General Dynamics

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M1 Abrams

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Stryker

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Minigun

General Dynamics Corporation (GD), headquartered in Reston, Virginia, is a producer of nuclear submarines, main battle tanks, and armoured fighting vehicles and is also the manufacturer of the Gulfstream G650/G700/G800 business jets and a provider of information technology services. The company is the 3rd largest of the top 100 contractors of the U.S. federal government; it receives over 3% of total spending by the Federal government of the United States on contractors.

The company is ranked 96th on the Fortune 100 and 242nd on the Forbes Global 2000. In 2024, 69% of revenue was from the Federal government of the United States, 14% was from U.S. commercial customers, 10% was from non-U.S. government customers and 7% was from non-U.S. commercial customers.

The company was formed in 1952 via the merger of submarine manufacturer Electric Boat and aircraft manufacturer Canadair.

Operations

The company's Gulfstream Aerospace division (23% of 2024 revenues) produces business jets including the Gulfstream G650/G700/G800 series and offers business aircraft services under Jet Aviation. The company's marine systems division (30% of 2024 revenues) designs and builds nuclear submarines and includes Bath Iron Works, General Dynamics Electric Boat, and National Steel and Shipbuilding Company. The company's combat systems division (19% of 2024 revenues) includes General Dynamics Land Systems, General Dynamics European Land Systems (GDELS), Steyr-Daimler-Puch, and Santa Bárbara Sistemas, and produces Phalanx CIWS, Expeditionary tanks, the M1 Abrams series main battle tank, Expeditionary Fighting Vehicles, M104 Wolverine, LAV III, Stryker armoured fighting vehicles, XM2001 Crusader self-propelled howitzer, GAU-17 (Minigun), GAU-19, ASCOD AFV, Pandur II, Mowag (including Mowag Duro, Mowag Eagle, and Mowag Piranha), Leopard 2E, and Scout SV. The company's technologies division (28% of 2024 revenues) includes General Dynamics Mission Systems and provides services such as consulting, mission-support, mobile communication, computers, command-and-control and cyber (C5) mission systems, and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. It is modernizing the information technology systems of the United States Central Command and for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

History

Electric Boat

General Dynamics traces its ancestry to John Philip Holland's Holland Torpedo Boat Company. In 1899, Isaac Rice bought the company from Holland and renamed it Electric Boat Company. Electric Boat was responsible for developing the U.S. Navy's first modern submarines, which were purchased by the Navy in 1900.

In 1906, Electric Boat subcontracted submarine construction to the Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts, to build the submarines they had designed and won contracts for. Between 1917 and 1924, the company was named Submarine Boat Corporation. In 1933, Electric Boat acquired ownership of a shipyard in Groton, Connecticut, to build submarines. The first submarine built in Groton to be delivered to the U.S. Navy was USS Cuttlefish in 1934.

Electric Boat was cash-flush but lacking in work following World War II, during which it produced 80 submarines for the Navy, with its workforce shrinking from 13,000 to 4,000 by 1946. President and chief executive officer John Jay Hopkins started looking for companies that would fit into Electric Boat's market in hopes of diversifying.

Canadair purchase

Canadair was owned by the Canadian government and was suffering from the same post-war malaise as Electric Boat. It was up for sale, and Hopkins bought the company for $10 million in 1946. The factory alone was worth more than $22 million, according to the Canadian government's calculations, excluding the value of the remaining contracts for planes or spare parts. However, Canadair's production line and inventory systems were in disorder when Electric Boat purchased the company. Hopkins hired Canadian-born mass-production specialist H. Oliver West to take over the president's role and return Canadair to profitability. Shortly after the takeover, Canadair began delivering its new Canadair North Star (a version of the Douglas DC-4) and was able to deliver aircraft to Trans-Canada Airlines, Canadian Pacific Airlines, and British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) well in advance of their contracted delivery times.

