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[[File:Edward Burne-Jones - Perseus and the Graiae, 1892.jpg|thumb|''[[Perseus]] and the Graeae'' by [[Edward Burne-Jones]] (1892)|255x255px]] | [[File:Edward Burne-Jones - Perseus and the Graiae, 1892.jpg|thumb|''[[Perseus]] and the Graeae'' by [[Edward Burne-Jones]] (1892)|255x255px]] | ||
In [[Greek mythology]], the '''Graeae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|r|iː|iː}}; {{langx|grc|Γραῖαι}} ''Graiai'', {{Lit|old women}}, alternatively spelled '''Graiai'''), also called the '''Grey Sisters''' and the '''Phorcides''' ({{gloss|daughters of Phorcys}}),<ref>Sommerstein, [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.261.xml p. 260], in [[Aeschylus]]. ''Fragments''; [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.531.xml?result=8&rskey=OkFnZG 790–800 (pp. 530–531) with n. 94]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.2.6 1.2.6]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html Preface].</ref> were three sisters who had gray hair from their birth and shared one eye and one tooth among them.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=graeae-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Graeae]</ref>{{Sfn|Roman|Roman|2010|p=181}} They were the daughters of the [[Greek primordial deities|primordial]] [[Greek water deities|sea gods]] [[Phorcys]] and [[Ceto]] and, among others, sisters of the [[Gorgons]] and the [[Hesperides]]. Their names were '''Deino''' ({{lang|grc|Δεινώ}}), ''' | In [[Greek mythology]], the '''Graeae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|r|iː|iː}}; {{langx|grc|Γραῖαι}} ''Graiai'', {{Lit|old women}}, alternatively spelled '''Graiai'''), also called the '''Grey Sisters''' and the '''Phorcides''' ({{gloss|daughters of Phorcys}}),<ref>Sommerstein, [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.261.xml p. 260], in [[Aeschylus]]. ''Fragments''; [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.531.xml?result=8&rskey=OkFnZG 790–800 (pp. 530–531) with n. 94]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.2.6 1.2.6]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html Preface].</ref> were three sisters who had gray hair from their birth and shared one eye and one tooth among them.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=graeae-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Graeae]</ref>{{Sfn|Roman|Roman|2010|p=181}} They were the daughters of the [[Greek primordial deities|primordial]] [[Greek water deities|sea gods]] [[Phorcys]] and [[Ceto]] and, among others, sisters of the [[Gorgons]] and the [[Hesperides]]. Their names were '''Deino''' ({{lang|grc|Δεινώ}}), '''Pemphredo''' ({{lang|grc|Πεμφρηδώ}}), and '''Enyo''' ({{lang|grc|Ἐνυώ}}; not to be confused with the war god, [[Enyo]]). The Graeae are best known from their encounter with [[Perseus]], who, after capturing their eye, forced them to reveal information about the [[Gorgons]].{{Sfn|Roman|Roman|2010|p=181}} | ||
{{Greek deities (personifications)}} | {{Greek deities (personifications)}} | ||
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==Mythology== | ==Mythology== | ||
[[File:Fuseli perseus.jpg|thumb|190px|''[[Perseus]] Returning the Eye of the Graiai'' by [[Henry Fuseli]]]] | [[File:Fuseli perseus.jpg|thumb|190px|''[[Perseus]] Returning the Eye of the Graiai'' by [[Henry Fuseli]]]] | ||
The Graeae were daughters of the sea-deities [[Ceto]] and [[Phorcys]] (from which their name the Phorcydes derived) and sisters to the [[Gorgon]]s.<ref name="Harris">Harris, Stephen L., and Gloria Platzner. ''Classical Mythology: Images and Insights'' (Third Edition). California State University, Sacramento. Mayfield Publishing Company. 2000, 1998, 1995, pp. 273–274, 1039.</ref> The Graeae took the form of old, grey-haired women. Their age was so great that a human childhood for them was hardly conceivable. In ''[[Theogony]]'', however, [[Hesiod]] describes the Graeae as being "fair-cheeked". In ''Prometheus Bound'', the Graeae are described as being | The Graeae were daughters of the sea-deities [[Ceto]] and [[Phorcys]] (from which their name the Phorcydes derived) and sisters to the [[Gorgon]]s.<ref name="Harris">Harris, Stephen L., and Gloria Platzner. ''Classical Mythology: Images and Insights'' (Third Edition). California State University, Sacramento. Mayfield Publishing Company. 2000, 1998, 1995, pp. 273–274, 1039.</ref> The Graeae took the form of old, grey-haired women. Their age was so great that a human childhood for them was hardly conceivable. In ''[[Theogony]]'', however, [[Hesiod]] describes the Graeae as being "fair-cheeked". In ''Prometheus Bound'', the Graeae are described as being "ancient maidens of swan-like aspect" ({{lang|grc|κυκνόμορφοι}}; perhaps here meaning "white-haired").<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.531.xml 795 with n. 95].</ref> | ||
