12th century: Difference between revisions

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==Events==
==Events==
===1101–1109===
===1101–1109===
{{main|1100s (decade)|l1=1100s}}
[[File:Ghurids1200.png|thumb|The [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid Empire]] converted to [[Islam]] from Buddhism.]]
[[File:Ghurids1200.png|thumb|The [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid Empire]] converted to [[Islam]] from Buddhism.]]
*[[1101]]: In July, the [[Treaty of Alton]] is signed between [[Henry I of England]] and his older brother [[Robert Curthose|Robert, Duke of Normandy]] in which Robert agrees to recognize Henry as king of England in exchange for a yearly stipend and other concessions. The agreement temporarily ends a crisis in the succession of the Anglo-Norman kings.
* [[1101]]: In July, the [[Treaty of Alton]] is signed between [[Henry I of England]] and his older brother [[Robert Curthose|Robert, Duke of Normandy]] in which Robert agrees to recognize Henry as king of England in exchange for a yearly stipend and other concessions. The agreement temporarily ends a crisis in the succession of the Anglo-Norman kings.
* [[1101]]–[[1103]]: [[David the Builder]] takes over [[Kakheti]] and [[Hereti]] (now parts of Georgia).
* [[1101]]–[[1103]]: [[David the Builder]] takes over [[Kakheti]] and [[Hereti]] (now parts of Georgia).
* [[1102]]: [[Coloman of Hungary|King Coloman]] unites Hungary and [[Croatia]] under the [[Crown of St. Stephen|Hungarian Crown]].
* [[1102]]: [[Coloman of Hungary|King Coloman]] unites Hungary and [[Croatia]] under the [[Crown of St. Stephen|Hungarian Crown]].
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* [[1109]]: On August 24, in the [[Battle of Hundsfeld]], [[Boleslaus III Wrymouth]] defeats Emperor [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]] of Germany and stops German expansion eastward.
* [[1109]]: On August 24, in the [[Battle of Hundsfeld]], [[Boleslaus III Wrymouth]] defeats Emperor [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]] of Germany and stops German expansion eastward.


===[[1110s]]===
===1110s===
{{main|1110s}}
* [[1111]]: On April 14, during [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]]'s first expedition to Rome, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
* [[1111]]: On April 14, during [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]]'s first expedition to Rome, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
* [[1113]]: Paramavishnulok is crowned as King [[Suryavarman II]] in [[Cambodia]]. He expands the [[Khmer Empire]] and builds [[Angkor Wat]] during the first half of the century. He establishes diplomatic relations with China.
* [[1113]]: Paramavishnulok is crowned as King [[Suryavarman II]] in [[Cambodia]]. He expands the [[Khmer Empire]] and builds [[Angkor Wat]] during the first half of the century. He establishes diplomatic relations with China.
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* c. [[1119]]: The [[Knights Templar]] are founded to protect Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem.
* c. [[1119]]: The [[Knights Templar]] are founded to protect Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem.


===[[1120s]]===
===1120s===
{{main|1120s}}
[[File:A Black and White Photo of the Cuenca Cathedral in Spain.jpeg|thumb|277px|A Black and White Photo of the 12th century Cuenca Cathedral (built from 1182 to 1270) in [[Cuenca, Spain]]]]
[[File:A Black and White Photo of the Cuenca Cathedral in Spain.jpeg|thumb|277px|A Black and White Photo of the 12th century Cuenca Cathedral (built from 1182 to 1270) in [[Cuenca, Spain]]]]
* [[1120]]: On January 16, the Council of [[Nablus]], a council of ecclesiastic and secular lords in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, establishes the first written laws for the kingdom.
* [[1120]]: On January 16, the Council of [[Nablus]], a council of ecclesiastic and secular lords in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, establishes the first written laws for the kingdom.
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* [[1128]]: On June 24, the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] gains independence from the [[Kingdom of León]] at the [[Battle of São Mamede]]; (recognised by [[Kingdom of León|León]] in 1143).
* [[1128]]: On June 24, the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] gains independence from the [[Kingdom of León]] at the [[Battle of São Mamede]]; (recognised by [[Kingdom of León|León]] in 1143).


