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Historically, the term was used to refer to [[List of government-owned airlines|airlines owned by the government of their home country]] and associated with the national identity of that country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travel-truths/flag-carriers-death-of-legacy-airlines-air-france/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travel-truths/flag-carriers-death-of-legacy-airlines-air-france/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The slow death of the flag carrier: Could state-owned airlines become a thing of the past?|last=Morris|first=Hugh|date=17 March 2019|website=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|quote=Malaysia is the latest nation to see its flag carrier – a label that in times gone by indicated a government-owned airline, and one that embodied a country's national identity – teeter on the brink.}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Such an airline may also be known as a '''national airline''' or a '''national carrier''', although this can have different legal meanings in some countries. Today, it is any international airline with a strong connection to its home country or that represents its home country internationally, regardless of whether it is government-owned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2018/05/25/palestinian-airlines-the-homeless-flag-carrier/|title=Palestinian Airlines: The Homeless Flag Carrier|last=McMurtry|first=Ian|date=25 May 2018|website=AirlineGeeks.com|language=en-US|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://atwonline.com/airlines/interview-ceo-aims-make-virgin-atlantic-uk-s-second-flag-carrier|title=Interview: CEO aims to make Virgin Atlantic UK's second flag carrier|last=Moores|first=Victoria|date=24 May 2019|website=atwonline.com|language=en|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref>
Historically, the term was used to refer to [[List of government-owned airlines|airlines owned by the government of their home country]] and associated with the national identity of that country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travel-truths/flag-carriers-death-of-legacy-airlines-air-france/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travel-truths/flag-carriers-death-of-legacy-airlines-air-france/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The slow death of the flag carrier: Could state-owned airlines become a thing of the past?|last=Morris|first=Hugh|date=17 March 2019|website=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|quote=Malaysia is the latest nation to see its flag carrier – a label that in times gone by indicated a government-owned airline, and one that embodied a country's national identity – teeter on the brink.}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Such an airline may also be known as a '''national airline''' or a '''national carrier''', although this can have different legal meanings in some countries. Today, it is any international airline with a strong connection to its home country or that represents its home country internationally, regardless of whether it is government-owned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2018/05/25/palestinian-airlines-the-homeless-flag-carrier/|title=Palestinian Airlines: The Homeless Flag Carrier|last=McMurtry|first=Ian|date=25 May 2018|website=AirlineGeeks.com|language=en-US|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://atwonline.com/airlines/interview-ceo-aims-make-virgin-atlantic-uk-s-second-flag-carrier|title=Interview: CEO aims to make Virgin Atlantic UK's second flag carrier|last=Moores|first=Victoria|date=24 May 2019|website=atwonline.com|language=en|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref>


