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'''''Elanus''''' is a genus of [[bird of prey]] in the [[Elaninae|elanine kite]] subfamily. It was introduced by the French zoologist [[Marie Jules César Savigny|Jules-César Savigny]] in 1809 with the [[black-winged kite]] (''Elanus caeruleus'') as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite book | last= Savigny | first=Jules-César | author-link=Marie Jules César Savigny | editor-last= Jomard | editor-first=Edme-François | editor-link=Edme-François Jomard | year=1809 | title=Description de l'Égypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française, publié par les ordres de sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand | volume=1 | language=French | place=Paris | publisher=L'Imprimerie Impériale | pages=69, 97–98 | url=https://archive.org/stream/DescriptiondelEIFranB#page/n108/mode/1up }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=290 | url= https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108930 }}</ref> The name is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''{{lang|grc|elanos}}'' for a "kite".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n144 144] }}</ref> | '''''Elanus''''' is a genus of [[bird of prey]] in the [[Elaninae|elanine kite]] subfamily. It was introduced by the French zoologist [[Marie Jules César Savigny|Jules-César Savigny]] in 1809 with the [[black-winged kite]] (''Elanus caeruleus'') as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite book | last= Savigny | first=Jules-César | author-link=Marie Jules César Savigny | editor-last= Jomard | editor-first=Edme-François | editor-link=Edme-François Jomard | year=1809 | title=Description de l'Égypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française, publié par les ordres de sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand | volume=1 | language=French | place=Paris | publisher=L'Imprimerie Impériale | pages=69, 97–98 | url=https://archive.org/stream/DescriptiondelEIFranB#page/n108/mode/1up }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=290 | url= https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108930 }}</ref> The name is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''{{lang|grc|elanos}}'' for a "kite".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n144 144] }}</ref> | ||
These are white and grey raptors of open country, with black wing markings and a short square tail. They hunt by slowly quartering over mainly [[savanna]] habitat for [[rodent]]s and other small [[mammal]]s, [[bird]]s and [[insect]]s, sometimes hovering like a [[kestrel]]. The primaries and secondaries have soft barbules from the upper surface that help in owl-like silent flight. The genus ''Elanus'' is distinctive in having very small scales covering the foot and on the underside, scutellate scales are found only under the terminal phalanges. The claw lacks a groove on the underside. They also have eyesight suited for crepuscular rodent hunting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keirnan |first1=Aubrey |last2=Worthy |first2=Trevor H. |last3=Smaers |first3=Jeroen B. |last4=Mardon |first4=Karine |last5=Iwaniuk |first5=Andrew N. |last6=Weisbecker |first6=Vera |date=2022 |title=Not like night and day: the nocturnal letter-winged kite does not differ from diurnal congeners in orbit or endocast morphology |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=9 |issue=5 |bibcode=2022RSOS....920135K |doi=10.1098/rsos.220135 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=9128852 |pmid=35620001}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Negro |first1=Juan J. |last2=Pertoldi |first2=Cino |last3=Randi |first3=Ettore |last4=Ferrero |first4=Juan J. |last5=López-Caballero |first5=José M. |last6=Rivera |first6=Domingo |last7=Korpimäki |first7=Erkki |date=2006 |editor-last=Boal |editor-first=Clint |title=Convergent evolution of ''Elanus'' kites and the owls |journal=Journal of Raptor Research |language=en |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[222:CEOEKA]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0892-1016 |s2cid=85004744 |doi-access=free|hdl=10261/33813 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The genus contains four species, all of which hunt small mammals, especially rodents, by hovering in the air while looking for them in over open [[savanna]] habitats.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks & eagles | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=31 December 2017 }}</ref> For some time, these species were all included as subspecies of ''Elanus caeruleus'', which has been known as the black-shouldered kite.<ref name="Parkes">{{cite journal |last=Parkes |first=Kenneth C. |year=1958 |title=Specific relationships in the genus ''Elanus'' |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v060n02/p0139-p0140.pdf |journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]] |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=139–40 |doi=10.2307/1365270 |jstor=1365270}}</ref><ref name="Clark">{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=William S. |last2=Banks |first2=Richard C. |year=1992 |title=The taxonomic status of the White-tailed Kite |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v104n04/p0571-p0579.pdf |journal=[[The Wilson Journal of Ornithology]] |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=571–79}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/checklistofnorth1983amer/page/103 |title=Check-list of North American Birds |publisher=American Ornithologists' Union |year=1983 |isbn=0-943610-32-X |edition=6th |place=Lawrence, Kansas |page=[https://archive.org/details/checklistofnorth1983amer/page/103 103]}}</ref> | These are white and grey raptors of open country, with black wing markings and