Samuel C. C. Ting: Difference between revisions

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Ting was born on January 27, 1936, at the [[University of Michigan Hospital]] in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], to first generation immigrant parents from [[Ju County]], [[Shandong]], province.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.5.031142/full/|doi=10.1063/PT.5.031142|title=Samuel Ting|journal=Physics Today|year=2016|access-date=May 27, 2020|archive-date=February 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206220355/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.5.031142/full/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> His parents, Kuan-hai Ting and [[Tsun-ying Wong]], met and married as graduate students at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name="Ng1995">{{cite book |last = Ng |first = Franklin |title = The Asian American encyclopedia |url = https://archive.org/details/asianamericanenc05ngfr |url-access = registration |year = 1995 |publisher = Marshall Cavendish |isbn = 978-1-85435-684-0 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/asianamericanenc05ngfr/page/n27 1], 490 }}</ref> When Ting was born, his parents had just earned their master's degrees from the University of Michigan and his father, a civil engineer, had received a professorship at the [[China University of Mining and Technology]].{{Sfn|Wang|Zhao|Park|2013|p=1113}}
Ting was born on January 27, 1936, at the [[University of Michigan Hospital]] in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], to first generation immigrant parents from [[Ju County]], [[Shandong]], province.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.5.031142/full/|doi=10.1063/PT.5.031142|title=Samuel Ting|journal=Physics Today|year=2016|access-date=May 27, 2020|archive-date=February 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206220355/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.5.031142/full/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> His parents, Kuan-hai Ting and [[Tsun-ying Wong]], met and married as graduate students at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name="Ng1995">{{cite book |last = Ng |first = Franklin |title = The Asian American encyclopedia |url = https://archive.org/details/asianamericanenc05ngfr |url-access = registration |year = 1995 |publisher = Marshall Cavendish |isbn = 978-1-85435-684-0 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/asianamericanenc05ngfr/page/n27 1], 490 }}</ref> When Ting was born, his parents had just earned their master's degrees from the University of Michigan and his father, a civil engineer, had received a professorship at the [[China University of Mining and Technology]].{{Sfn|Wang|Zhao|Park|2013|p=1113}}


Ting's parents returned to China two months after his birth<ref name="Ng1995" /> where Ting was [[homeschooled]] by his parents throughout WWII.<ref name="InfiniteMIT" /> After the communist takeover of the mainland that forced the nationalist government to flee to [[Taiwan]], Ting moved to the island in 1949. He would live there as a Taiwanese ''[[waishengren]]'' from 1949 to 1956 and conducted most of his formal schooling there.<ref name="InfiniteMIT">{{Cite web |last=Boebel |first=Chris |date=2011-09-06 |title=MIT 150: Samuel C.C. Ting |url=https://infinite.mit.edu/video/samuel-cc-ting-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418230918/https://infinite.mit.edu/video/samuel-cc-ting-0 |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=InfiniteMIT |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref> His father started to teach engineering and his mother would teach psychology at [[National Taiwan University]] (NTU). Ting attended and finished Middle School in Taiwan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=About The Programs - Personal Journeys: Samuel C.C. Ting |url=https://www.pbs.org/becomingamerican/ap_pjourneys_bio2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143912/https://www.pbs.org/becomingamerican/ap_pjourneys_bio2.html |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=June 2, 2014 |website=Samuel C.C. Ting - Studying in America |series=The Chinese Experience |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref><ref name="Nobel_Bio" /> After graduating from [[Cheng Kung Senior High School]] in [[Taipei]], he entered [[National Cheng Kung University]], where he remained for one semester of study.<ref>{{Cite web |last=China (Taiwan) |first=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of |date=1976-12-01 |title=Culture, science and education |url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news_amp.php?unit=12&post=22981&unitname=Society-Taiwan-Review&postname=Culture,-science-and-education |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Taiwan Today |language=en}}</ref>
Ting's parents returned to China two months after his birth<ref name="Ng1995" /> where Ting was [[homeschooled]] by his parents throughout WWII.<ref name="InfiniteMIT" /> After the communist takeover of the mainland that forced the nationalist government to flee to [[Taiwan]], Ting moved to the island in 1949 during the [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|Great Retreat]]. He would live there as a Taiwanese ''[[waishengren]]'' from 1949 to 1956 and conducted most of his formal schooling there.<ref name="InfiniteMIT">{{Cite web |last=Boebel |first=Chris |date=2011-09-06 |title=MIT 150: Samuel C.C. Ting |url=https://infinite.mit.edu/video/samuel-cc-ting-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418230918/https://infinite.mit.edu/video/samuel-cc-ting-0 |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=InfiniteMIT |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref> His father started to teach engineering and his mother would teach psychology at [[National Taiwan University]] (NTU). Ting attended and finished Middle School in Taiwan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=About The Programs - Personal Journeys: Samuel C.C. Ting |url=https://www.pbs.org/becomingamerican/ap_pjourneys_bio2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143912/https://www.pbs.org/becomingamerican/ap_pjourneys_bio2.html |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=June 2, 2014 |website=Samuel C.C. Ting - Studying in America |series=The Chinese Experience |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref><ref name="Nobel_Bio" /> After graduating from [[Cheng Kung Senior High School]] in [[Taipei]], he entered [[National Cheng Kung University]], where he remained for one semester of study.<ref>{{Cite web |last=China (Taiwan) |first=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of |date=1976-12-01 |title=Culture, science and education |url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news_amp.php?unit=12&post=22981&unitname=Society-Taiwan-Review&postname=Culture,-science-and-education |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Taiwan Today |language=en}}</ref>


