramochi, who was planning to marry, to act as a matchmaker, so he did not make Kuramochi a participant in the incident and left a will writing this to him.<ref name="hs-0-a2">{{Harvnb|Hosaka|2001|pp=31–34}}</ref> | |||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
| Line 94: | Line 119: | ||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
{{refbegin|30em}} | {{refbegin|30em}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |last=Mishima |first=Yukio |script-title=ja:決定版 三島由紀夫全集 第35巻 評論10 |publisher=[[Shinchosha]] |date=2003 |isbn=978-4-10-642575-2 |language=ja |trans-title=Definitive Edition - Yukio Mishima Complete Works No.35 - Criticisms 10 |ref={{Harvid|Complete35|2003}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |last=Mishima |first=Yukio |script-title=ja:決定版 三島由紀夫全集 第36巻 評論11 |publisher=Shinchosha |date=2003 |isbn=978-4-10-642576-9 |language=ja |trans-title=Definitive Edition - Yukio Mishima Complete Works No.36 - Criticisms 11 |ref={{Harvid|Complete36|2003}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |editor1-last=Satō |editor1-first=Hideaki |editor2-last=Inoue |editor2-first=Takashi |editor3-last=Yamanaka |editor3-first=Takeshi |script-title=ja:決定版 三島由紀夫全集 第42巻 年譜・書誌 |publisher=Shinchosha |date=2005 |isbn=978-4-10-642582-0 |language=ja |trans-title=Definitive Edition - Yukio Mishima Complete Works No.42 - Biographical Sketch and Bibliography |ref={{Harvid|Complete42|2005}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |last=Andō |first=Takeshi |script-title=ja:三島由紀夫の生涯 |publisher=Natsume Shobo |date=1998 |isbn=978-4-931391-39-0 |language=ja |trans-title=The Life of Yukio Mishima |ref={{Harvid|Ando|1998}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |last=Date |first=Munekatsu |script-title=ja:裁判記録「三島由紀夫事件」 |publisher=[[Kodansha]] |date=1972 |id={{NCID|BN0140450X}} |language=ja |trans-title=Judicial Record of the "Mishima Incident" |ref={{Harvid|Date|1972}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |last=Fukushima |first=Jurō |script-title=ja:再訂資料・三島由紀夫|publisher=Chobunsha |date=2005 |orig-date=1st pub. Shinjinbutu Ōraisha:1975 |edition=Enlarged |isbn=978-4-88695-180-9 |language=ja |trans-title=Re-Edition Document - Yukio Mishima |ref={{Harvid|Jurō|2005}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |editor1-last=Hasegawa |editor1-first=Izumi |editor2-last=Takeda |editor2-first=Katsuhiko |script-title=ja:三島由紀夫事典 |publisher=Meiji Shoin |date=1976 |id={{NCID|BN01686605}} |isbn=978-4-625-40025-4 |language=ja |trans-title=Encyclopedia of Yukio Mishima |ref={{Harvid|O-Encyclo|1976}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |last=Hiraoka |first=Azusa |script-title=ja:伜・三島由紀夫 |publisher=[[Bungeishunjū]] |date=1996 |orig-date=1st pub. 1972 |series=Bunshu Bunko |edition=Paperback |isbn=978-4-16-716204-7 |language=ja |trans-title=My Son - Yukio Mishima |ref={{Harvid|Azusa|1996}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |last=Hosaka |first=Masayasu |script-title=ja:三島由紀夫と楯の会事件 |publisher=[[Kadokawa Shoten]] |date=2001 |orig-date=1st pub. Kodansha:1980 |edition=Enlarged/Revised |series=Kadokawa Bunko |isbn=978-4-04-355602-1 |language=ja |trans-title=Yukio Mishima and the Tatenokai Incident |ref={{Harvid|Hosaka|2001}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |last=Inuzuka |first=Kiyoshi |script-title=ja:三島由紀夫と死んだ男―森田必勝の生涯 |publisher=[[Shumei University]] Shuppan-kai |date=2020 |isbn=978-4-915855-40-5 |language=ja |trans-title=The Man who Died with Yukio Mishima: The Life of [[Masakatsu Morita]] |ref={{Harvid|Inuzuka|2020}}}} | ||
* {{Cite book |editor-last= |script-title=ja:万葉集 |publisher=Kadokawa Shoten |date=2001 |series=Kadokawa Sophia Bunko - Beginner's Classics |isbn=978-4-04-357406-3 |language=ja |trans-title=[[Man'yōshū]] |ref={{Harvid|Manyo-kado|2001}}}} | |||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |editor1-last=Matsumoto |editor1-first=Tōru |editor2-last=Satō |editor2-first=Hideaki |editor3-last=Inoue |editor3-first=Takashi |script-title=ja:三島由紀夫事典|publisher=Bensei Shuppan |date=2000 |isbn=978-4-585-06018-5 |language=ja |trans-title=Encyclopedia of Yukio Mishima |ref={{Harvid|Encyclo|2000}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |last=Murakami |first=Takeo |script-title=ja:君たちには分からない―「楯の會」で見た三島由紀夫 |publisher=Shinchosha |date=2010 |isbn=978-4-10-327851-1 |language=ja |trans-title=You Guys don't Understand: Yukio Mishima that I Saw in "Tatenokai" |ref={{Harvid|Murakami|2010}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |last=Murata |first=Haruki |script-title=ja:三島由紀夫が生きた時代―楯の会と森田必勝 |publisher=Seirindo |date=2015 |isbn=978-4-7926-0532-2 |language=ja |trans-title=The Period when Yukio Mishima was Alive: The Tatenokai and Masakatsu Morita |ref={{Harvid|Murata|2015}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |last=Nakamura |first=Akihiko |script-title=ja:三島事件 もう一人の主役―烈士と呼ばれた森田必勝 |publisher=WAC inc. |date=2015 |orig-date=1st pub. Bungeishunjū:2000 |edition=Enlarged |isbn=978-4-89831-729-7 |language=ja |trans-title=Another Protagonist of the Mishima Incident: Masakatsu Morita who Called an Upright Man |ref={{Harvid|Nakamura|2015}}}} | ||