[[Hesiod]] names only two Graeae, the "well-clad" "Pemphredo" ({{lang|grc|Πεμφρηδώ}} "alarm")<ref>Sometimes also spelled Peuphredo ({{lang|grc|Πευφρηδώ}}) or Pephredo ({{lang|grc|Πεφρηδώ}}) (see M. Hofinger, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UW8eAAAAIAAJ ''Lexicon Hesiodeum cum Indice Inverso''], p. 533). Alternatively, the name could be derived from [https://lsj.gr/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD πεμφρηδών], a kind of wasp living in hollow oaks or underground.</ref> and the "saffron-robed" Enyo ({{lang|grc|Ἐνυώ}}),<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270 270-274]</ref> while [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] lists Deino ({{lang|grc|Δεινώ}} "dread", the dreadful anticipation of horror) as a third.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.4.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 2.4.2].</ref> Calling them "Phorcides", [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], in addition to Pemphredo and Enyo, adds '''Persis''', noting that "for this last others say Dino".<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html Preface]</ref> | [[Hesiod]] names only two Graeae, the "well-clad" "Pemphredo" ({{lang|grc|Πεμφρηδώ}} "alarm")<ref>Sometimes also spelled Peuphredo ({{lang|grc|Πευφρηδώ}}) or Pephredo ({{lang|grc|Πεφρηδώ}}) (see M. Hofinger, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UW8eAAAAIAAJ ''Lexicon Hesiodeum cum Indice Inverso''], p. 533). Alternatively, the name could be derived from [https://lsj.gr/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD πεμφρηδών], a kind of wasp living in hollow oaks or underground.</ref> and the "saffron-robed" Enyo ({{lang|grc|Ἐνυώ}}),<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270 270-274]</ref> while [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] lists Deino ({{lang|grc|Δεινώ}} "dread", the dreadful anticipation of horror) as a third.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.4.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 2.4.2].</ref> Calling them "Phorcides", [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], in addition to Pemphredo and Enyo, adds '''Persis''', noting that "for this last others say Dino".<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html Preface]</ref> | ||
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== Bibliography == | == Bibliography == | ||
{{refbegin|40em}} | {{refbegin|40em}} | ||
* [[Aeschylus]], (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' in ''Aeschylus: Persians. Seven against Thebes. Suppliants. Prometheus Bound.'' Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99627-4}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL145/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. | |||
* [[Aeschylus]]. ''Fragments.'' Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 505. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99629-8}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL505/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press] | * [[Aeschylus]]. ''Fragments.'' Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 505. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99629-8}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL505/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press] | ||
* [[Aeschylus]], ''Persians. Seven against Thebes. Suppliants. Prometheus Bound.'' Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99627-4}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL145/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press] | * [[Aeschylus]], ''Persians. Seven against Thebes. Suppliants. Prometheus Bound.'' Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99627-4}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL145/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press] | ||
Revision as of 12:12, 6 June 2025