In 1956, Ting, who barely spoke English,<ref name="InfiniteMIT" /> returned to the [[United States]] at the age of 20 and attended the [[University of Michigan]]. He studied engineering, [[mathematics]], and [[physics]], completing his bachelor's degrees, master's degree, and doctorate in only six years.<ref name=":0" /> He earned two [[Bachelor of Science in Information Technology|Bachelor of Science]] (B.S.) degrees in engineering, mathematics, and physics in 1959, a [[Master of Science]] (M.S.) in physics in 1960, and his [[Ph.D.]] in physics in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samuel C.C. Ting » MIT Physics |url=https://physics.mit.edu/faculty/samuel-ting/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=MIT Physics |language=en-US |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202210748/https://physics.mit.edu/faculty/samuel-ting/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McAlpine |first=Kate |date=2018-02-28 |title=Q&A with Samuel Ting |url=https://news.engin.umich.edu/2018/02/qa-with-samuel-ting/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Engineering Research News, University of Michigan College of Engineering |language=en-US |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202210749/https://news.engin.umich.edu/2018/02/qa-with-samuel-ting/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His doctoral studies were funded by a grant by the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]].<ref>[https://mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/laureates/ting/research-profile Linda Nobel Laureate]</ref>
In 1956, Ting, who barely spoke English,<ref name="InfiniteMIT" /> returned to the [[United States]] at the age of 20 and attended the [[University of Michigan]]. He studied engineering, [[mathematics]], and [[physics]], completing his bachelor's degrees, master's degree, and doctorate in only six years.<ref name=":0" /> He earned two [[Bachelor of Science in Information Technology|Bachelor of Science]] (B.S.) degrees in engineering, mathematics, and physics in 1959, a [[Master of Science]] (M.S.) in physics in 1960, and his [[Ph.D.]] in physics in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samuel C.C. Ting » MIT Physics |url=https://physics.mit.edu/faculty/samuel-ting/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=MIT Physics |language=en-US |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202210748/https://physics.mit.edu/faculty/samuel-ting/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McAlpine |first=Kate |date=2018-02-28 |title=Q&A with Samuel Ting |url=https://news.engin.umich.edu/2018/02/qa-with-samuel-ting/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Engineering Research News, University of Michigan College of Engineering |language=en-US |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202210749/https://news.engin.umich.edu/2018/02/qa-with-samuel-ting/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His doctoral studies were funded by a grant by the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]].<ref>[https://mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/laureates/ting/research-profile Linda Nobel Laureate]</ref>
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* A precision measurement of [[muon]] charge asymmetry, demonstrating for the first time the validity of the Standard [[Electroweak]] Model ([[Steven Weinberg]], [[Sheldon Glashow]] and [[Abdus Salam]]).<ref name="muon_charge_asymmetry">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Barber|first1=D.P.|title=Unique solution for the weak neutral current coupling constants in purely leptonic interactions|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=95|issue=1|year=1980|pages=149–153|issn=0370-2693|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(80)90420-7|bibcode=1980PhLB...95..149B}}</ref>
* A precision measurement of [[muon]] charge asymmetry, demonstrating for the first time the validity of the Standard [[Electroweak]] Model ([[Steven Weinberg]], [[Sheldon Glashow]] and [[Abdus Salam]]).<ref name="muon_charge_asymmetry">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Barber|first1=D.P.|title=Unique solution for the weak neutral current coupling constants in purely leptonic interactions|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=95|issue=1|year=1980|pages=149–153|issn=0370-2693|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(80)90420-7|bibcode=1980PhLB...95..149B}}</ref>
* Determination of the number of electron families and [[neutrino]] species in the Universe and the precision verification of the [[Electroweak]] Unification Theory.<ref name="electron_families">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Adeva|first1=B.|title=Measurement of Z0 decays to hadrons, and a precise determination of the number of neutrino species|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=237|issue=1|year=1990|pages=136–146|issn=0370-2693|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(90)90476-M|bibcode=1990PhLB..237..136A|hdl=2027.42/28683|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* Determination of the number of electron families and [[neutrino]] species in the Universe and the precision verification of the [[Electroweak]] Unification Theory.<ref name="electron_families">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Adeva|first1=B.|title=Measurement of Z0 decays to hadrons, and a precise determination of the number of neutrino species|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=237|issue=1|year=1990|pages=136–146|issn=0370-2693|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(90)90476-M|bibcode=1990PhLB..237..136A|hdl=2027.42/28683|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* Proposed, constructed and leads the [[Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer]] (AMS) experiment on the International Space Station involving the participation of a 16 nation collaboration searching for the existence of [[antimatter]], the origin of [[dark matter]] and the properties of [[cosmic rays]].<ref name="ams-01">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Ahlen|first1=S.|title=An antimatter spectrometer in space|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment|volume=350|issue=1–2|year=1994|pages=351–367|issn=0168-9002|doi=10.1016/0168-9002(94)91184-3|bibcode=1994NIMPA.350..351A}}</ref><ref name="ams01-physics-report">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Aguilar|title=The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station: Part I – results from the test flight on the space shuttle|journal=Physics Reports|volume=366|issue=6|year=2002|pages=331–405|issn=0370-1573|doi=10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00013-3|bibcode=2002PhR...366..331A|s2cid=122726107 }}</ref>