Flag carriers may also be known as such due to laws requiring aircraft or ships to display the state [[flag]] of the country of their [[Flag state|registry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/flag-carrier.html |title=flag carrier definition |publisher=Businessdictionary.com |access-date=22 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061238/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/flag-carrier.html|archive-date=23 October 2013}}</ref> For example, under the law of the United States, a '''U.S. flag air carrier''' is any airline that holds a certificate under Section 401 of the [[Federal Aviation Act of 1958]] (i.e., any U.S.-based airline operating internationally),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dartmouth.edu/~control/travel/listofusflagcarriers.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606130907/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~control/travel/listofusflagcarriers.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2010|title=List of U.S. Flag Air Carriers|website=www.dartmouth.edu|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref>and any ship registered in the United States is known as a '''U.S. flag vessel'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usocean.com/|title=USOcean.com – U.S. Flag Carrier|language=en-US|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref>
Flag carriers may also be known as such due to laws requiring aircraft or ships to display the state [[flag]] of the country of their [[Flag state|registry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/flag-carrier.html |title=flag carrier definition |publisher=Businessdictionary.com |access-date=22 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061238/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/flag-carrier.html|archive-date=23 October 2013}}</ref> For example, under the law of the United States, a '''U.S. flag air carrier''' is any airline that holds a certificate under Section 401 of the [[Federal Aviation Act of 1958]] (i.e., any U.S.-based airline operating internationally),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dartmouth.edu/~control/travel/listofusflagcarriers.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606130907/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~control/travel/listofusflagcarriers.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2010|title=List of U.S. Flag Air Carriers|website=www.dartmouth.edu|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> and any ship registered in the United States is known as a '''U.S. flag vessel'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usocean.com/|title=USOcean.com – U.S. Flag Carrier|language=en-US|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
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| {{BHS}} || [[Bahamasair]]<ref name="Bahamasair orders five ATR -600 aircraft" /> || State-owned<ref name="Gov't considers Bahamasair withdrawal from local market" /> ||
| {{BHS}} || [[Bahamasair]]<ref name="Bahamasair orders five ATR -600 aircraft" /> || State-owned<ref name="Gov't considers Bahamasair withdrawal from local market" /> ||
|-
|-
| {{BHR}} || [[Gulf Air]]<ref name="Gulf Air reveals new branding, prepares for first 787" />|| State-owned<ref name="Gulf Air" /> ||
| {{BHR}} || [[Gulf Air]]<ref name="Bahrain's Gulf Air sets long-touted US flights in motion" />|| State-owned<ref name="Gulf Air" /> ||
|-
|-
| {{BGD}} || [[Biman Bangladesh Airlines]]<ref name="UK restores Bangladesh cargo link, with caveats" />|| Public limited company || State-owned until 23 July 2007.
| {{BGD}} || [[Biman Bangladesh Airlines]]<ref name="UK restores Bangladesh cargo link, with caveats" />|| Public limited company || State-owned until 23 July 2007.
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| {{CPV}} || [[Cabo Verde Airlines]]<ref name="Cape Verde's airline rebranch">{{cite news|title=TACV rebrands to Cabo Verde Airlines and plans to partner with TAAG|url=https://newsroom.aviator.aero/tacv-rebrands-to-cabo-verde-airlines-and-plans-to-partner-with-taag|access-date=19 January 2025|work=Aviator|date=5 May 2018}}</ref>|| Majority (90%)<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Cabo Verde Airlines |url=https://www.caboverdeairlines.com/corporate/about-cabo-verde-airlines.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.caboverdeairlines.com}}</ref>||
| {{CPV}} || [[Cabo Verde Airlines]]<ref name="Cape Verde's airline rebranch">{{cite news|title=TACV rebrands to Cabo Verde Airlines and plans to partner with TAAG|url=https://newsroom.aviator.aero/tacv-rebrands-to-cabo-verde-airlines-and-plans-to-partner-with-taag|access-date=19 January 2025|work=Aviator|date=5 May 2018}}</ref>|| Majority (90%)<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Cabo Verde Airlines |url=https://www.caboverdeairlines.com/corporate/about-cabo-verde-airlines.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.caboverdeairlines.com}}</ref>||
|-
|-
| {{CYM}} || [[Cayman Airways]] || State-owned <ref name="Cayman Airways – Our History" /> ||
| {{CYM}} || [[Cayman Airways]] || State-owned<ref name="Cayman Airways – Our History" /> ||
|-
|-
| {{CHL}} || [[LATAM Chile]]<ref name="BOC Aviation to lease one new A320-200 to LAN" /><ref name="ATAM Kicks Off Regular Flights, Announces Johannesburg" /> || None || State-owned until September 1989.<ref name="lancargo history" />
| {{CHL}} || [[LATAM Chile]]<ref name="BOC Aviation to lease one new A320-200 to LAN" /><ref name="ATAM Kicks Off Regular Flights, Announces Johannesburg" /> || None || State-owned until September 1989.<ref name="lancargo history" />
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Minority (20.05%) in the [[Lufthansa Group]] acquired in 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Shareholder structure of Lufthansa Group |url=https://investor-relations.lufthansagroup.com/en/share-bonds/shareholder-structure.html |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 2020 |title=Lufthansa-Aktionäre stimmen Staatseinstieg zu |language=de |publisher=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/unternehmen/lufthansa-aktionaere-stimmen-staatseinstieg-zu-16832849.html |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> was sold in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=760 Millionen: Bund mit Gewinn bei Lufthansa ausgestiegen |url=https://www.zdf.de/uri/0635ffb0-6916-4439-8b4f-610c9f3738b3 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.zdf.de |language=de}}</ref>
Minority (20.05%) in the [[Lufthansa Group]] acquired in 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Shareholder structure of Lufthansa Group |url=https://investor-relations.lufthansagroup.com/en/share-bonds/shareholder-structure.html |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 2020 |title=Lufthansa-Aktionäre stimmen Staatseinstieg zu |language=de |publisher=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/unternehmen/lufthansa-aktionaere-stimmen-staatseinstieg-zu-16832849.html |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> was sold in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=760 Millionen: Bund mit Gewinn bei Lufthansa ausgestiegen |url=https://www.zdf.de/uri/0635ffb0-6916-4439-8b4f-610c9f3738b3 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.zdf.de |language=de}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{GRC}} || [[Aegean Airlines]]<ref name="Aegean 1Q losses widen as it invests in capacity" /> || || Previously the Greek Government had minority shares of the airline due to a COVID bailout. The airline bought back government shares in 2023 <ref>{{cite web |title=Aegean Airlines mulls buying back Greek gov't warrants |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/133990-aegean-airlines-mulls-buying-back-greek-govt-warrants |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
| {{GRC}} || [[Aegean Airlines]]<ref name="Aegean 1Q losses widen as it invests in capacity" /> || || Previously the Greek Government had minority shares of the airline due to a COVID bailout. The airline bought back government shares in 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Aegean Airlines mulls buying back Greek gov't warrants |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/133990-aegean-airlines-mulls-buying-back-greek-govt-warrants |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{GRL}} || [[Air Greenland]]<ref name="Airline News-1 May 2015" /> || State-owned<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our history {{!}} Air Greenland |url=https://airgreenland.com/about-us/the-history-of-air-greenland/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=airgreenland.com}}</ref>||Previously owned by [[SAS Group|Scandinavian Airlines]] and [[Ministry of Finance (Denmark)|Ministry of Finance of Denmark]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=redaktionen |date=2019-05-29 |title=Grønland køber Air Greenland |url=https://www.sermitsiaq.ag/samfund/gronland-kober-air-greenland/510903 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.sermitsiaq.ag |language=da-DK}}</ref>
| {{GRL}} || [[Air Greenland]]<ref name="Airline News-1 May 2015" /> || State-owned<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our history {{!}} Air Greenland |url=https://airgreenland.com/about-us/the-history-of-air-greenland/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=airgreenland.com}}</ref>||Previously owned by [[SAS Group|Scandinavian Airlines]] and [[Ministry of Finance (Denmark)|Ministry of Finance of Denmark]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=redaktionen |date=2019-05-29 |title=Grønland køber Air Greenland |url=https://www.sermitsiaq.ag/samfund/gronland-kober-air-greenland/510903 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.sermitsiaq.ag |language=da-DK}}</ref>
