Quercus petraea: Difference between revisions

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Sessile oak is one of the most important species in Europe both economically and ecologically. Oak timber is traditionally used for building, ships and furniture. Today the best woods are used for quality [[cabinetmaking]], [[Wood veneer|veneer]]s and [[barrel]] staves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Munir |first1=Muhammad Tanveer |last2=Pailhories |first2=Hélène |last3=Eveillard |first3=Matthieu |last4=Irle |first4=Mark |last5=Aviat |first5=Florence |last6=Federighi |first6=Michel |last7=Belloncle |first7=Christophe |title=Experimental Parameters Influence the Observed Antimicrobial Response of Oak Wood (Quercus petraea) |journal=Antibiotics |date=24 August 2020 |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=535 |doi=10.3390/antibiotics9090535 |pmid=32847132 |pmc=7558063 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref> Rougher material is used for [[fence]] construction, roof beams and specialist building work. The wood also has antimicrobial properties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Munir |first1=Muhammad |last2=Aviat |first2=Florence |last3=Lepelletier |first3=Didier |last4=Pape |first4=Patrice Le |last5=Dubreil |first5=Laurence |last6=Irle |first6=Mark |last7=Federighi |first7=Michel |last8=Belloncle |first8=Christophe |last9=Eveillard |first9=Matthieu |last10=Pailhoriès |first10=Hélène |title=Wood materials for limiting the bacterial reservoir on surfaces in hospitals: would it be worthwhile to go further? |journal=Future Microbiology |date=1 October 2020 |volume=15 |issue=15 |pages=1431–1437 |doi=10.2217/fmb-2019-0339|pmid=33156723 |s2cid=226276130 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Ju-Chi |last2=Munir |first2=Muhammad Tanveer |last3=Aviat |first3=Florence |last4=Lepelletier |first4=Didier |last5=Le Pape |first5=Patrice |last6=Dubreil |first6=Laurence |last7=Irle |first7=Mark |last8=Federighi |first8=Michel |last9=Belloncle |first9=Christophe |last10=Eveillard |first10=Matthieu |last11=Pailhoriès |first11=Hélène |title=Survival of Bacterial Strains on Wood (Quercus petraea) Compared to Polycarbonate, Aluminum and Stainless Steel |journal=Antibiotics |date=13 November 2020 |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=804 |doi=10.3390/antibiotics9110804 |pmid=33202723 |pmc=7698295 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is also a good [[fuel wood]]. During autumns with good acorn crops (the mast years), animals are traditionally grazed under the trees to fatten them.<ref>{{citation |author=Ducousso, A. |author2=Bordacs, S.  |name-list-style=amp|title=Pedunculate and sessile oaks – ''Quercus robur''/''Quercus petraea'': Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use|date=2004|pages=6 |url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1038_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_Pedunculate_and_sessile_oaks__Quercus_robur__and__Quercus_petraea_.pdf |publisher=[[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020448/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1038_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_Pedunculate_and_sessile_oaks__Quercus_robur__and__Quercus_petraea_.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2018 }}</ref>
Sessile oak is one of the most important species in Europe both economically and ecologically. Oak timber is traditionally used for building, ships and furniture. Today the best woods are used for quality [[cabinetmaking]], [[Wood veneer|veneer]]s and [[barrel]] staves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Munir |first1=Muhammad Tanveer |last2=Pailhories |first2=Hélène |last3=Eveillard |first3=Matthieu |last4=Irle |first4=Mark |last5=Aviat |first5=Florence |last6=Federighi |first6=Michel |last7=Belloncle |first7=Christophe |title=Experimental Parameters Influence the Observed Antimicrobial Response of Oak Wood (Quercus petraea) |journal=Antibiotics |date=24 August 2020 |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=535 |doi=10.3390/antibiotics9090535 |pmid=32847132 |pmc=7558063 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref> Rougher material is used for [[fence]] construction, roof beams and specialist building work. The wood also has antimicrobial properties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Munir |first1=Muhammad |last2=Aviat |first2=Florence |last3=Lepelletier |first3=Didier |last4=Pape |first4=Patrice Le |last5=Dubreil |first5=Laurence |last6=Irle |first6=Mark |last7=Federighi |first7=Michel |last8=Belloncle |first8=Christophe |last9=Eveillard |first9=Matthieu |last10=Pailhoriès |first10=Hélène |title=Wood materials for limiting the bacterial reservoir on surfaces in hospitals: would it be worthwhile to go further? |journal=Future Microbiology |date=1 October 2020 |volume=15 |issue=15 |pages=1431–1437 |doi=10.2217/fmb-2019-0339|pmid=33156723 |s2cid=226276130 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Ju-Chi |last2=Munir |first2=Muhammad Tanveer |last3=Aviat |first3=Florence |last4=Lepelletier |first4=Didier |last5=Le Pape |first5=Patrice |last6=Dubreil |first6=Laurence |last7=Irle |first7=Mark |last8=Federighi |first8=Michel |last9=Belloncle |first9=Christophe |last10=Eveillard |first10=Matthieu |last11=Pailhoriès |first11=Hélène |title=Survival of Bacterial Strains on Wood (Quercus petraea) Compared to Polycarbonate, Aluminum and Stainless Steel |journal=Antibiotics |date=13 November 2020 |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=804 |doi=10.3390/antibiotics9110804 |pmid=33202723 |pmc=7698295 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is also a good [[fuel wood]]. During autumns with good acorn crops (the mast years), animals are traditionally grazed under the trees to fatten them.<ref>{{citation |author=Ducousso, A. |author2=Bordacs, S.  |name-list-style=amp|title=Pedunculate and sessile oaks – ''Quercus robur''/''Quercus petraea'': Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use|date=2004|pages=6 |url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1038_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_Pedunculate_and_sessile_oaks__Quercus_robur__and__Quercus_petraea_.pdf |publisher=[[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020448/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1038_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_Pedunculate_and_sessile_oaks__Quercus_robur__and__Quercus_petraea_.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2018 }}</ref>