* Proposed, constructed and leads the [[Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer]] (AMS) experiment on the International Space Station involving the participation of a 16 nation collaboration searching for the existence of [[antimatter]], the origin of [[dark matter]] and the properties of [[cosmic rays]].<ref name="ams-01">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Ahlen|first1=S.|title=An antimatter spectrometer in space|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment|volume=350|issue=1–2|year=1994|pages=351–367|issn=0168-9002|doi=10.1016/0168-9002(94)91184-3|bibcode=1994NIMPA.350..351A}}</ref><ref name="ams01-physics-report">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Aguilar|title=The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station: Part I – results from the test flight on the space shuttle|journal=Physics Reports|volume=366|issue=6|year=2002|pages=331–405|issn=0370-1573|doi=10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00013-3|bibcode=2002PhR...366..331A|s2cid=122726107 |hdl=2078.1/72661|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* Development of the first large [[superconducting magnet]] for space application.   
* Development of the first large [[superconducting magnet]] for space application.   
* AMS results, based on nine years in space and more than 160 billion cosmic rays, have changed our understanding of the cosmos.<ref name="ams02-first-results">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=First Result from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station: Precision Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5–350 GeV|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=110|issue=14|year=2013|page=141102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.141102|pmid=25166975|bibcode=2013PhRvL.110n1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/81241|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AccardoAguilar2014">{{cite journal|last=Accardo|first=L.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=High Statistics Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5–500 GeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=113|issue=12|year=2014|page=121101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.121101|pmid=25279616|bibcode=2014PhRvL.113l1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/90505|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-electron_positron">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Electron and Positron Fluxes in Primary Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=113|issue=12|year=2014|page=121102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.121102|pmid=25279617|bibcode=2014PhRvL.113l1102A|hdl=1721.1/90426|s2cid=2585508|url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/1756487 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-electron_and_positron">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of the (e++e−) Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays from 0.5 GeV to 1 TeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=113|issue=22|year=2014|page=221102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.221102|pmid=25494065|bibcode=2014PhRvL.113v1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=11365/981933|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-proton">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of the Proton Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays from Rigidity 1 GV to 1.8 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=114|issue=17|year=2015|page=171103|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.171103|pmid=25978222|bibcode=2015PhRvL.114q1103A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/26836|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-helium">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of the Helium Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays of Rigidities 1.9 GV to 3 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=115|issue=21|year=2015|page=211101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.211101|pmid=26636836|bibcode=2015PhRvL.115u1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/26975|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-antiproton_proton_ratio">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Antiproton Flux, Antiproton-to-Proton Flux Ratio, and Properties of Elementary Particle Fluxes in Primary Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=117|issue=9|year=2016|page=091103|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.091103|pmid=27610839|bibcode=2016PhRvL.117i1103A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/109505|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-boron_carbon_ratio">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of the Boron to Carbon Flux Ratio in Cosmic Rays from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=117|issue=23|year=2016|page=231102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.231102|pmid=27982618|bibcode=2016PhRvL.117w1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/106916|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-he_c_o">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Observation of the Identical Rigidity Dependence of He, C, and O Cosmic Rays at High