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| {{ISL}} || [[Icelandair]]<ref name="Icelandair faces indefinite strike action" /> || None – owned by [[Icelandair Group]]<ref>{{cite web |title=20 largest shareholders as of 08.09.2021 |url=https://www.icelandairgroup.is/investors/shares/shareholders/ |website=Icelandair Group |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>||
| {{ISL}} || [[Icelandair]]<ref name="Icelandair faces indefinite strike action" /> || None – owned by [[Icelandair Group]]<ref>{{cite web |title=20 largest shareholders as of 08.09.2021 |url=https://www.icelandairgroup.is/investors/shares/shareholders/ |website=Icelandair Group |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>||
|-
|-
| {{IND}} || [[Air India]]<ref name="Plane paint: Top 10 Indian liveries" /> || None – owned by [[Tata Group]] and [[Singapore Airlines]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-air-india-vistara-merger-takes-off-fleets-of-both-airlines-to-formally-combine-today-all-you-need-to-know-3662432/ |title=Air India-Vistara merger takes off: Fleets of both airlines to formally combine today – All you need to know |date=12 November 2024 |access-date=12 November 2024 |work=The Financial Express}}</ref>||State-owned until November 2021.<ref name="Plane paint: Top 10 Indian liveries" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=8 October 2021|title=Air India: Struggling national carrier sold to Tata Sons|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58778274|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=8 Oct 2021|title=Sentiments and business: What Air India acquisition means for Tatas - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sentiments-and-business-what-air-india-acquisition-means-for-tata/articleshow/86871669.cms|access-date=11 October 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
| {{IND}} || [[Air India]]<ref name="Plane paint: Top 10 Indian liveries" /> || None – owned by [[Tata Group]] (74.9%) and [[Singapore Airlines]] (25.1%) <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-air-india-vistara-merger-takes-off-fleets-of-both-airlines-to-formally-combine-today-all-you-need-to-know-3662432/ |title=Air India-Vistara merger takes off: Fleets of both airlines to formally combine today – All you need to know |date=12 November 2024 |access-date=12 November 2024 |work=The Financial Express}}</ref>||State-owned until November 2021.<ref name="Plane paint: Top 10 Indian liveries" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=8 October 2021|title=Air India: Struggling national carrier sold to Tata Sons|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58778274|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=8 Oct 2021|title=Sentiments and business: What Air India acquisition means for Tatas - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sentiments-and-business-what-air-india-acquisition-means-for-tata/articleshow/86871669.cms|access-date=11 October 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{IDN}} || [[Garuda Indonesia]]<ref name="Garuda Indonesia may be forced to change Amsterdam service" />|| Majority (60.54%)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idx.co.id/|title=Indonesia Stock Exchange|website=Indonesia Stock Exchange|language=en|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>||
| {{IDN}} || [[Garuda Indonesia]]<ref name="Garuda Indonesia may be forced to change Amsterdam service" />|| Majority (60.54%)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idx.co.id/|title=Indonesia Stock Exchange|website=Indonesia Stock Exchange|language=en|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>||
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<ref name="Bahamasair orders five ATR -600 aircraft">{{cite news|title=Bahamasair orders five ATR -600 aircraft |first1=Linda |last1=Blachly |publisher=[[Air Transport World]] |date=17 June 2015 |url=http://atwonline.com/airframes/bahamasair-orders-five-atr-600-aircraft |quote=Bahamasair, the national flag carrier of Bahamas, has placed a firm order for two 70- seat ATR 72-600s and three 50-seat ATR 42-600s. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617102957/http://atwonline.com/airframes/bahamasair-orders-five-atr-600-aircraft |archive-date=17 June 2015 }}&nbsp;</ref>
<ref name="Bahamasair orders five ATR -600 aircraft">{{cite news|title=Bahamasair orders five ATR -600 aircraft |first1=Linda |last1=Blachly |publisher=[[Air Transport World]] |date=17 June 2015 |url=http://atwonline.com/airframes/bahamasair-orders-five-atr-600-aircraft |quote=Bahamasair, the national flag carrier of Bahamas, has placed a firm order for two 70- seat ATR 72-600s and three 50-seat ATR 42-600s. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617102957/http://atwonline.com/airframes/bahamasair-orders-five-atr-600-aircraft |archive-date=17 June 2015 }}&nbsp;</ref>
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<ref name="Bahrain's Gulf Air sets long-touted US flights in motion">{{cite news|title= Bahrain's Gulf Air sets long-touted US flights in motion|first= Dominik |last= Sipinski|publisher= ch-aviation GmbH|date= 7 December 2022|url= https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/122305-bahrains-gulf-air-sets-long-touted-us-flights-in-motion|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250602012717/https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/122305-bahrains-gulf-air-sets-long-touted-us-flights-in-motion|archive-date= 2 June 2025}}</ref>
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<ref name="Belarus aims to privatise Belavia in 2013, with Russian carriers the most likely suitors">{{cite news|title=Belarus aims to privatise Belavia in 2013, with Russian carriers the most likely suitors |work=Centre for Aviation |date=10 May 2012 |url=http://www.centreforaviation.com/analysis/belarus-aims-to-privatise-belavia-in-2013-with-russian-carriers-the-most-likely-suitors-73425 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512223308/http://www.centreforaviation.com/analysis/belarus-aims-to-privatise-belavia-in-2013-with-russian-carriers-the-most-likely-suitors-73425 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
<ref name="Belarus aims to privatise Belavia in 2013, with Russian carriers the most likely suitors">{{cite news|title=Belarus aims to privatise Belavia in 2013, with Russian carriers the most likely suitors |work=Centre for Aviation |date=10 May 2012 |url=http://www.centreforaviation.com/analysis/belarus-aims-to-privatise-belavia-in-2013-with-russian-carriers-the-most-likely-suitors-73425 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512223308/http://www.centreforaviation.com/analysis/belarus-aims-to-privatise-belavia-in-2013-with-russian-carriers-the-most-likely-suitors-73425 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
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<ref name="Guernsey States' ownership of Aurigny 'essential'">{{cite news|title=Guernsey States' ownership of Aurigny 'essential' |work=[[BBC News]] |date=20 November 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-guernsey-20408733 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018174809/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-guernsey-20408733 |archive-date=18 October 2014 }}&nbsp;</ref>
<ref name="Guernsey States' ownership of Aurigny 'essential'">{{cite news|title=Guernsey States' ownership of Aurigny 'essential' |work=[[BBC News]] |date=20 November 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-guernsey-20408733 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018174809/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-guernsey-20408733 |archive-date=18 October 2014 }}&nbsp;</ref>
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<ref name="Gulf Air reveals new branding, prepares for first 787">{{cite news|title= Gulf Air reveals new branding, prepares for first 787|first= Alan|last= Dron|publisher= [[Air Transport World]]|date= 6 April 2018|url= http://atwonline.com/airframes/gulf-air-reveals-new-branding-prepares-first-787|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180413063537/http://atwonline.com/airframes/gulf-air-reveals-new-branding-prepares-first-787|archive-date= 13 April 2018|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
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<ref name="Hahn Air’s new partner Aurigny now available in 190 markets">{{cite press release|title=Hahn Air's new partner Aurigny now available in 190 markets |publisher=Hahn Air |date=8 October 2014 |url=https://www.hahnair.com/en/ticketing/news/2014-10-08/hahn-air-s-new-partner-aurigny-now-available-190-markets |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018175543/https://www.hahnair.com/en/ticketing/news/2014-10-08/hahn-air-s-new-partner-aurigny-now-available-190-markets |archive-date=18 October 2014 }}&nbsp;</ref>
<ref name="Hahn Air’s new partner Aurigny now available in 190 markets">{{cite press release|title=Hahn Air's new partner Aurigny now available in 190 markets |publisher=Hahn Air |date=8 October 2014 |url=https://www.hahnair.com/en/ticketing/news/2014-10-08/hahn-air-s-new-partner-aurigny-now-available-190-markets |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018175543/https://www.hahnair.com/en/ticketing/news/2014-10-08/hahn-air-s-new-partner-aurigny-now-available-190-markets |archive-date=18 October 2014 }}&nbsp;</ref>