* {{Cite book |last=Nathan |first=John |title=Mishima: A | * {{Cite book |last=Nathan |first=John |author-link=John Nathan |title=Mishima: A Biography |location=[[North Clarendon, Vermont]] |publisher=[[Tuttle Publishing]] |date=1975 |orig-date=1st pub. [[Little, Brown and Company]]:1974 |series=Tut books |isbn=978-4805304020 |ref={{Harvid|Nathan-e|1975}}}} | ||
* {{Cite book |last=Nathan |first=John |title=Mishima: A | ** {{Cite book |last=Nathan |first=John |title=Mishima: A Biography |location=[[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] |publisher=[[Da Capo Press]] |date=2000 |edition=New |isbn=978-0-306-80977-4 |ref={{Harvid|Nathan-e|2000}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |last=Nathan |first=John |translator-last=Noguchi |translator-first=Takehiko |script-title=ja:新版 三島由紀夫─ある評伝 |publisher=Shinchosha |date=2000 |orig-date=1st pub. 1976 (an out-of-print book) |edition=New/Revised |isbn=978-4-10-505702-2 |language=ja |trans-title=New edition - Mishima: A Biography |ref={{Harvid|Nathan-j|2000}}}} | ||
* {{Cite book |last=Nishi |first=Hōtaro |script-title=ja:三島由紀夫事件 50年目の証言―警察と自衛隊は何を知っていたか |publisher=Shinchosha |date=2020 |isbn=978-4-10-353581-2 |language=ja |trans-title=Yukio Mishima Incident - Testimonies of 50 Years Later: What did the Police and the Self-Defense Forces Know |ref={{Harvid|Nishi|2020}}}} | |||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |editor1-last=Satake |editor1-first=Akihiro |editor2-last=Yamada |editor2-first=Hideo |script-title=ja:万葉集（五） |publisher=[[Iwanami Shoten]] |date=2015 |series=Iwanami Bunko |isbn=978-4-00-300058-8 |language=ja |trans-title=Man'yōshū (5) |ref={{Harvid|Manyo5-iwa|2015}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |editor1-last=Suzuki |editor1-first=Ayumi |editor2-last=Tamura |editor2-first=Tsukasa |script-title=ja:火群のゆくへ―元楯の会会員たちの心の軌跡 |publisher=Hakurosha |date=2015 |isbn=978-4-434-07066-2 |language=ja |trans-title=Whereabouts of the Flames: The Trajectories of Their Hearts who once Belonged to the Tatenokai |ref={{Harvid|Suzuki|2005}}}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite book |last=Yamadaira |first=Shigeki |script-title=ja:最後の浪人 阿部勉伝―酒抱きてけふも堕ちなん |publisher=J's Keibunsha |date=2004 |isbn=978-4-905848-50-9 |language=ja |trans-title=A Biography of The Last [[Rōnin]], Tsutomu Abe: With a Sake Bottle in His Arms, He will Fall Again Today |ref={{Harvid|Yamadaira|2004}}}} | ||
* {{Cite book |editor-last= |script-title=ja:新潮 臨時増刊 三島由紀夫 没後三十年 |publisher=Shinchosha |date=2000 |id={{NCID|BA49508943}} |asin=B007GZUN4K |language=ja |trans-title=Shinchō - Extra Special Issue: Yukio Mishima 30 Years After His Death |ref={{Harvid|Shincho30|2000}}}} | |||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
Revision as of 20:43, 14 June 2025
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox militant organization
The Script error: No such module "Nihongo". or Shield Society was a private militia in Japan dedicated to traditional Japanese values and veneration of the Emperor.[1][2][3] It was founded and led by author Yukio Mishima.[2] The private militia was officially founded in 1968 for the purpose of preventing indirect aggression by proponents of foreign ideology seeking to destroy Japanese traditional culture, and protecting the dignity of the Emperor as a symbol of Japan's national identity.[4][2][5]
The name of Tatenokai comes from two classical waka, one from the 7th century Asuka period and the other from the 19th century Edo period, which express the determination to become a shield to protect the Emperor.[2][6][7]
Background
The Tatenokai was a militia organization that took over from its predecessor, the Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., which was founded in 1967.[2] The original members were the staff of New Right monthly magazine Script error: No such module "Nihongo". and several Waseda University students.[8] They had enlisted in the Japan Self-Defense Forces with Yukio Mishima in 1967, and after changing its name to Tatenokai, the group gradually increased its membership by allowing new students to enlist in the JSDF.[8]