Rigidities by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=119|issue=25|year=2017|page=251101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.251101|pmid=29303302|bibcode=2017PhRvL.119y1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/27534|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-secondary">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Observation of New Properties of Secondary Cosmic Rays Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=120|issue=2|year=2018|page=021101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.021101|pmid=29376729|bibcode=2018PhRvL.120b1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/27558|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-time_p_he">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Observation of Fine Time Structures in the Cosmic Proton and Helium Fluxes with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=121|issue=5|year=2018|page=051101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051101|pmid=30118264|bibcode=2018PhRvL.121e1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=11511/28440|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-time_e-_e+">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Observation of Complex Time Structures in the Cosmic-Ray Electron and Positron Fluxes with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=121|issue=5|year=2018|page=051102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051102|pmid=30118287|bibcode=2018PhRvL.121e1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/27696|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-ni">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Nitrogen and its Primary and Secondary Components with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=121|issue=5|year=2018|page=051103|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051103|pmid=30118280|bibcode=2018PhRvL.121e1103A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/27698|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-positrons">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Positrons|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=122|issue=4|year=2019|page=041102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.041102|pmid=30768313|bibcode=2019PhRvL.122d1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=11572/226282|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-electrons">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Electrons|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=122|issue=10|year=2019|page=101101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.101101|pmid=30932626|bibcode=2019PhRvL.122j1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=11572/230954|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AguilarAli Cavasonza2019">{{cite journal|last1=Aguilar|first1=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Properties of Cosmic Helium Isotopes Measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=123|issue=18|year=2019|page=181102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.181102|pmid=31763896|bibcode=2019PhRvL.123r1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/133438|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-ne_mg_si">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Properties of Neon, Magnesium, and Silicon Primary Cosmic Rays Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=124|issue=21|year=2020|page=211102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.211102|pmid=32530660|bibcode=2020PhRvL.124u1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/133557.2|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* AMS results, based on nine years in space and more than 160 billion cosmic rays, have changed our understanding of the cosmos.<ref name="ams02-first-results">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=First Result from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station: Precision Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5–350 GeV|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=110|issue=14|year=2013|page=141102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.141102|pmid=25166975|bibcode=2013PhRvL.110n1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/81241|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AccardoAguilar2014">{{cite journal|last=Accardo|first=L.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=High Statistics Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5–500 GeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=113|issue=12|year=2014|page=121101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.121101|pmid=25279616|bibcode=2014PhRvL.113l1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/90505|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-electron_positron">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Electron and Positron Fluxes in Primary Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=113|issue=12|year=2014|page=121102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.121102|pmid=25279617|bibcode=2014PhRvL.113l1102A|hdl=1721.1/90426|s2cid=2585508|url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/1756487 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-electron_and_positron">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of the (e++e−) Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays from 0.5 GeV to 1 TeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=113|issue=22|year=2014|page=221102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.221102|pmid=25494065|bibcode=2014PhRvL.113v1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=11365/981933|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-proton">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of the Proton Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays from Rigidity 1 GV to 1.8 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=114|issue=17|year=2015|page=171103|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.171103|pmid=25978222|bibcode=2015PhRvL.114q1103A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/26836|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-helium">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of