Revision as of 12:51, 20 June 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Use dmy dates

File:4X-EDB Micha.jpg
A Boeing 787-9 of El Al, Israel's flag carrier

A flag carrier is a transport company, such as an airline or shipping company, that, being locally registered in a given sovereign state, enjoys preferential rights or privileges accorded by that government for international operations.

Historically, the term was used to refer to airlines owned by the government of their home country and associated with the national identity of that country.[1] Such an airline may also be known as a national airline or a national carrier, although this can have different legal meanings in some countries. Today, it is any international airline with a strong connection to its home country or that represents its home country internationally, regardless of whether it is government-owned.[2][3]

Flag carriers may also be known as such due to laws requiring aircraft or ships to display the state flag of the country of their registry.[4] For example, under the law of the United States, a U.S. flag air carrier is any airline that holds a certificate under Section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (i.e., any U.S.-based airline operating internationally),[5] and any ship registered in the United States is known as a U.S. flag vessel.[6]

Background

File:4X-ACA - Ekron Air Base ca 27-09-1948.jpg
A Douglas DC-4 owned and operated by El Al - the flag carrier of Israel - in 1948

The term "flag carrier" is a legacy of the early days of commercial aviation when governments often took the lead by establishing state-owned airlines because of the high capital costs of running them. However, not all such airlines were government-owned; Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned, but were considered to be flag carriers[7] as they were the "main national airline"[8] and often a sign of their country's presence abroad.[9][10]

The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are often negotiated between governments, denying airlines access to an open market. These Bilateral Air Transport Agreements similar to the Bermuda I and Bermuda II agreements specify rights awardable only to locally registered airlines, forcing some governments to jump-start airlines to avoid being disadvantaged in the face of foreign competition. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israel's El Al[11] or Lebanon's Middle East Airlines[12] for nationalist reasons or to aid the country's economy, particularly in the area of tourism.[13]

In many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited or heavily regulated to avoid direct competition.[14] Even where privately run airlines may be allowed to be established, the flag carriers may still be accorded priority, especially in the apportionment of aviation rights to local or international markets.[15]

Near the end of the 20th century, many of these airlines have been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, while others have been completely privatized.[16] The aviation industry has also been gradually deregulated and liberalized,[17] permitting greater freedoms of the air particularly in the United States and in the European Union with the signing of the Open Skies agreement.[18] One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve international routes with the result that there is no single "flag carrier".[19]

List of flag-carrying airlines

The chart below lists airlines considered to be a "flag carrier", based on current or former state ownership or other verifiable designation as a national airline.