== Pontfadog Oak ==
== Notable individual trees ==
===Pontfadog Oak===
{{main article|Pontfadog Oak}}
{{main article|Pontfadog Oak}}
Known as "Wales's national tree", the Pontfadog Oak was a sessile oak considered to be the oldest oak tree in the UK. Located near [[Chirk]] in North Wales, its girth was measured as over {{convert|53|ft|m|order=flip}} in 1881 and it was understood to be over 1,200&nbsp;years old, an age that was due to regular [[pollarding]] for much of its life. The hollow trunk had a girth of {{convert|42|ft|5|in|m|sigfig=3|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/28/pontfadog-oak-revered-loved-mourned|title=The Pontfadog oak was the oldest of the old, revered, loved ... and now mourned|last=Vidal|first=John|date=28 April 2013|work=[[The Observer]]|accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref>
Known as "Wales's national tree", the Pontfadog Oak was a sessile oak considered to be the oldest oak tree in the UK. Located near [[Chirk]] in North Wales, its girth was measured as over {{convert|53|ft|m|order=flip}} in 1881 and it was understood to be over 1,200&nbsp;years old, an age that was due to regular [[pollarding]] for much of its life. The hollow trunk had a girth of {{convert|42|ft|5|in|m|sigfig=3|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/28/pontfadog-oak-revered-loved-mourned|title=The Pontfadog oak was the oldest of the old, revered, loved ... and now mourned|last=Vidal|first=John|date=28 April 2013|work=[[The Observer]]|accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref>