Defense spending increased with the onset of the Cold War, and Canadair went on to win many Canadian military contracts for the Royal Canadian Air Force and became a major aerospace company. These included Canadair CT-133 Silver Star trainer, the Canadair Argus long-range maritime reconnaissance and transport aircraft, and the Canadair F-86 Sabre. Between 1950 and 1958, 1,815 Sabres were built. Canadair also produced 200 CF-104 Starfighter supersonic fighter aircraft, a license-built version of the Lockheed F-104.

In 1976, General Dynamics sold Canadair to the Canadian Government for $38 million. Canadair was acquired by Bombardier Inc. in 1986.

General Dynamics emerges

Aircraft production became increasingly important at Canadair, and Hopkins argued that the name "Electric Boat" was no longer appropriate—so Electric Boat was reorganized as General Dynamics on 21 February 1952.

General Dynamics purchased Convair from the Atlas Group in March 1953. The sale was approved by government oversight with the provision that GD would continue to operate out of Air Force Plant 4 in Fort Worth, Texas. This factory had been set up in order to spread out strategic aircraft production and rented to Convair during the war to produce B-24 Liberator bombers.

Convair worked as an independent division inside General Dynamics and, over the next decade, developed the F-106 Delta Dart interceptor, the B-58 Hustler bomber, and the Convair 880 and 990 airliners. Convair also developed the Atlas missile, the US's first operational intercontinental ballistic missile.

General Dynamics purchased Liquid Carbonic Corporation in September 1957 and controlled it as a wholly owned subsidiary until a Federal antitrust ruling required its sale to shareholders in January 1969, being bought later that month by Houston Natural Gas Company.

From 1955 to 1960, General Dynamics hired Erik Nitsche as a graphic designer to develop designs for corporate reports and advertising material including the "Atoms for Peace" series of posters for the 1955 International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, Switzerland. These designs have become iconic examples of the mid-century modernist graphic design style.

Management churn

Hopkins fell seriously ill in 1957 and was eventually replaced by Frank Pace later that year. Meanwhile, John Naish succeeded Joseph McNarney as president of Convair. Chicago industrialist Henry Crown became the company's largest shareholder and merged his Material Service Corporation with GD in 1959.

GD subsequently reorganized into Eastern Group in New York City and Western Group in San Diego, California, with the latter taking over all of the aerospace activities and dropping the Convair brand name from its aircraft in the process.

Frank Pace retired under pressure in 1962 and Roger Lewis, former Assistant Secretary of the Air Force and Pan American Airways CEO, was brought in as CEO. The company recovered, then fell back into the same struggles. In 1970, the board brought in McDonnell Douglas president Dave Lewis (no relation) as chairman and CEO, who served until retiring in 1985.

Aviation in the 1960s

During the early 1960s the company bid on the United States Air Force's Tactical Fighter, Experimental (TFX) project for a new low-level "penetrator". Robert McNamara, newly installed as the Secretary of Defense, forced a merger of the TFX with U.S. Navy plans for a new long-range "fleet defender" aircraft. Since GD lacked experience designing naval aircraft, it partnered with Grumman to develop a version for aircraft carrier operations. After four rounds of bids and changes, the GD/Grumman team finally won the contract over a Boeing submission.

The land-based F-111 first flew in December 1964; the carrier-capable F-111B flew in May 1965, but proved overweight and underpowered for the navy's needs. With the naval version not accepted, production estimates for 2,400 F-111s including exports were sharply reduced, but GD still made a $300 million profit on the project. Grumman went on to use many of the innovations of the F-111 in the F-14 Tomcat, an aircraft designed solely as a carrier-borne fighter.

Reorganization

In May 1965, GD reorganized into 12 operating divisions based on product lines. The board decided to build all future planes in Fort Worth, ending plane production at Convair's original plant in San Diego but continuing with space and missile development there. In October 1970, Roger Lewis left and David S. Lewis from McDonnell Douglas was named CEO. Lewis required that the company headquarters move to St. Louis, Missouri, which occurred in February 1971.