Country or Region Airline Details of current state ownership Details of former state ownership
Script error: No such module "flag". Ariana Afghan Airlines[20] State-owned[21]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Albania[22] Minority state-owned by Albcontrol (10%)[23]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Algérie[24] State-owned[25]
Script error: No such module "flag". TAAG Angola Airlines[26] Majority[27]
Script error: No such module "flag". Aerolíneas Argentinas[28] State-owned[28]
Script error: No such module "flag". Aruba Airlines[29] None
Script error: No such module "flag". Qantas[30] None State-owned until 1992.[31]
Script error: No such module "flag". Austrian Airlines[32] None – owned by Lufthansa State-owned until 5 December 2008.[33]
Script error: No such module "flag". Azerbaijan Airlines[34] State-owned[35]
Script error: No such module "flag". Bahamasair[36] State-owned[37]
Script error: No such module "flag". Gulf Air[38] State-owned[39]
Script error: No such module "flag". Biman Bangladesh Airlines[40] Public limited company State-owned until 23 July 2007.
Script error: No such module "flag". Belavia[41] State-owned[42]
Script error: No such module "flag". Brussels Airlines[43] None – owned by Lufthansa[44] State-owned in its original incarnation (SN Brussels Airlines).
Script error: No such module "flag". Druk Air[45] None
Script error: No such module "flag". Boliviana de Aviación[46] State-owned[47]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Botswana[48] State-owned[48]
Script error: No such module "flag". Royal Brunei Airlines[49] State-owned[49]
Script error: No such module "flag". Bulgaria Air[50] Minority state-owned (0.01%)[51]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Burkina State-owned[52]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Cambodia[53] Majority[54]
Script error: No such module "flag". Camair-Co[55] State-owned[56]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Canada[57] None State-owned until privatization in 1989.[58] Minority (Estimated 6.4%) between April 2021 and December 2024. [59][60]
Script error: No such module "flag". Cabo Verde Airlines[61] Majority (90%)[62]
Script error: No such module "flag". Cayman Airways State-owned[63]
Script error: No such module "flag". LATAM Chile[64][65] None State-owned until September 1989.[66]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air China[67] Majority (51.7%): 40.98% through CNAHC and 10.72% through CNACG[68]Template:Rp State-owned until 2004.[69]
Script error: No such module "flag". Avianca[70] None
Script error: No such module "flag". Avianca Costa Rica[71]
Script error: No such module "flag". Croatia Airlines[72] Majority (98%)[73]
Script error: No such module "flag". Cubana de Aviación[74] State-owned[75]
Script error: No such module "flag". Cyprus Airways[76] None – 40% owned by Malta-based SJC Group[77]
Template:No wrap Congo Airways[78] State-owned[78]
Script error: No such module "flag". Scandinavian Airlines Minority (~26%) state-owned by Ministry of Finance of Denmark[79] SAS was partly owned by the governments of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. SAS is the flag carrier for all three nations.[80][81][82]
Script error: No such module "flag".
Script error: No such module "flag".
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Djibouti[83] Joint venture
Script error: No such module "flag". Arajet[84] None
Script error: No such module "flag". Egyptair[85] State-owned[86]
Script error: No such module "flag". CEIBA Intercontinental[87] State-owned[88]
Script error: No such module "flag". Eritrean AirlinesTemplate:Fact State-owned
Script error: No such module "flag". Eswatini Air[89]
Script error: No such module "flag". Ethiopian Airlines[90] State-owned[91]
Script error: No such module "flag". Atlantic Airways[92]
Script error: No such module "flag". Fiji Airways[93] Majority (51%)[94]
Script error: No such module "flag". Finnair[95] Majority (55.8%)[96]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air France[97] Minority state-ownership of Air France–KLM[98][99]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Tahiti Nui[100] Majority[101]
Script error: No such module "flag". Georgian AirwaysTemplate:Fact None
Script error: No such module "flag". Lufthansa[102] None State-owned until 1994;[103] remaining government shares were sold in 1997.[104]

Minority (20.05%) in the Lufthansa Group acquired in 2020[105][106] was sold in 2022.[107]