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In Greek mythology, the Graeae (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx Graiai, Template:Lit, alternatively spelled Graiai), also called the Grey Sisters and the Phorcides (Template:Gloss),[1] were three sisters who had gray hair from their birth and shared one eye and one tooth among them.[2]Template:Sfn They were the daughters of the primordial sea gods Phorcys and Ceto and, among others, sisters of the Gorgons and the Hesperides. Their names were Deino (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Pemphredo (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and Enyo (Script error: No such module "Lang".; not to be confused with the war god, Enyo). The Graeae are best known from their encounter with Perseus, who, after capturing their eye, forced them to reveal information about the Gorgons.Template:Sfn
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Etymology
The word Graeae is probably derived from the adjective Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration "old woman", derived from the Proto-Indo-European root Template:Wikt-lang Script error: No such module "Lang"., "to grow old" via Template:Langx.[3]
Mythology
The Graeae were daughters of the sea-deities Ceto and Phorcys (from which their name the Phorcydes derived) and sisters to the Gorgons.[4] The Graeae took the form of old, grey-haired women. Their age was so great that a human childhood for them was hardly conceivable. In Theogony, however, Hesiod describes the Graeae as being "fair-cheeked". In Prometheus Bound, the Graeae are described as being "ancient maidens of swan-like aspect" (Script error: No such module "Lang".; perhaps here meaning "white-haired").[5]
Hesiod names only two Graeae, the "well-clad" "Pemphredo" (Script error: No such module "Lang". "alarm")[6] and the "saffron-robed" Enyo (Script error: No such module "Lang".),[7] while Apollodorus lists Deino (Script error: No such module "Lang". "dread", the dreadful anticipation of horror) as a third.[8] Calling them "Phorcides", Hyginus, in addition to Pemphredo and Enyo, adds Persis, noting that "for this last others say Dino".[9]
They shared one eye and one tooth, which they took turns using. By stealing their eye while they were passing it among themselves, the hero Perseus forced them to tell the whereabouts of the three objects needed to kill Medusa (in other versions, the whereabouts of Medusa) by ransoming their shared eye for the information.[4]
Genealogy
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Notes
References
Bibliography
- Aeschylus, (?), Prometheus Bound in Aeschylus: Persians. Seven against Thebes. Suppliants. Prometheus Bound. Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. Loeb Classical Library No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2009. Template:ISBN. Online version at Harvard University Press.
- Aeschylus. Fragments. Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. Loeb Classical Library No. 505. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2009. Template:ISBN. Online version at Harvard University Press
- Aeschylus, Persians. Seven against Thebes. Suppliants. Prometheus Bound. Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. Loeb Classical Library No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2009. Template:ISBN. Online version at Harvard University Press
- Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, Template:ISBN. "Graeae" p. 175.
- Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Hyginus, Gaius Julius, The Myths of Hyginus. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
- Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Graeae"
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Template:Greek mythology (deities)
- ↑ Sommerstein, p. 260, in Aeschylus. Fragments; Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 790–800 (pp. 530–531) with n. 94; Apollodorus, 1.2.6; Hyginus, Fabulae Preface.
- ↑ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Graeae
- ↑ R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 285.
- ↑ a b Harris, Stephen L., and Gloria Platzner. Classical Mythology: Images and Insights (Third Edition). California State University, Sacramento. Mayfield Publishing Company. 2000, 1998, 1995, pp. 273–274, 1039.
- ↑ Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, 795 with n. 95.
- ↑ Sometimes also spelled Peuphredo (Script error: No such module "Lang".) or Pephredo (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (see M. Hofinger, Lexicon Hesiodeum cum Indice Inverso, p. 533). Alternatively, the name could be derived from πεμφρηδών, a kind of wasp living in hollow oaks or underground.
- ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 270-274
- ↑ Apollodorus, 2.4.2.
- ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae Preface