F-16 success

In 1972, GD bid on the USAF's Lightweight Fighter (LWF) project. GD and Northrop were awarded prototype contracts. GD's F-111 program was winding down, and the company needed a new aircraft contract. It organized its own version of Lockheed's Skunk Works, the Advanced Concepts Laboratory, and responded with a new aircraft design incorporating advanced technologies. The company submitted a design in a 1972 competition for a new lightweight fighter, which it won. This was the F-16 Fighting Falcon.

GD's YF-16 first flew in January 1974 and proved to have slightly better performance than the YF-17 in head-to-head testing. It entered production as the F-16 in January 1975 with an initial order of 650 and a total order of 1,388. The F-16 also won contracts worldwide, beating the F-17 in foreign competition as well. GD built an aircraft production factory in Fort Worth, Texas. F-16 orders eventually totaled more than 4,600, making it the company's largest and most successful program and the world's most common fixed-wing aircraft in military service.

Land Systems and Marine Systems focus

Template:More citations needed In 1976, General Dynamics sold the struggling Canadair back to the Canadian government for $38 million. By 1984, General Dynamics had four divisions: Convair in San Diego, General Dynamics-Fort Worth, General Dynamics-Pomona, and General Dynamics-Electronics. In 1985 a further reorganization created the Space Systems Division from the Convair Space division. In 1985, GD also acquired Cessna. In 1986 the Pomona division (which mainly produced the Standard Missile and the Phalanx CIWS for the Navy) was split up, creating the Valley Systems Division. Valley Systems produced the Stinger surface-to-air missile and the Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM). Both units were recombined into one entity in 1992. In 1986, the General Dynamics Quincy Shipbuilding Division was closed.

Henry Crown, still GD's largest shareholder, died on 15 August 1990. Following this, the company started to rapidly divest its under-performing divisions under CEO William Anders. Cessna was re-sold to Textron in January 1992, the San Diego and Pomona missile production units to General Motors-Hughes Aerospace in May 1992, the Fort Worth aircraft production to Lockheed in March 1993 (a nearby electronics production facility was separately sold to Israeli-based Elbit Systems, marking that company's entry into the US market), and its Space Systems Division to Martin Marietta in 1994. The remaining Convair Aircraft Structure unit was sold to McDonnell Douglas in 1994. The remains of the Convair Division were simply closed in 1996. GD's exit from the aviation world was short-lived, and in 1999 the company acquired Gulfstream Aerospace. The Pomona operation was closed shortly after its sale to Hughes Aircraft.

In 1995, General Dynamics purchased the privately held Bath Iron Works shipyard in Bath, Maine, for $300 million, diversifying its shipbuilding portfolio to include U.S. Navy surface ships such as guided-missile destroyers. In 1998, the company acquired NASSCO, formerly National Steel and Shipbuilding Company, for $415 million. The San Diego shipyard produces U.S. Navy auxiliary and support ships as well as commercial ships that are eligible to be U.S.-flagged under the Jones Act.

Having divested itself of its aviation holdings, GD concentrated on land and sea products. GD purchased Chrysler's defense divisions in 1982, renaming them General Dynamics Land Systems. In 2003, it purchased the defense divisions of General Motors as well. It is now a major supplier of armored vehicles of all types, including the M1 Abrams, LAV 25, Stryker, and a wide variety of vehicles based on these chassis. Force Protection, Inc. was acquired by General Dynamics Land Systems in November 2011 for $350 million.

General Dynamics UK

In 1997, General Dynamics acquired Computing Devices Ltd based in Hastings, England, which had developed avionics and mission systems for the Panavia Tornado, British Aerospace Harrier II and Hawker Siddeley Nimrod. In 2001, Computing Devices Canada (CDC) was awarded a contract from the UK Ministry of Defence to supply tactical communication systems for their Bowman program. The work for this was carried out at its new UK headquarters in Oakdale, Wales, and the company was renamed General Dynamics UK Limited. Template:As of, it comprises two business units: General Dynamics Land Systems – UK and General Dynamics Mission Systems – UK and operates in eight sites across the United Kingdom. It is currently responsible for delivering the General Dynamics Ajax family of armored vehicles, the Foxhound light protected patrol vehicle and the Morpheus communications system to the UK Ministry of Defence.