===[[1130s]]===
===1130s===
{{main|1130s}}
[[Image:Angkor wat temple.jpg|thumb|The temple complex of [[Angkor Wat]], built during the reign of [[Suryavarman II]] in Cambodia of the Khmer Era.]]
[[Image:Angkor wat temple.jpg|thumb|The temple complex of [[Angkor Wat]], built during the reign of [[Suryavarman II]] in Cambodia of the Khmer Era.]]
* [[1130]]–[[1180]]: 50-year drought in what is now the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]].
* [[1130]]–[[1180]]: 50-year drought in what is now the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]].
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* [[1139]]: On July 25, the Portuguese defeat the [[Almoravids]] led by [[Ali ibn Yusuf]] in the [[Battle of Ourique]]; Prince [[Afonso Henriques]] is acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers.
* [[1139]]: On July 25, the Portuguese defeat the [[Almoravids]] led by [[Ali ibn Yusuf]] in the [[Battle of Ourique]]; Prince [[Afonso Henriques]] is acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers.


===[[1140s]]===
===1140s===
{{main|1140s}}
[[File:AverroesColor.jpg|thumb|alt=Drawing of a bearded man in Arabic garb|[[Averroes]] in a 14th-century painting by [[Andrea di Bonaiuto da Firenze|Andrea di Bonaiuto]]]]
[[File:AverroesColor.jpg|thumb|alt=Drawing of a bearded man in Arabic garb|[[Averroes]] in a 14th-century painting by [[Andrea di Bonaiuto da Firenze|Andrea di Bonaiuto]]]]
* [[1140]]–[[1150]]: Collapse of the [[Ancestral Puebloans|Ancestral Puebloan]] culture at [[Chaco Canyon]] (modern-day New Mexico).
* [[1140]]–[[1150]]: Collapse of the [[Ancestral Puebloans|Ancestral Puebloan]] culture at [[Chaco Canyon]] (modern-day New Mexico).
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* [[1147]]: The [[Wendish Crusade]] against the [[Polabian Slavs]] (or "[[Wends]]") in what is now northern and eastern Germany.
* [[1147]]: The [[Wendish Crusade]] against the [[Polabian Slavs]] (or "[[Wends]]") in what is now northern and eastern Germany.


===[[1150s]]===
===1150s===
{{main|1150s}}
* [[1150]]: [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona]] marries [[Petronilla of Aragon|Petronilla]], the Queen of [[Aragon]].
* [[1150]]: [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona]] marries [[Petronilla of Aragon|Petronilla]], the Queen of [[Aragon]].
* [[1151]]: The [[Treaty of Tudilén]] is signed by [[Alfonso VII]] of León and [[Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona]], recognizing the Aragonese conquests south of the Júcar and the right to expand in and annex the Kingdom of Murcia.
* [[1151]]: The [[Treaty of Tudilén]] is signed by [[Alfonso VII]] of León and [[Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona]], recognizing the Aragonese conquests south of the Júcar and the right to expand in and annex the Kingdom of Murcia.
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* [[1158]]: The [[Treaty of Sahagún (1158)|Treaty of Sahagún]] ends the war between Castile and León.
* [[1158]]: The [[Treaty of Sahagún (1158)|Treaty of Sahagún]] ends the war between Castile and León.


=== [[1160s]] ===
===1160s ===
{{main|1160s}}
[[Image:Liuhe Pagoda.jpg|thumb|The [[Liuhe Pagoda]] of Hangzhou, China, 1165]]
[[Image:Liuhe Pagoda.jpg|thumb|The [[Liuhe Pagoda]] of Hangzhou, China, 1165]]
* [[1161]]: the Song dynasty Chinese navy, employing [[gunpowder]] bombs launched from [[trebuchet]]s, defeats the enormous Jin dynasty navy in the East China Sea in the [[Battle of Tangdao]] and on the [[Yangtze River]] in the [[Battle of Caishi]].
* [[1161]]: the Song dynasty Chinese navy, employing [[gunpowder]] bombs launched from [[trebuchet]]s, defeats the enormous Jin dynasty navy in the East China Sea in the [[Battle of Tangdao]] and on the [[Yangtze River]] in the [[Battle of Caishi]].
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* [[1169]]: On May 1, the [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] begins. [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Richard fitzGilbert de Clare]] ('Strongbow') allies with the exiled Irish chief, [[Diarmait Mac Murchada|Dermot MacMurrough]], to help him recover his kingdom of [[Leinster]].
* [[1169]]: On May 1, the [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] begins. [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Richard fitzGilbert de Clare]] ('Strongbow') allies with the exiled Irish chief, [[Diarmait Mac Murchada|Dermot MacMurrough]], to help him recover his kingdom of [[Leinster]].