The tree was lost in April 2013 when it blew down in high winds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2013 |title=Pontfadog Oak: 1,200-year-old tree toppled by winds |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-22202815}}</ref> However, [[the Crown Estate]] propagated a sapling from the original tree and planted it in [[Windsor Great Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=One of the world's largest and oldest oak trees returns to Chirk Castle |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/services/media/one-of-the-worlds-largest-and-oldest-oak-trees-returns-to-chirk-castle |website=National Trust |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref> A further five saplings have been cloned from the Pontfadog Oak, three of which will be planted at the [[National Botanic Garden of Wales]], with the other two going to sites near Pontfadog; one at [[Chirk Castle]] and the other at [[Erddig]], as part of a woodland memorial to those who died during the [[COVID-19]] pandemic.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Steven |title=North Wales' ancient felled Pontfadog oak returns in five cloned saplings |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/06/pontfadog-oak-returns-five-cloned-saplings-north-wales-ceiriog-valley |access-date=29 April 2023 |work=The Guardian }}</ref>
The tree died in April 2013 when it blew down in high winds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2013 |title=Pontfadog Oak: 1,200-year-old tree toppled by winds |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-22202815}}</ref> However, [[the Crown Estate]] propagated a sapling from the original tree and planted it in [[Windsor Great Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=One of the world's largest and oldest oak trees returns to Chirk Castle |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/services/media/one-of-the-worlds-largest-and-oldest-oak-trees-returns-to-chirk-castle |website=National Trust |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref> A further five saplings have been cloned from the Pontfadog Oak, three of which will be planted at the [[National Botanic Garden of Wales]], with the other two going to sites near Pontfadog; one at [[Chirk Castle]] and the other at [[Erddig]], as part of a woodland memorial to those who died during the [[COVID-19]] pandemic.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Steven |title=North Wales' ancient felled Pontfadog oak returns in five cloned saplings |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/06/pontfadog-oak-returns-five-cloned-saplings-north-wales-ceiriog-valley |access-date=29 April 2023 |work=The Guardian }}</ref>
 
===Fuck Tree===
{{main article|Fuck Tree}}
The Fuck Tree is a sessile oak tree located in [[Hampstead Heath]], north [[London]]. The tree is located in an established [[Cruising for sex|gay cruising]] area and is famous for its slender trunk which facilitates [[gay sex]]. Hampstead Heath has been used for gay cruising since the [[Victorian era]], with the Fuck Tree being the most famous tree in the heath.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/03/09/hampstead-heath-dog-walkers-cruising-homophobic-campaign/|archive-url=|title=Hampstead Heath at war over tree used in gay cruising|date=9 March 2025|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=16 April 2025|archivedate=}}</ref> The Fuck Tree has gained recognition in LGBTQ+ art and culture, including the 2017 art film ''Fuck Tree'' by Liz Rosenfeld<ref>{{cite web|title=FUCK TREE|url=https://lux.org.uk/work/fuck-tree/|archive-url=|work=|publisher=Lux|accessdate=17 April 2025|archivedate=}}</ref> and the 2023 art exhibition ''Soft Ground'' at the [[Gasworks Gallery]] by Trevor Yeung.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jhala|first=Kabir|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/12/07/hampstead-heaths-notorious-gay-cruising-spot-recreated-for-london-exhibition|archive-url=|title=Hampstead Heath's notorious gay cruising spot recreated for London exhibition|date=7 December 2023|work=[[The Art Newspaper]]|accessdate=19 April 2025|archivedate=}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 00:57, 5 June 2025

Template:Short description

Template:Use dmy dates Template:Speciesbox

Quercus petraea, commonly known as the sessile oak,[1] Welsh oak,[2] Cornish oak,[3] Irish oak or durmast oak,[4] is a species of oak tree native to most of Europe and into Anatolia and Iran. The sessile oak is the national tree of Ireland,[5] and an unofficial emblem in Wales[6] and Cornwall.[7][8]

Description

Template:More references The sessile oak is a large deciduous tree up to Template:Convert tall,[9] in the white oak section of the genus (Quercus sect. Quercus) and similar to the pedunculate oak (Q. robur), with which it overlaps extensively in range. The leaves are Template:Convert long and Template:Convert broad, evenly lobed with five to six lobes on each side and a Template:Convert petiole. The male flowers are grouped into catkins, produced in the spring. The fruit is an acorn Template:Convert long and Template:Convert broad, which matures in about six months.