The Tatenokai was officially founded on October 5, 1968. Mishima decided to increase the size of the private army due to his growing alarm over the scale of left-wing protests in Japan and to this end placed recruitment advertisements in right-wing newspapers. Membership ultimately rose to 100 members, most of whom were students at Waseda University.[9] Along with outdoor activities, the members, who joined voluntarily, were subjected to rigorous physical training that included kendo and long-distance running.[9]
Origin of the Name
The name "Tatenokai" (楯の会) was inspired by two traditional Japanese waka poems: A poem from the Script error: No such module "Nihongo". seriesTemplate:Efn included in the Man'yōshū, and a poem by 19th century poet Tachibana Akemi.[2][6][7]
今日よりは 顧みなくて 大君の 醜の御楯と 出で立つ我は
(Kyō yori wa Kaeri minakute Ōkimi no Shiko no mi-tate to Idetatsu ware wa)Template:Efn
From today onwards, / Without any regard for myself, / I set out to become, / (although my shield may be insignificant,) / A strong shield for the Great Lord Emperor.
— Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., Script error: No such module "Nihongo".[6]
大皇の 醜の御楯と いふ物は 如此る物ぞと 進め真前に
(Ōkimi no Shiko no mi-tate to Iu mono wa Kakaru mono zo to Susume masaki ni)
For the Great Lord Emperor, / (although my shield may be insignificant,) / Thinking this is what a strong shield should be, / I bravely forge ahead.
— 橘曙覧 (Tachibana Akemi)[10]
Regarding the writing, initially, they planned to write the name Script error: No such module "Nihongo". in all kanji, like the Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., a Sonnō jōi organization of the Chōshū Domain at the Bakumatsu (end of the Edo period),[11][12] however, some members felt that using only kanji was too stiff, so they decided to add the hiragana Script error: No such module "Nihongo". to make it Script error: No such module "Nihongo". to add a softer nuance.[11][10]
1970 coup attempt
Template:Conservatism in Japan Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". On November 25, 1970 Mishima and four Tatenokai members briefly seized control of the Japan Self-Defense Force's headquarters and attempted to rally the soldiers to stage a coup d'état, and unsuccessfully tried to inspire the JSDF to rise up and overthrow Article 9 of the 1947 Constitution to restore autonomous national defense and the divinity of the emperor,[2][13] after which Mishima and Masakatsu Morita, the Tatenokai's student leader, committed seppuku (ritual suicide).[13] The rest of the members, around 90 people, were not informed about Mishima's plan at all.[14]
Participants
- Yukio Mishima, Captain
- Born: January 14, 1925 - Died: November 25, 1970
- Masakatsu Morita, Student leader, Waseda University
- Born: July 25, 1945 - Died: November 25, 1970
- 1st generation member, the leader of 1st team
- a Script error: No such module "Nihongo". member capable of slashing in Tatenokai
- Morita was born in Yokkaichi-shi, Mie Prefecture, he lost his father and mother to illness one after another when he was a toddler (the year he turns 3 years old), and was raised by his brother, who was 16 years older than him, and other his older sisters.[15][16] When his older brother and sisters got married, he was left in the care of his childless aunt, and when the aunt's husband died, he grew up living with his aunt in an outhouse on his older brother's house.[15] Morita grew up to be a cheerful and lively person,[15] but his high school diary was filled with his having a romantic notion of death, and his longing for his mother and father, who were likely living happily together in heaven.[17][16]
- Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., Kanagawa University
- Born: July 31, 1948 -
- 2nd generation member, the leader of 5th team
- a "Kesshi-tai" member capable of slashing in Tatenokai
- His nickname was "Chibi-Koga", to distinguish him from Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., whose surname has the same pronunciation.[18][19] Further, he was short in height, and the kanji character Script error: No such module "Nihongo". in Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., so, by extension Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..[19]
- Chibi-Koga was born in Arida-shi, Wakayama Prefecture and lost his father due to illness at a young age.[20][21][22] His mother was a follower of Seicho-no-Ie, a new religion,[20][21][22] so he also began attending training sessions for the religion and becoming a follower of it when he was in junior high school.[20][22]
- Hiroyasu Koga, Kanagawa University
- Born: August 15, 1947 -
- 2nd generation member, the vice leader of 5th team
- His nickname was "Furu-Koga".[18] The kanji character Script error: No such module "Nihongo". in Script error: No such module "Nihongo". can also be read as Script error: No such module "Nihongo". in kun'yomi.