===[[1170s]]===
===1170s===
{{main|1170s}}
[[File:BattagliaLegnano.jpg|thumb|right|The defense of the [[Carroccio]] during the [[battle of Legnano]] (1176) by [[Amos Cassioli]] (1832–1891)]]
[[File:BattagliaLegnano.jpg|thumb|right|The defense of the [[Carroccio]] during the [[battle of Legnano]] (1176) by [[Amos Cassioli]] (1832–1891)]]
* [[1170]]: The [[Treaty of Sahagún (1170)|Treaty of Sahagún]] is signed by [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]] and [[Alfonso II of Aragon]]. Based on the terms of the accord, Alfonso VIII agrees to provide Alfonso II with three hostages, to be used as tribute payments owed by Ibn Mardanīš of Valencia and Murcia.
* [[1170]]: The [[Treaty of Sahagún (1170)|Treaty of Sahagún]] is signed by [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]] and [[Alfonso II of Aragon]]. Based on the terms of the accord, Alfonso VIII agrees to provide Alfonso II with three hostages, to be used as tribute payments owed by Ibn Mardanīš of Valencia and Murcia.
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* [[1179]]: The [[Treaty of Cazola]] (Cazorla) is signed by [[Alfonso II of Aragon]] and [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]], dividing Andalusia into separate zones of conquest for the two kingdoms, so that the work of the [[Reconquista]] would not be stymied by internecine feuding.
* [[1179]]: The [[Treaty of Cazola]] (Cazorla) is signed by [[Alfonso II of Aragon]] and [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]], dividing Andalusia into separate zones of conquest for the two kingdoms, so that the work of the [[Reconquista]] would not be stymied by internecine feuding.


===[[1180s]]===
===1180s===
{{main|1180s}}
* [[1180]]: The [[Portuguese Navy]] defeats a Muslim fleet off the coast of [[Cape Espichel]].
* [[1180]]: The [[Portuguese Navy]] defeats a Muslim fleet off the coast of [[Cape Espichel]].
* [[1180]]–[[1185]]: the [[Genpei War]] in Japan.
* [[1180]]–[[1185]]: the [[Genpei War]] in Japan.
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===1190–1200===
===1190–1200===
{{main|1190s|1200s (decade)|l2=1200s}}
[[Image:Richard coeurdelion g.jpg|thumb|[[Richard I of England]], or Richard the Lionheart.]]
[[Image:Richard coeurdelion g.jpg|thumb|[[Richard I of England]], or Richard the Lionheart.]]
* [[1190]]: On June 10, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowns in the River Salef, leaving the Crusader army under the command of the rivals [[Philip II of France]] and [[Richard I of England]], which ultimately leads to the dissolution of the army.
* [[1190]]: On June 10, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowns in the River Salef, leaving the Crusader army under the command of the rivals [[Philip II of France]] and [[Richard I of England]], which ultimately leads to the dissolution of the army.
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* [[1192]]: Sultan [[Muhammad of Ghor|Shahābuddin Muhammad Ghori]] establishes the first [[List of Muslim states and dynasties|Muslim empire]] in India for 14 years (1192–1206) by defeating [[Prithviraj Chauhan]].
* [[1192]]: Sultan [[Muhammad of Ghor|Shahābuddin Muhammad Ghori]] establishes the first [[List of Muslim states and dynasties|Muslim empire]] in India for 14 years (1192–1206) by defeating [[Prithviraj Chauhan]].
* [[1193]]: [[Nalanda]], the great Indian [[Buddhist]] educational centre, is destroyed.
* [[1193]]: [[Nalanda]], the great Indian [[Buddhist]] educational centre, is destroyed.
*
* [[1194]]: Emperor Henry VI conquers the Kingdom of Sicily.
* [[1194]]: Emperor Henry VI conquers the Kingdom of Sicily.
* [[1195]]: On June 16, the struggle of [[Battle of Shamkor|Shamqori]]. [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] forces annihilate the army of [[Abu Baqar]].
* [[1195]]: On June 16, the struggle of [[Battle of Shamkor|Shamqori]]. [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] forces annihilate the army of [[Abu Baqar]].
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=== Undated ===
=== Undated ===
[[Image:East-Hem 1200ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 12th century]]
[[Image:East-Hem 1200ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 12th century]]
*China is under the [[Northern Song dynasty]]. Early in the century, [[Zhang Zeduan]] paints ''[[Along the River During the Qingming Festival]]''. It will later end up in the [[Palace Museum]], Beijing.
* China is under the [[Northern Song dynasty]]. Early in the century, [[Zhang Zeduan]] paints ''[[Along the River During the Qingming Festival]]''. It will later end up in the [[Palace Museum]], Beijing.
* In southeast Asia, there is conflict between the [[Khmer Empire]] and the [[Champa]]. [[Angkor Wat]] is built under the Hindu king [[Suryavarman II]]. By the end of the century, the Buddhist [[Jayavarman VII]] becomes the ruler.
* In southeast Asia, there is conflict between the [[Khmer Empire]] and the [[Champa]]. [[Angkor Wat]] is built under the Hindu king [[Suryavarman II]]. By the end of the century, the Buddhist [[Jayavarman VII]] becomes the ruler.
* Japan is in its [[Heian period]]. The [[Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga]] is made and attributed to [[Toba Sōjō]]. It ends up at the [[Kōzan-ji]], [[Kyoto]].
* Japan is in its [[Heian period]]. The [[Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga]] is made and attributed to [[Toba Sōjō]]. It ends up at the [[Kōzan-ji]], [[Kyoto]].