Comparison with pedunculate oak

Significant botanical differences from pedunculate oak (Q. robur) include the stalked leaves, and the stalkless (sessile) acorns from which one of its common names is derived. (With the pedunculate oak, it is the acorns which are pedunculate, i.e. on stalks, while the leaves are not.) It occurs in upland areas of altitudes over Template:Convert with higher rainfall and shallow, acidic, sandy soils. Its specific epithet petraea means "of rocky places".[10] Q. robur, on the other hand, prefers deeper, richer soils at lower altitude. Fertile hybrids with Quercus robur named Quercus × rosacea are found wherever the two parent species occur and share or are intermediate in characters between the parents.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Charles Darwin, in Chapter II of On the Origin of Species, noted that the sessile and pedunculate oaks had been described as both distinct species and mere varieties depending on the authority consulted.

Taxonomy

Quercus petraea was first described by Heinrich Gottfried von Mattuschka in 1777 as a variety of Quercus robur, Quercus robur var. petraea. It was raised to a full species by Franz Kaspar Lieblein in 1784.[11]

Subspecies

Template:As of, Plants of the World Online accepted five subspecies:[11]

  • Quercus petraea subsp. austrotyrrhenica Brullo, Guarino & Siracusa
  • Quercus petraea subsp. huguetiana Franco & G.López
  • Quercus petraea subsp. petraea
  • Quercus petraea subsp. pinnatiloba (K.Koch) Menitsky
  • Quercus petraea subsp. polycarpa (Schur) Soó

Diseases and pests

Uses

Sessile oak is one of the most important species in Europe both economically and ecologically. Oak timber is traditionally used for building, ships and furniture. Today the best woods are used for quality cabinetmaking, veneers and barrel staves.[13] Rougher material is used for fence construction, roof beams and specialist building work. The wood also has antimicrobial properties.[14][15] It is also a good fuel wood. During autumns with good acorn crops (the mast years), animals are traditionally grazed under the trees to fatten them.[16]

Notable individual trees

Pontfadog Oak

Template:Main article Known as "Wales's national tree", the Pontfadog Oak was a sessile oak considered to be the oldest oak tree in the UK. Located near Chirk in North Wales, its girth was measured as over Template:Convert in 1881 and it was understood to be over 1,200 years old, an age that was due to regular pollarding for much of its life. The hollow trunk had a girth of Template:Convert.[17]

The tree died in April 2013 when it blew down in high winds.[18] However, the Crown Estate propagated a sapling from the original tree and planted it in Windsor Great Park.[19] A further five saplings have been cloned from the Pontfadog Oak, three of which will be planted at the National Botanic Garden of Wales, with the other two going to sites near Pontfadog; one at Chirk Castle and the other at Erddig, as part of a woodland memorial to those who died during the COVID-19 pandemic.[20]

Fuck Tree

Template:Main article The Fuck Tree is a sessile oak tree located in Hampstead Heath, north London. The tree is located in an established gay cruising area and is famous for its slender trunk which facilitates gay sex. Hampstead Heath has been used for gay cruising since the Victorian era, with the Fuck Tree being the most famous tree in the heath.[21] The Fuck Tree has gained recognition in LGBTQ+ art and culture, including the 2017 art film Fuck Tree by Liz Rosenfeld[22] and the 2023 art exhibition Soft Ground at the Gasworks Gallery by Trevor Yeung.[23]

See also

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References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Taxonbar Template:National symbols of Wales Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Template:BSBI 2007
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Template:GRIN
  5. ↑ Mitchell, Alan (1974). "Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe (Collins Field Guide)", HarperCollins Distribution Services, New York. Template:ISBN.
  6. ↑ "Tree trail with worldwide flavour", BBC News, 23 July 2004
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ West Briton, September 01, 2011, Will native trees thrive in the future? Template:Webarchive
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Bullock, J.A. 1992. Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations – Amateur Entomologists' Society (AES) publication volume 11a: A supplement to A Coleopterist's Handbook.
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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