Script error: No such module "flag". Aegean Airlines[108] Previously the Greek Government had minority shares of the airline due to a COVID bailout. The airline bought back government shares in 2023[109]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Greenland[110] State-owned[111] Previously owned by Scandinavian Airlines and Ministry of Finance of Denmark.[112]
Template:Country data Bailiwick of Guernsey Aurigny[113] State-owned[114]
Script error: No such module "flag". Cathay Pacific[115]
Script error: No such module "flag". Icelandair[116] None – owned by Icelandair Group[117]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air India[118] None – owned by Tata Group (74.9%) and Singapore Airlines (25.1%) [119] State-owned until November 2021.[118][120][121]
Script error: No such module "flag". Garuda Indonesia[122] Majority (60.54%)[123]
Script error: No such module "flag". Iran Air[124] State-owned[125]
Script error: No such module "flag". Iraqi Airways[126]
Script error: No such module "flag". Aer Lingus[127][128] None – owned by International Airlines Group State-owned until September 2006.[129]
Script error: No such module "flag". El Al[130] Minority (~1.1%)[131] State-owned until June 2004.
Script error: No such module "flag". ITA Airways[132] State-owned, succeeded Alitalia starting from 15 October 2021[133][134][135]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Côte d'Ivoire[136] Minority (49%)
Script error: No such module "flag". Caribbean Airlines[137][138][139] Minority (16%)[140][141][142]
Script error: No such module "flag". Majority (84%)[143]
Script error: No such module "flag". Japan Airlines[144] None State-owned until 1987.[145][146]
Script error: No such module "flag". Royal Jordanian[147]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Astana[148] Majority (51%)[149]
Script error: No such module "flag". Kenya Airways[150] Minority (29.8%)[151]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Kiribati[152]
Script error: No such module "flag". Kuwait Airways[153] State-owned[154]
Script error: No such module "flag". Lao Airlines[155] State-owned[156]
Script error: No such module "flag". airBaltic[157] Majority (80.05%)[158]
Script error: No such module "flag". Middle East Airlines[159] Majority (99%)[159]
Script error: No such module "flag". Afriqiyah Airways[160] State-owned[161]
Libyan Airlines[162] State-owned[162]
Script error: No such module "flag". Luxair[163] Majority (73.86%)[164]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Macau[165] Minority (5%)
Script error: No such module "flag". Madagascar Airlines[166] Majority
Script error: No such module "flag". Malawian Airlines[167] Majority (51%)[167]
Script error: No such module "flag". Malaysia Airlines[168] State-owned through Khazanah Nasional[169]
Script error: No such module "flag". Maldivian
Script error: No such module "flag". KM Malta Airlines[170] Majority
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Marshall Islands[171]
Script error: No such module "flag". Mauritania Airlines[172] State-owned[173]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Mauritius[174]  
Script error: No such module "flag". Aeroméxico[175] None State-owned until 2007.
Script error: No such module "flag". MIAT Mongolian Airlines[176] State-owned[177]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Montenegro[178] State-owned[179]
Script error: No such module "flag". Royal Air Maroc[180] State-owned[181]
Script error: No such module "flag". LAM Mozambique Airlines[182] State-owned[183]
Template:Country data Myanmar Myanmar National Airlines[184] State-owned[185]
Script error: No such module "flag". Nauru Airlines[186] State-owned[186]
Script error: No such module "flag". Nepal Airlines[187] State-owned
Script error: No such module "flag". KLM[188] Minority state-ownership of Air France–KLM[98][189]
Template:Country data New Caledonia Aircalin Majority (99%)[190]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air New Zealand[191] Majority (53%)[192] State-owned until 1989, partially re-nationalized in 2001.[193][194][195]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Koryo[196] State-owned[197]
Script error: No such module "flag". Oman Air[198] Majority[199]
Script error: No such module "flag". Pakistan International Airlines[200] State-owned[201]
Script error: No such module "flag". Copa Airlines[202] None
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Niugini[203]
Script error: No such module "flag". LATAM Paraguay[204]
Script error: No such module "flag". LATAM Perú[205]
Script error: No such module "flag". Philippine Airlines[206]
Script error: No such module "flag". LOT Polish Airlines[207] State-owned[208]
Script error: No such module "flag". TAP Air Portugal[209] Majority (72%) [210]
Script error: No such module "flag". Qatar Airways[211] State-owned
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Austral[212]
Script error: No such module "flag". TAROM[213] Majority (97.22%)[213]
Script error: No such module "flag". Aeroflot[214] Majority (51%)[215]
Script error: No such module "flag". RwandAir[216] State-owned[216]
Script error: No such module "flag". Samoa Airways[217] State-owned[218]
Script error: No such module "flag". STP Airways[219] None
Script error: No such module "flag". Saudia[220] Majority
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Senegal[221]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Serbia[222] Majority (51%)[223]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Seychelles[224] State-owned (100%)[225]
Script error: No such module "flag". Solomon Airlines[226] State-owned[227]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Sierra Leone[228]
Script error: No such module "flag". Singapore Airlines[229] Majority (54.5% through Temasek Holdings[230])
Script error: No such module "flag". South African Airways[231] State-owned[232]
Script error: No such module "flag". Korean Air[233] None[234] – owned by Hanjin[235] State-owned until 1969.[236][237][238]
Script error: No such module "flag". Iberia[239] None – owned by International Airlines Group
Script error: No such module "flag". SriLankan Airlines[240] State-owned[241]
Script error: No such module "flag". Sudan Airways State-owned[242]
Script error: No such module "flag". Surinam Airways[243] State-owned[244]
Script error: No such module "flag". Swiss International Air Lines[245] None – owned by Lufthansa[246]
Template:Country data Syria Syrian Air[247] State-owned
Script error: No such module "flag". China Airlines[248] Majority[249] State-owned until 1991. 51.28% held by non-profit Civic Aviation Development Foundation.[250]
Script error: No such module "flag". Aero Dili[251]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Tanzania State-owned
Script error: No such module "flag". Thai Airways International[252] Minority (47.86%)[253]
Script error: No such module "flag". Tunisair[254] Majority[254]
Script error: No such module "flag". Turkish Airlines[255] Minority (49%)
Script error: No such module "flag". Turkmenistan Airlines[256] State-owned[257]
Script error: No such module "flag". Uganda Airlines[258]
Script error: No such module "flag". Ukraine International Airlines[259]  
Script error: No such module "flag". Etihad Airways[260] State-owned by the Government of Abu Dhabi[261][262]
Emirates[263] State-owned by the Government of Dubai through the Investment Corporation of Dubai.[264]
Script error: No such module "flag". British Airways[265] None – owned by International Airlines Group State-owned until 1987.[266]
Script error: No such module "flag". Uzbekistan Airways[267] Majority
Script error: No such module "flag". Conviasa[268]
Script error: No such module "flag". Vietnam Airlines[269] Majority (86.2%)[269]
Script error: No such module "flag". Yemenia[270] Majority
Script error: No such module "flag". Zambia Airways[271]
Script error: No such module "flag". Air Zimbabwe[272] State-owned[272]

See also

Notes


References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Portalbar Template:Commercial air travel Template:Companies by industry