Latest revision as of 15:57, 18 June 2025

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File:East-Hem 1100ad.jpg
Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 12th century

The 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and overlaps with what is often called the Template:"'Golden Age' of the Cistercians". The Golden Age of Islam experienced significant development, particularly in Islamic Spain.

In Song dynasty China, an invasion by Jurchens caused a political schism of north and south. The Khmer Empire of Cambodia flourished during this century, while the Fatimids of Egypt were overtaken by the Ayyubid dynasty. Following the expansions of the Ghaznavids and Ghurid Empire, the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent took place at the end of the century.

Events

1101–1109

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File:Ghurids1200.png
The Ghurid Empire converted to Islam from Buddhism.

1110s

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  • 1111: On April 14, during Henry V's first expedition to Rome, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
  • 1113: Paramavishnulok is crowned as King Suryavarman II in Cambodia. He expands the Khmer Empire and builds Angkor Wat during the first half of the century. He establishes diplomatic relations with China.
  • 1115: The Georgian army occupies Rustavi in the war with the Muslims.
  • 1115: In Java, King Kamesvara of Kadiri ascends to the throne. Janggala ceases to exist and comes under Kadiri domination, highly possible under royal marriage. During his reign, Mpu Dharmaja writes Kakawin Smaradahana, a eulogy for the king which become the inspiration for the Panji cycle tales, which spread across Southeast Asia.[1]
  • 1116: The Byzantine army defeats the Turks at Philomelion.
  • 1116: Death of doña Jimena Díaz, governor of Valencia from 1099 to 1102.
  • c. 1119: The Knights Templar are founded to protect Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem.

1120s

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File:A Black and White Photo of the Cuenca Cathedral in Spain.jpeg
A Black and White Photo of the 12th century Cuenca Cathedral (built from 1182 to 1270) in Cuenca, Spain

1130s

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File:Angkor wat temple.jpg
The temple complex of Angkor Wat, built during the reign of Suryavarman II in Cambodia of the Khmer Era.

1140s

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Drawing of a bearded man in Arabic garb
Averroes in a 14th-century painting by Andrea di Bonaiuto

1150s

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1160s

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File:Liuhe Pagoda.jpg
The Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, 1165

1170s

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File:BattagliaLegnano.jpg
The defense of the Carroccio during the battle of Legnano (1176) by Amos Cassioli (1832–1891)

1180s

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1190–1200

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File:Richard coeurdelion g.jpg
Richard I of England, or Richard the Lionheart.

Undated

File:East-Hem 1200ad.jpg
Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 12th century

Inventions, discoveries, and introductions by year

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References

Template:Sister project Template:Reflist

Bibliography

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  1. ↑ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57
  2. ↑ Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (1998, July 20). Kaḍiri. Encyclopedia Britannica.
  3. ↑ Enn Tarvel (2007). Sigtuna hukkumine. Template:Webarchive Haridus, 2007 (7-8), p 38–41
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". and Template:NHLS url (680 KB)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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