the Helium Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays of Rigidities 1.9 GV to 3 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=115|issue=21|year=2015|page=211101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.211101|pmid=26636836|bibcode=2015PhRvL.115u1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/26975|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-antiproton_proton_ratio">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Antiproton Flux, Antiproton-to-Proton Flux Ratio, and Properties of Elementary Particle Fluxes in Primary Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=117|issue=9|year=2016|page=091103|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.091103|pmid=27610839|bibcode=2016PhRvL.117i1103A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/109505|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-boron_carbon_ratio">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of the Boron to Carbon Flux Ratio in Cosmic Rays from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=117|issue=23|year=2016|page=231102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.231102|pmid=27982618|bibcode=2016PhRvL.117w1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/106916|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-he_c_o">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Observation of the Identical Rigidity Dependence of He, C, and O Cosmic Rays at High Rigidities by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=119|issue=25|year=2017|page=251101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.251101|pmid=29303302|bibcode=2017PhRvL.119y1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/27534|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-secondary">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Observation of New Properties of Secondary Cosmic Rays Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=120|issue=2|year=2018|page=021101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.021101|pmid=29376729|bibcode=2018PhRvL.120b1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/27558|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-time_p_he">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Observation of Fine Time Structures in the Cosmic Proton and Helium Fluxes with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=121|issue=5|year=2018|page=051101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051101|pmid=30118264|bibcode=2018PhRvL.121e1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=11511/28440|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-time_e-_e+">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Observation of Complex Time Structures in the Cosmic-Ray Electron and Positron Fluxes with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=121|issue=5|year=2018|page=051102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051102|pmid=30118287|bibcode=2018PhRvL.121e1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/27696|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-ni">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Nitrogen and its Primary and Secondary Components with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=121|issue=5|year=2018|page=051103|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051103|pmid=30118280|bibcode=2018PhRvL.121e1103A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/27698|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-positrons">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Positrons|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=122|issue=4|year=2019|page=041102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.041102|pmid=30768313|bibcode=2019PhRvL.122d1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=11572/226282|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-electrons">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Electrons|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=122|issue=10|year=2019|page=101101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.101101|pmid=30932626|bibcode=2019PhRvL.122j1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=11572/230954|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AguilarAli Cavasonza2019">{{cite journal|last1=Aguilar|first1=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Properties of Cosmic Helium Isotopes Measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=123|issue=18|year=2019|page=181102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.181102|pmid=31763896|bibcode=2019PhRvL.123r1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/133438|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-ne_mg_si">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Properties of Neon, Magnesium, and Silicon Primary Cosmic Rays Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=124|issue=21|year=2020|page=211102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.211102|pmid=32530660|bibcode=2020PhRvL.124u1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/133557.2|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
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* [https://web.mit.edu/physics/people/faculty/ting_samuel.html Faculty page at MIT]
* [https://web.mit.edu/physics/people/faculty/ting_samuel.html Faculty page at MIT]
* [http://nobel-winners.com/Physics/samuel_chao_chung_ting.html Nobel-Winners.com Bio]
* [http://nobel-winners.com/Physics/samuel_chao_chung_ting.html Nobel-Winners.com Bio]
* [http://pbs.org/becomingamerican/ap_pjourneys_bio2.html PBS bio]
* [https://www.pbs.org/becomingamerican/ap_pjourneys_bio2.html PBS bio]
* [https://inspirehep.net/author/profile/S.C.C.Ting.1 Scientific publications of Samuel C. C. Ting] on [[INSPIRE-HEP]]
* [https://inspirehep.net/author/profile/S.C.C.Ting.1 Scientific publications of Samuel C. C. Ting] on [[INSPIRE-HEP]]