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Cbignore
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EU To Impose Ban On Afghan Planes
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named New national carrier for Albania launched
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Algerie Eyeing African Tie-Ups
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Algerie to spend $762 million upgrading its fleet
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named TAAG Angola Airways boosts capacity, justifying Angola's investment in airport infrastructure
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named TAAG Angola Airlines’ new 777-300ER to fly on Portugal route
  28. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Argentina: Aerolineas Argentinas faces a tough turnaround with government's new liberal mindset
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Brisbane named second Qantas 787-9 base
  31. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Accelerating Change in the 1990s
  32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Austrian Airlines completes Embraer E195 deliveries
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AUA-Verkauf besiegelt: Kranich soll Flügel verleihen
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bahamasair orders five ATR -600 aircraft
  36. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gov't considers Bahamasair withdrawal from local market
  37. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bahrain's Gulf Air sets long-touted US flights in motion
  38. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gulf Air
  39. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named UK restores Bangladesh cargo link, with caveats
  40. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Belavia orders three Boeing 737-800s
  41. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Belarus aims to privatise Belavia in 2013, with Russian carriers the most likely suitors
  42. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Brussels Airlines to buy seven Airbus A330ceos
  43. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Pilot strike forces Brussels Airlines to cancel 75% of flights
  44. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Aircraft Briefs-20 April 2018
  45. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ROUTES: Air Nostrum still keen on Latin American growth post-Sol
  46. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Boliviana de Aviacion set to expand as re-launch of Aerosur is unlikely due to government roadblocks
  47. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Botswana receives first of two Embraer E170s
  48. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Royal Brunei Airlines takes another step forward as it becomes first 787 operator in Southeast Asia
  49. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bulgaria Air strengthens its European network with new E-Jets
  50. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named econ.bg
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Cambodia launches national carrier with Vietnam's help
  54. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named New Cameroon national carrier Camair-Co fails to reach first year targets, but continues to grow
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Aircraft News-31 July 2015
  57. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Canada Timeline
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Cayman Airways – Our History
  63. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BOC Aviation to lease one new A320-200 to LAN
  64. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ATAM Kicks Off Regular Flights, Announces Johannesburg
  65. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named lancargo history
  66. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air China to take six more 777-300ERs
  67. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CCA-report-2017
  68. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air China Transfers Ownership from State-owned to Shareholding
  69. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Aircraft Briefs-4 Jan. 2017
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Croatia again seeks airline partner
  72. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Croatia Airlines: could its network attract a bidder?
  73. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named First direct Brazil flight to take off in July
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Congo Airways to make international debut in mid-4Q
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SAS aims to capture a larger share of the thriving Scandinavian leisure market
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Africa’s Air Djibouti continues re-fleeting
  83. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AraJet, línea aérea comercial local marca el fin de las altas tarifas
  84. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Egyptair plans further restructuring as losses mount. But outlook may brighten as Egypt stabilises
  85. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Egyptair contracts Sabre to help implement transformation plan
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ethiopian Airlines sets eyes on CEIBA Intercontinental
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ethiopian Airlines finalizes deal for new Chad JV carrier
  90. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ethiopian Airlines Fact Sheet
  91. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Island carrier Atlantic Airways seeks new revenue stream
  92. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Fiji Airways introduces additional Hong Kong route
  93. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Fiji Airways' new MD Stefan Pichler sets his sights on the next five years for the rebranded airline
  94. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Finnair brings in capacity support
  95. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Finnair Group
  96. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air France KLM Group CEO resigns; Spinetta and Van Wijk return
  97. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Tahiti Nui plans metal neutral alliance with Air France and partners as losses continue to mount
  100. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Tahiti Nui – Corporal Profile
  101. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lufthansa cuts back A380 order
  102. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lufthansa privatization
  103. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named German Cabinet Backs Selling Lufthansa
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Aegean 1Q losses widen as it invests in capacity
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Airline News-1 May 2015
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hahn Air’s new partner Aurigny now available in 190 markets
  113. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Guernsey States' ownership of Aurigny 'essential'
  114. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Shrinking Jumbos: Top Ten 747-400 fleets still in service
  115. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Icelandair faces indefinite strike action
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Plane paint: Top 10 Indian liveries
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Garuda Indonesia may be forced to change Amsterdam service
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Iran Air takes first Airbus widebody from major order
  124. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named iran-air-plans-share-sale-to-finance-growth-fleet-upgrade
  125. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kuwait Airways and Iraqi Airways face brighter future following settlement of long-running dispute
  126. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Aer Lingus to bring back short-haul premium service with A321neo LR
  127. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named =AER LINGUS GRP Share Price Chart
  128. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Irish Independent: Key dates in Aer Lingus history
  129. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Aircraft & Engines-13 March 2015
  130. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named El Al IR 2013
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bombardier to sell eight Q400 NextGen aircraft to Palma Holding
  136. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Republic Bank, Caribbean Airlines involved in Guyana’s jubilee celebration
  137. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Macquarie AirFinance Ltd press release
  138. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Status quo for Caribbean Airlines – chaos surrounds the would-be flag carrier of the region
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Caribbean Airlines: News/PR
  143. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named JAL reports 17.5% net profit drop on deferred taxes
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Middle Eastern carriers drop routes
  147. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Astana reports strong 1H traffic on 8% capacity increase
  148. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Astana eyes Paris and Prague services after EU lifts safety ban
  149. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kenya Airways adds flights to Livingstone, Zambia
  150. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Government now largest shareholder of Kenya Airways
  151. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Kiribati to boost fleet, connectivity with Embraer E-Jets order
  152. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kuwait Airways prepares for Amadeus switchover
  153. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kuwait Airways names new CEO
  154. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lao Airlines plans route expansion
  155. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Laos aviation market poised for more rapid growth after doubling in size in only 15 months
  156. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Dubai Air Show: airBaltic takes lead on Bombardier CS300
  157. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named New investor completes airBaltic buy-in
  158. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MEA advances Airbus deliveries schedule
  159. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named PICTURE: Afriqiyah Airways unveils new livery
  160. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Libya’s economy recovers as airlines restore networks post-revolution
  161. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Libyan Airlines Takes Delivery of its First Airbus A330