a short square tail. They hunt by slowly quartering over mainly [[savanna]] habitat for [[rodent]]s and other small [[mammal]]s, [[bird]]s and [[insect]]s, sometimes hovering like a [[kestrel]]. The primaries and secondaries have soft barbules from the upper surface that help in owl-like silent flight. The genus ''Elanus'' is distinctive in having very small scales covering the foot and on the underside, scutellate scales are found only under the terminal phalanges. The claw lacks a groove on the underside. They also have eyesight suited for crepuscular rodent hunting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keirnan |first1=Aubrey |last2=Worthy |first2=Trevor H. |last3=Smaers |first3=Jeroen B. |last4=Mardon |first4=Karine |last5=Iwaniuk |first5=Andrew N. |last6=Weisbecker |first6=Vera |date=2022 |title=Not like night and day: the nocturnal letter-winged kite does not differ from diurnal congeners in orbit or endocast morphology |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=9 |issue=5 |bibcode=2022RSOS....920135K |doi=10.1098/rsos.220135 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=9128852 |pmid=35620001}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Negro |first1=Juan J. |last2=Pertoldi |first2=Cino |last3=Randi |first3=Ettore |last4=Ferrero |first4=Juan J. |last5=López-Caballero |first5=José M. |last6=Rivera |first6=Domingo |last7=Korpimäki |first7=Erkki |date=2006 |editor-last=Boal |editor-first=Clint |title=Convergent evolution of ''Elanus'' kites and the owls |journal=Journal of Raptor Research |language=en |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[222:CEOEKA]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0892-1016 |s2cid=85004744 |doi-access=free|hdl=10261/33813 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The genus contains four species, all of which hunt small mammals, especially rodents, by hovering in the air while looking for them in over open [[savanna]] habitats.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks & eagles | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=31 December 2017 }}</ref> For some time, these species were all included as subspecies of ''Elanus caeruleus'', which has been known as the black-shouldered kite.<ref name="Parkes">{{cite journal |last=Parkes |first=Kenneth C. |year=1958 |title=Specific relationships in the genus ''Elanus'' |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v060n02/p0139-p0140.pdf |journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]] |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=139–40 |doi=10.2307/1365270 |jstor=1365270}}</ref><ref name="Clark">{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=William S. |last2=Banks |first2=Richard C. |year=1992 |title=The taxonomic status of the White-tailed Kite |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v104n04/p0571-p0579.pdf |journal=[[The Wilson Journal of Ornithology]] |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=571–79|bibcode=1992TWBu..104..571C }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/checklistofnorth1983amer/page/103 |title=Check-list of North American Birds |publisher=American Ornithologists' Union |year=1983 |isbn=0-943610-32-X |edition=6th |place=Lawrence, Kansas |page=[https://archive.org/details/checklistofnorth1983amer/page/103 103]}}</ref> | ||
The letter-winged kite breeds colonially and is nocturnal. The other species are both diurnal and crepuscular.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Ridgway, Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofnorthame00rid/page/222/mode/1up |title=A manual of North American Birds |publisher=J.B. Lippincott Co. |year=1900 |place=Philadelphia |page=222}}</ref> | The letter-winged kite breeds colonially and is nocturnal. The other species are both diurnal and crepuscular.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Ridgway, Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofnorthame00rid/page/222/mode/1up |title=A manual of North American Birds |publisher=J.B. Lippincott Co. |year=1900 |place=Philadelphia |page=222}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 05:29, 16 June 2025
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Elanus is a genus of bird of prey in the elanine kite subfamily. It was introduced by the French zoologist Jules-César Savigny in 1809 with the black-winged kite (Elanus caeruleus) as the type species.[1][2] The name is from the Ancient Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". for a "kite".[3]
These are white and grey raptors of open country, with black wing markings and a short square tail. They hunt by slowly quartering over mainly savanna habitat for rodents and other small mammals, birds and insects, sometimes hovering like a kestrel. The primaries and secondaries have soft barbules from the upper surface that help in owl-like silent flight. The genus Elanus is distinctive in having very small scales covering the foot and on the underside, scutellate scales are found only under the terminal phalanges. The claw lacks a groove on the underside. They also have eyesight suited for crepuscular rodent hunting.[4][5] The genus contains four species, all of which hunt small mammals, especially rodents, by hovering in the air while looking for them in over open savanna habitats.[6] For some time, these species were all included as subspecies of Elanus caeruleus, which has been known as the black-shouldered kite.[7][8][9]
The letter-winged kite breeds colonially and is nocturnal. The other species are both diurnal and crepuscular.[5][10]
Notes
References
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Other sources
- Ferguson-Lees, Christie, Franklin, Mead and Burton Raptors of the World Template:ISBN
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