21st century

File:Gulfstream G650 departs Bristol 23rdAug2014 arp.jpg

In 1999, the company acquired Gulfstream Aerospace. Here, a Gulfstream G650 departs Bristol Airport, England, in 2014.

In 2004, General Dynamics bid for the UK company Alvis plc, the leading British manufacturer of armored vehicles. In March the board of Alvis Vickers voted in favor of the £309m takeover. However at the last minute BAE Systems offered £355m for the company. This deal was finalized in June 2004.

On August 19, 2008, GD agreed to pay $4 million to settle a lawsuit brought by the US Government claiming that a GD unit fraudulently billed the government for defectively manufactured parts used in US military aircraft and submarines. The US alleged that GD defectively manufactured or failed to test parts used in US military aircraft from September 2001 to August 2003, such as for the C-141 Starlifter transport plane. The GD unit involved, based in Glen Cove, New York, closed in 2004.

In 2014, the government of Canada announced it had selected the General Dynamics Land Systems subsidiary in London, Ontario, to produce Light Armoured Vehicles for Saudi Arabia as part of a $10 billion deal with the Canadian Commercial Corporation. The sale has been criticized by political opponents because of the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. In December 2018, after Prime Minister Justin Trudeau suggested Canada might scrap the deal, the company warned that doing so could lead to "billions of dollars in liability" and risk the loss of thousands of jobs. Trudeau has since said that while he is critical of Saudi conduct, he cannot simply scrap the deal because "Canada as a country of the rule of law needs to respect its contracts." On 30 January 2019, CEO Phebe Novakovic warned investors that the matter had "significantly impacted" the company's cash flow because Saudi Arabia was nearly $2 billion in arrears on its payments.

In 2018, General Dynamics acquired information technology services giant CSRA for $9.7 billion, and merged it with GDIT.

General Dynamics has been accused by groups such as Code Pink and Green America of "making money from human suffering by profiting off the migrant children held at U.S. detention camps" due to its IT services contracts with the Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Refugee Resettlement, the government agency that operates shelters for unaccompanied children to include those separated from their families as part of the Trump administration family separation policy. The company says it has no role in constructing or operating detention centers, and that its contracts to provide training and technical services began in 2000 and have spanned across four presidential administrations.

It was announced in September 2018 that the U.S. Navy awarded contracts for 10 new Arleigh Burke-class destroyers from General Dynamics Bath Iron Works and Huntington Ingalls Industries.

Former U.S. Secretary of Defense General Jim Mattis re-joined the company's board of directors in August 2019. He had previously served on the board, but resigned and divested before becoming Secretary of Defense.

In September 2020, General Dynamics announced a strategic counter-drone partnership, providing General Dynamics' global network with access to Dedrone's complete drone detection and defeat technology.

In December 2020, the board of directors for General Dynamics announced a regular quarterly dividend of $1.10, payable on February 5, 2021.

On December 26, 2020, General Dynamics confirmed that their business division General Dynamics Land Systems was awarded a $4.6 billion contract by the U.S. Army for M1A2 SEPv3 Abrams main battle tanks.

According to a report by Reuters, General Dynamics was the primary contractor for a United States military-run propaganda campaign to spread disinformation about the Sinovac Chinese COVID-19 vaccine, including using fake social media accounts to spread the disinformation that the Sinovac vaccine contained pork-derived ingredients and was therefore haram under Islamic law. The campaign primarily targeted people in the Philippines and used a social media hashtag for "China is the virus" in Tagalog. The campaign ran from the spring of 2020 to mid-2021. In 2024, General Dynamics IT was awarded a $493 million contract by The Pentagon. According to an unnamed source cited by Reuters, a military audit of General Dynamics's work on the project concluded that the company had engaged in sloppy tradecraft and took inadequate precautions to conceal the origins of the fake accounts created for the campaign.

General Dynamics' supply of weapons to Israel in the Gaza war has led to protests at facilities in Pittsfield, Massachusetts; Lincoln, Nebraska; Saco, Maine; New London, Connecticut; and Garland, Texas.