  162. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Luxair to increase frequencies and destinations
  163. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named About Luxair Group – Shareholders
  164. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Macau takes encouraging steps to support the Macau market as resort tourism balloons
  165. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Madagascar Airlines obtains own AOC, OL
  166. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NyasaTimes
  167. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Malaysia Airlines pursues rapid expansion but yields and profits are under pressure
  168. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Selected Portfolio of Companies
  169. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mauritania Airlines finalizes Boeing 737-800 order
  172. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mauritania Airlines resumes B737 MAX 8 operations
  173. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mauritius bids for key Asia-Africa transit hub status
  174. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Aeromexico set to put first MAX into service
  175. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MIAT Mongolian Airlines to lease two Boeing 737 MAXs
  176. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MIAT Mongolian Airlines
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  179. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Royal Air Maroc, pilot union reach agreement to end dispute
  180. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Royal Air Maroc sees fleet, hub growth ahead of oneworld membership
  181. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mozambique is latest state to face EU blacklist ban
  182. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LAM and Boeing disagree on Mozambican airline’s debt
  183. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Myanmar Airlines continues fleet upgrade
  184. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Myanmar Airways inks deal for up to 12 ATR 72-600s
  185. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Nauru Airlines begins new chapter with new brand & rapid growth despite world’s smallest home market
  186. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Nepal Airlines’ first A330 will expand international network
  187. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named KLM expands long-haul network
  188. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  189. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  190. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air New Zealand boosts network to replace Virgin Australia alliance
  191. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named New Zealand government cuts stake in Air New Zealand to 53%
  192. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  193. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  194. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  195. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SOLDIERING ON: 10 veteran airliner types still in service
  196. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Koryo
  197. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Omani flag carrier names new CCO
  198. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Oman Air reports record passengers, but also record losses
  199. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CEO: Pakistan International Airlines wet-leases three SriLankan A330s
  200. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Pakistan International Airlines privatization plans delayed to 2016
  201. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named United, Avianca and Copa consider joint business agreement
  202. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Aircraft, Engine & Leasing Briefs-25 April 2018
  203. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  204. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  205. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Philippine Airlines to open new LAX service
  206. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named First seats from Boeing partner LIFT enter service
  207. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LOT cancels flights, fires workers as week-long crew strike continues
  208. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named TAP reports 11.3% traffic growth on African routes in 2018
  209. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  210. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Qatar Airways to increase service to Iran
  211. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Vanilla Islands carriers Air Seychelles and Air Austral make capacity cuts
  212. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Brussels blesses €1.9mn state aid for Romania’s Tarom
  213. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Aeroflot commits to another 20 Superjets
  214. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Aeroflot profits up on regional airlines turnaround
  215. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ethiopian Airlines, RwandAir eye strategic partnership
  216. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air of confidence about Samoa's new flag carrier
  217. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Samoan government says state airline must be self-sufficient
  218. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  219. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Partner remarkets 15 Saudia Boeing 777-200ERs
  220. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Senegal signs for two ATR 72-600s
  221. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Serbia’s 2015 net profit up 44%
  222. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Serbia records first full-year profit in 2014
  223. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Air Seychelles looks to ride Chinese boom & grow in tandem with part-owner Etihad – Australia next?
  224. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  225. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Solomon Airlines to resume services following grounding
  226. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Honiara forgives $2mn Solomons' debt
  227. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sierra Leone unveils new privately owned airline
  228. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Singapore Airlines in $20 million government-led tourism push
  229. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Reuters profit
  230. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named South African Airways to receive financial support
  231. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named South African Airways clarifies recovery plan funding
  232. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Cho: Korean Air deciding on new widebody orders
  233. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Member Airline Korean Air
  234. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  235. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  236. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  237. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  238. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Iberia increases frequencies to six Latin American destinations
  239. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named New SriLankan board to push through restructuring
  240. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SriLankan Airlines buys back 43.6 pc stake from Emirates
  241. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sudan Dreams Big With New Airports
  242. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Putting Surinam on the map
  243. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Suriname state oil company considers share offering
  244. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lufthansa Group orders 15 A320neos for SWISS subsidiary
  245. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lufthansa Group Corporate Structure
  246. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Syrian Arab Airlines
  247. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Taiwan’s China Airlines takes delivery of first Boeing 777-300ER
  248. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named China Airlines Majority Ownership
  249. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named China Airlines ABOUT
  250. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  251. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named International airlines increase capacity, frequencies to Russia
  252. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Thai Airways submits bankruptcy request court says
  253. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tunisair’s sluggish attitude towards change makes it ill-prepared for Open Skies
  254. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Turkish Airlines swings to net profit in 1Q
  255. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Turkmenistan Airlines receives first Boeing 777-200LR
  256. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Turkmenistan Airlines finalises B777-300ER purchase
  257. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Revived Uganda flag carrier orders CRJ900s, A330neos
  258. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ukraine International to double international network as Aerosvit restructures
  259. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Etihad, Avianca Brasil ink new codeshare
  260. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Etihad Holds Roadshows To Finance Aircraft
  261. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Etihad Slightly Ahead in Plan to Return to Profitability
  262. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Etihad Suspends Flights To Damascus
  263. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Emirates and Dnata now under ICD
  264. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IAG reports strong 1Q as passenger revenues improve
  265. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Profile: British Airways
  266. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Uzbekistan Airways takes first Boeing 787
  267. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  268. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Vietnam Airlines continues to dominate international market
  269. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Yemenia suspends services
  270. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Zambia Airways re-registers its B737
  271. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named flyafrica.com and fastjet give Zimbabwe its first taste of LCCs with local start-up
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