Revision as of 22:28, 15 June 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Family name hatnote Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".Template:Main otherScript error: No such module "Check for clobbered parameters". Chao Chung Ting (Template:Zh, born January 27, 1936), also known by his English name Samuel, is a Taiwanese-American physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976 with Burton Richter for discovering the subatomic J/ψ particle. He is the Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Early life and education

Ting was born on January 27, 1936, at the University of Michigan Hospital in Ann Arbor, Michigan, to first generation immigrant parents from Ju County, Shandong, province.[1] His parents, Kuan-hai Ting and Tsun-ying Wong, met and married as graduate students at the University of Michigan.[2] When Ting was born, his parents had just earned their master's degrees from the University of Michigan and his father, a civil engineer, had received a professorship at the China University of Mining and Technology.Template:Sfn

Ting's parents returned to China two months after his birth[2] where Ting was homeschooled by his parents throughout WWII.[3] After the communist takeover of the mainland that forced the nationalist government to flee to Taiwan, Ting moved to the island in 1949 during the Great Retreat. He would live there as a Taiwanese waishengren from 1949 to 1956 and conducted most of his formal schooling there.[3] His father started to teach engineering and his mother would teach psychology at National Taiwan University (NTU). Ting attended and finished Middle School in Taiwan.[4][5] After graduating from Cheng Kung Senior High School in Taipei, he entered National Cheng Kung University, where he remained for one semester of study.[6]