Acquisitions timeline

20th-century acquisitions

Year	Acquisition	Business group
1947	Canadair	Aerospace
1953	Convair	Aerospace
1955	Stromberg-Carlson	Combat Systems
1957	Liquid Carbonic Corporation	Aerospace
1959	Material Service Corporation
1982	Chrysler's combat systems	Combat Systems
1995	Bath Iron Works	Marine Systems
1996	Teledyne Vehicle Systems	Marine Systems
1997	Advanced Technology Systems	Combat Systems
1997	Lockheed Martin Defense Systems	Combat Systems
1997	Lockheed Martin Armament Systems	Combat Systems
1997	Computing Devices International	Technologies
1998	National Steel and Shipbuilding Company	Marine Systems
1999	Gulfstream Aerospace	Aerospace
1999	GTE Government Systems	Technologies
2000	Saco Defense	Combat Systems

21st-century acquisitions

Year	Acquisition	Business group
2001	PrimeX Technologies Inc.	Technologies
2001	Motorola Integrated Systems	Technologies
2001	Galaxy Aerospace Company	Aerospace
2001	Santa Bárbara Sistemas	Combat Systems
2002	EWK Eisenwerke Kaiserslautern	Combat Systems
2003	GM Defense	Combat Systems
2003	Steyr-Daimler-Puch Spezialfahrzeug	Combat Systems
2003	Veridian and Digital Systems Resources	Technologies
2003	Datron's Intercontinental Manufacturing Company	Combat Systems
2004	Spectrum Astro	Aerospace
2004	MOWAG	Combat Systems
2005	MAYA Viz Ltd	Technologies
2005	Tadpole Computer	Technologies
2005	Itronix	Technologies
2006	FC Business Systems	Technologies
2006	Anteon International	Technologies
2007	Mediaware International	Technologies
2008	ViPS, Inc.	Technologies
2008	Jet Aviation	Aerospace
2009	Axletech International	Combat Systems
2010	Kylmar Ltd.	Combat Systems
2011	Vangent, Inc.	Technologies
2011	Metro Machine Imperial Docks Inc.	Marine Systems
2011	Force Protection Inc.	Combat Systems
2012	Earl Industries’ Ship Repair Division	Marine Systems
2012	Open Kernel Labs	Technologies
2012	Applied Physical Sciences	Aerospace
2016	Bluefin Robotics	Marine Systems
2018	CSRA Inc.	Technologies
2018	Hawker Pacific	Aerospace
2018	FWW Fahrzeugwerk GmbH	Combat Systems

Divestitures

Year	Divestiture	Purchaser
1953	Liquid Carbonic Corporation	Houston Natural Gas Co.
1957	Asbestos Corporation Limited	Société nationale de l'amiante (SNA)
1967	General Atomics	Gulf Oil
1976	Canadair	Canadian government
1991	Data Systems Division	Computer Sciences Corporation
1995	Tactical Missiles Division	Hughes Aircraft Company
1992	Cessna	Textron
1992	Electronics Division	The Carlyle Group
1993	Fort Worth Division (F-16s)	Lockheed Corporation
1994	Space Systems Division	Martin Marietta
1994	Convair's aerostructure unit	McDonnell Douglas
2006	Material Service	Hanson
2007	Freeman United Coal Mining Co.	Springfield Coal Co.
2010	Spacecraft development and manufacturing	Orbital Sciences Corporation
2014	Advanced Systems	MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates

Corporate affairs

Corporate governance

General Dynamics current chairman and chief executive officer is Phebe Novakovic.

Board Member	Role
Phebe Novakovic	Chairman and chief executive officer
James Crown	Lead Director
Rudy de Leon	Director
Cecil D. Haney	Director and chair, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
Mark M. Malcolm	Director
Jim Mattis	Director
C. Howard Nye	Director and chair, Audit Committee
Robert K. Steel	Director and chair, Sustainability Committee
Catherine B. Reynolds	Director and chair, Finance and Benefit Plans Committee
Laura J. Schumacher	Director and chair, Compensation Committee
John G. Stratton	Director
Peter A. Wall	Director

As of December 2022.