- Furu-Koga was born in Takigawa-shi, Hokkaido, and his father, a former elementary school principal, was a lecturer at Seicho-no-Ie headquarters,[20][21][23] so he started participating in training sessions and becoming a believer in the religion in high school.[20][23]
- Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., Meiji Gakuin University
- Born: May 15, 1948 - Died: November 26, 2018
- 3rd generation member, the leader of 7th team
- a "Kesshi-tai" member capable of slashing in Tatenokai
- He was tall and had a small moustache.[18]
- Ogawa was born in Sanbu-gun, Chiba Prefecture, and grew up with a father who was a former police officer and a mother who was a former teacher, as a boy interested in the Emperor and Japanese history.[24][25] Ogawa was usually quiet boy, but had an inner fortitude, and was a member of the Script error: No such module "Nihongo". at high school and university.[25]
Inspired Events
On 3 March 1977, four Japanese nationalists took 12 hostages at the Keidanren Kaikan (headquarters of the Japan Federation of Economic Organizations), spreading leaflets at the scene that denounced big business. The hostages were released, unharmed, after an eleven-hour standoff during which the hostage-takers spoke for more than three hours to Mishima's widow, Yōko. Two of the hostage-takers – Script error: No such module "Nihongo". and Script error: No such module "Nihongo". – were former members of the Tatenokai.[26][27][28] This incident is called the Script error: No such module "Nihongo". in Japan.[27][28]
Notable members other than those involved in the Mishima Incident
- Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., The first Student leader, Waseda University
- Born: 1943 - Died: September 24, 2013
- 1st generation member, the leader of 2nd team
- a "Kesshi-tai" member capable of slashing in Tatenokai
- Mochimaru was born in Mito-shi, Ibaraki Prefecture.
- He was Mishima's right-hand man, but left the group in the summer of 1969 to marry Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., a secretary staff at the Tatenokai, and find employment.[29]
- Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., Waseda University
- Born: August 30, 1946 - Died: October 11, 1999
- 1st generation member, the leader of 5th team
- the leader of 10th team Script error: No such module "Nihongo".
- Abe was born in Senboku-gun, Akita Prefecture.
- In 1972, after the Mishima Incident, he founded an ethnic nationalist group called Issuikai (meaning to hold regular meetings on the first Wednesday of every month).[30][31]
- Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., Waseda University
- Born: May 14, 1947 -
- 1st generation member, the leader of 2nd team
- a "Kesshi-tai" member capable of slashing in Tatenokai
- Kuramochi was born in Ibaraki Prefecture.
- Like Morita, Kuramochi was a candidate for student leader after Hiroshi Mochimaru left the Tatenokai. Mishima had been asked by Kuramochi, who was planning to marry, to act as a matchmaker, so he did not make Kuramochi a participant in the incident and left a will writing this to him.[32]
Notes
References
Sources
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- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Template:Yukio Mishima Template:Shōwa nationalism Template:Authority control
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". collected in Script error: No such module "Footnotes". (of that in pp.33–35)
- ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". collected in Script error: No such module "Footnotes". (of that in pp.724–725), Script error: No such module "Footnotes". (of that in pp.77–78)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Nihongo". Yukio Mishima's suicide (Script error: No such module "Footnotes".)
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes"., Script error: No such module "Footnotes"., Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".