In 1956, Ting, who barely spoke English,[3] returned to the United States at the age of 20 and attended the University of Michigan. He studied engineering, mathematics, and physics, completing his bachelor's degrees, master's degree, and doctorate in only six years.[4] He earned two Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degrees in engineering, mathematics, and physics in 1959, a Master of Science (M.S.) in physics in 1960, and his Ph.D. in physics in 1962.[7][8] His doctoral studies were funded by a grant by the United States Atomic Energy Commission.[9]

Career

In 1963, Ting worked at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). From 1965, he taught at Columbia University in the City of New York and worked at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) in Germany. Since 1969, Ting has been a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Ting received the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award in 1976, Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976, Eringen Medal in 1977, DeGaspari Award in Science from the Government of Italy in 1988, Gold Medal for Science from Brescia, Italy in 1988, and the NASA Public Service Medal in 2001.[4]

Nobel Prize

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In 1976, Ting was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, which he shared with Burton Richter of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, for the discovery of the J/ψ meson nuclear particle. They were chosen for the award, in the words of the Nobel committee, "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind."[10] The discovery was made in 1974 when Ting was heading a research team at MIT exploring new regimes of high energy particle physics.[11]

Ting gave his Nobel Prize acceptance speech in Mandarin. Although there had been Chinese Nobel Prize recipients before (Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang), none had previously delivered the acceptance speech in Chinese. In his Nobel banquet speech, Ting emphasized the importance of experimental work:

In reality, a theory in natural science cannot be without experimental foundations; physics, in particular, comes from experimental work. I hope that awarding the Nobel Prize to me will awaken the interest of students from the developing nations so that they will realize the importance of experimental work.[12]

Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

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File:Samuel Chao Chung Ting.jpg
Ting after he delivered a lecture on the topic of Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) in Shandong University in October 2011

In 1995, not long after the cancellation of the Superconducting Super Collider project had severely reduced the possibilities for experimental high-energy physics on Earth, Ting proposed the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, a space-borne cosmic-ray detector. The proposal was accepted and he became the principal investigator and has been directing the development since then. A prototype, AMS-01, was flown and tested on Space Shuttle mission STS-91 in 1998. The main mission, AMS-02, was then planned for launch by the Shuttle and mounting on the International Space Station.[13]

This project is a massive $2 billion undertaking involving 500 scientists from 56 institutions and 16 countries.[14] After the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, NASA announced that the Shuttle was to be retired by 2010 and that AMS-02 was not on the manifest of any of the remaining Shuttle flights. Dr. Ting was forced to (successfully) lobby the United States Congress and the public to secure an additional Shuttle flight dedicated to this project. Also during this time, Ting had to deal with numerous technical problems in fabricating and qualifying the large, extremely sensitive and delicate detector module for space.[15] AMS-02 was successfully launched on Shuttle mission STS-134 on May 16, 2011, and was installed on the International Space Station on May 19, 2011.[16][17]

Research

Honors and awards

Major Awards

Member or Foreign Member of Scientific Academies

Doctor Honoris Causa degrees

Personal life

Ting lived in a turbulent age during his childhood and his family was a big influence on him. In his biographical for the Nobel Prize, he recalled:

Since both my parents were working, I was brought up by my maternal grandmother. My maternal grandfather lost his life during the first Chinese Revolution. After that, at the age of thirty-three, my grandmother decided to go to school, became a teacher, and brought my mother up alone. When I was young I often heard stories from my mother and grandmother recalling the difficult lives they had during that turbulent period and the efforts they made to provide my mother with a good education. Both of them were daring, original, and determined people, and they have left an indelible impression on me.
When I was twenty years old I decided to return to the United States for a better education. My parents' friend, G.G. Brown, Dean of the School of Engineering, University of Michigan, told my parents I would be welcome to stay with him and his family. At that time I knew very little English and had no idea of the cost of living in the United States. In China, I had read that many American students go through college on their own resources. I informed my parents that I would do likewise. I arrived at the Detroit airport on 6 September 1956 with $100, which at the time seemed more than adequate. I was somewhat frightened, did not know anyone, and communication was difficult.[5]

Ting is the eldest son of his family. He has one brother, Ting Chao-hua (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and one sister, Ting Chao-min (Script error: No such module "Lang".). In an interview with China Central Television, he explained that the combination of his siblings' and his name is the first three characters of "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Republic of China). His parents named them after the country to commemorate their grandfather, who was a martyr in the Xinhai Revolution.[48]

In 1960, Ting married Kay Louise Kuhne, an architect, and together they had two daughters: Jeanne Ting Chowning and Amy Ting. In 1985, he married Dr. Susan Carol Marks, and they had one son, Christopher, born in 1986.[5] Ting also has two grandchildren, and three great-nieces and nephews, one of which include Ella S. Ting.[49]

Selected publications

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See also

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References

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Additional sources

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External links

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Template:Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1976-2000 Template:1976 Nobel Prize winners Template:Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates Template:Chinese Academy of Sciences

Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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