Financials

Year	Revenue in mil. US$	Net income in mil. US$	Assets in mil. US$	Employees
2005	20,975	1,461	19,700	72,200
2006	24,063	1,856	22,376	81,000
2007	27,240	2,072	25,733	83,500
2008	29,300	2,459	28,373	92,300
2009	31,981	2,394	31,077	91,700
2010	32,466	2,624	32,545	90,000
2011	32,677	2,526	34,883	95,100
2012	30,992	−332	34,309	92,200
2013	30,930	2,357	35,494	96,000
2014	30,852	2,533	35,337	99,500
2015	31,781	3,036	31,997	99,900
2016	30,561	2,572	33,172	98,800
2017	30,973	2,912	35,046	98,600
2018	36,193	3,345	45,408	105,600
2019	39,350	3,484	49,349	102,900
2020	37,925	3,167	51,308	100,700
2021	38,469	3,257	50,073	103,100
2022	39,407	3,390	51,585	106,500

As of January 2023.

Carbon emissions

General Dynamics reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for 2021 at 696,118 mt (-8.7% year over year) and aims to reducing greenhouse gas emissions 40% by 2034. The company is on track to become carbon neutral before 2060.

General Dynamics's annual total CO2e Emissions (in Metric Tons)

2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
901,666	817,293	821,773	784,264	794,161	762,200	696,118	681,454

Company demographics

In 2021, General Dynamics's U.S. workforce was 21% veterans, 23% female, and 27% people of color. The US Department of Labor awarded the company the 2021 HIRE Vets Gold Award. The company has 26 Employee Resource Groups serving 10 employee segments. Approximately 20% of the company's employees are represented by labor unions such as International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM), The International Union, and United Auto Workers (UAW). Independent research published by American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD), U.S. Department of Labor, Military Times, U.S. Veterans Magazine, Professional Women's Magazine, Forbes, and Fortune selected General Dynamics as a top employer. General Dynamics' community contributions in 2021 were 70% in Education & Social Services, 18% in Arts & Culture, and 12% in Service Member Support.

See also

• Top 100 Contractors of the U.S. federal government
• List of companies headquartered in Northern Virginia
• List of military aircraft of the United States
• List of United States defense contractors
• List of current ships of the United States Navy
• List of currently active United States military land vehicles
• List of shipbuilders and shipyards

References

Sources

• Patents owned by General Dynamics Corporation. US Patent & Trademark Office. URL accessed on 5 December 2005.
• Template:Webarchive from a GeoCities-hosted website
• Compton-Hall, Richard. The Submarine Pioneers. Sutton Publishing, 1999.
• Franklin, Roger. The Defender: The Story of General Dynamics. Harper & Row, 1986.
• General Dynamics. Dynamic America. General Dynamics/Doubleday Publishing Company, 1960.
• Goodwin, Jacob. Brotherhood of Arms: General Dynamics and the Business of Defending America. Random House, 1985.
• Pederson, Jay P. (Ed.). International Directory of Company Histories, Volume 40. St. James Press, March 2001. Template:ISBN. (General Dynamics section, pp. 204–210). See also International Directory of Company Histories, Volume 86. St. James Press, July 2007. Template:ISBN (General Dynamics/Electric Boat Corporation section, pp. 136–139).
• Morris, Richard Knowles. John P. Holland 1841–1914, Inventor of the Modern Submarine. The University of South Carolina Press, 1998. (Book originally copyrighted and published by the United States Naval Institute Press, 1966.)
• Morris, Richard Knowles. Who Built Those Subs?. United States Naval Institute Press, October 1998. (125th Anniversary issue)
• Rodengen, Jeffrey. The Legend of Electric Boat, Serving The Silent Service. Write Stuff Syndicate, 1994. Account revised in 2007.

External links

• Template:Official website
• General Dynamics European Land Systems (Gdels.com) site