Perciformes: Difference between revisions

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'''Perciformes''' ({{IPAc-en|'|p|ɜːr|s|ᵻ|ˌ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}}), also called the '''Acanthopteri''', is an [[order (biology)|order]] or superorder of [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] in the clade [[Percomorpha]]. ''Perciformes'' means "[[perch]]-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perches and darters ([[Percidae]]), and also sea basses and groupers ([[Serranidae]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perciform - Form and function |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/perciform |access-date=2019-02-14 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> This order contains many familiar freshwater temperate and tropical marine fish groups, but also [[Extremophile|extremophiles]] that have successfully colonized both the North and South Poles, as well as the deepest depths of the ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thacker |first=Christine E. |last2=Near |first2=Thomas J. |date=2025-03-13 |title=Phylogeny, biology, and evolution of acanthopterygian fish clades |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-025-09935-w |journal=Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries |language=en |doi=10.1007/s11160-025-09935-w |issn=1573-5184|doi-access=free }}</ref>
'''Perciformes''' ({{IPAc-en|'|p|ɜːr|s|ᵻ|ˌ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}}), also called the '''Acanthopteri''', is an [[order (biology)|order]] or superorder of [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] in the clade [[Percomorpha]]. ''Perciformes'' means "[[perch]]-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perches and darters ([[Percidae]]), and also sea basses and groupers ([[Serranidae]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perciform - Form and function |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/perciform |access-date=2019-02-14 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> This order contains many familiar freshwater temperate and tropical marine fish groups, but also [[Extremophile|extremophiles]] that have successfully colonized both the North and South Poles, as well as the deepest depths of the ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thacker |first=Christine E. |last2=Near |first2=Thomas J. |date=2025-03-13 |title=Phylogeny, biology, and evolution of acanthopterygian fish clades |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-025-09935-w |journal=Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries |language=en |doi=10.1007/s11160-025-09935-w |issn=1573-5184|doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
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=== Evolution ===
=== Evolution ===
The earliest fossil perciform is the extinct [[stem group]]-perciform<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Near |first=Thomas J. |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E. |date=2024-04-18 |title=Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-65/issue-1/014.065.0101/Phylogenetic-Classification-of-Living-and-Fossil-Ray-Finned-Fishes-Actinopterygii/10.3374/014.065.0101.full |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |issue=1 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101 |issn=0079-032X}}</ref> ''[[Paleoserranus]]'' (originally considered an early [[Serranidae|serranid]]) from the [[Danian|Early Paleocene]] of [[Mexico]], but potential records of "percoids" are known from the [[Maastrichtian]], including ''[[Eoserranus]]'' and ''[[Prolates]]'', although their exact taxonomic identity remains uncertain.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cantalice |first=Kleyton M. |last2=Alvarado-Ortega |first2=Jesús |last3=Alaniz-Galvan |first3=Abril |date=2018-04-01 |title=Paleoserranus lakamhae gen. et sp. nov., a Paleocene seabass (Perciformes: Serranidae) from Palenque, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598111730487X |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=83 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2018.01.010 |issn=0895-9811|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kriwet |first=Jürgen |last2=Arratia |first2=Gloria |last3=López-Arbarello |first3=Adriana |last4=Parmar |first4=Varun |last5=Prasad |first5=Guntupalli |date=2004-01-01 |title=Late Cretaceous-Paleocene percomorphs (Teleostei) from India - early radiation of perciformes |url=https://www.academia.edu/978479/Late_Cretaceous_Paleocene_percomorphs_Teleostei_from_India_early_radiation_of_perciformes |journal=Recent advances in …}}</ref> The earliest crown-group perciform fossils are known from the [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]], including the [[Scorpaenoidei|scorpaenoid]] ''[[Eosynanceja]]'' and [[Platycephalidae|platycephalid]] [[Otolith|otoliths]] from New Zealand.<ref name=":0" />
The earliest fossil perciform is the extinct [[stem group]]-perciform<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Near |first=Thomas J. |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E. |date=2024-04-18 |title=Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-65/issue-1/014.065.0101/Phylogenetic-Classification-of-Living-and-Fossil-Ray-Finned-Fishes-Actinopterygii/10.3374/014.065.0101.full |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |issue=1 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101 |issn=0079-032X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''[[Paleoserranus]]'' (originally considered an early [[Serranidae|serranid]]) from the [[Danian|Early Paleocene]] of [[Mexico]], but potential records of "percoids" are known from the [[Maastrichtian]], including ''[[Eoserranus]]'' and ''[[Prolates]]'', although their exact taxonomic identity remains uncertain.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cantalice |first=Kleyton M. |last2=Alvarado-Ortega |first2=Jesús |last3=Alaniz-Galvan |first3=Abril |date=2018-04-01 |title=Paleoserranus lakamhae gen. et sp. nov., a Paleocene seabass (Perciformes: Serranidae) from Palenque, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598111730487X |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=83 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2018.01.010 |issn=0895-9811|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kriwet |first=Jürgen |last2=Arratia |first2=Gloria |last3=López-Arbarello |first3=Adriana |last4=Parmar |first4=Varun |last5=Prasad |first5=Guntupalli |date=2004-01-01 |title=Late Cretaceous-Paleocene percomorphs (Teleostei) from India - early radiation of perciformes |url=https://www.academia.edu/978479/Late_Cretaceous_Paleocene_percomorphs_Teleostei_from_India_early_radiation_of_perciformes |journal=Recent advances in …}}</ref> The earliest crown-group perciform fossils are known from the [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]], including the [[Scorpaenoidei|scorpaenoid]] ''[[Eosynanceja]]'' and [[Platycephalidae|platycephalid]] [[Otolith|otoliths]] from New Zealand.<ref name=":0" />


=== Classification ===
=== Classification ===

Revision as of 23:17, 19 June 2025

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Perciformes (Template:IPAc-en), also called the Acanthopteri, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish in the clade Percomorpha. Perciformes means "perch-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perches and darters (Percidae), and also sea basses and groupers (Serranidae).[1] This order contains many familiar freshwater temperate and tropical marine fish groups, but also extremophiles that have successfully colonized both the North and South Poles, as well as the deepest depths of the ocean.[2]

Taxonomy

Formerly, this group was thought to be even more diverse than it is thought to be now, containing about 41% of all bony fish (about 10,000 species) and about 160 families, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates.[3] However, many of these other families have since been reclassified within their own orders within the clade Percomorpha, significantly reducing the size of the group. In contrast to this splitting, other groups formerly considered distinct, such as the Scorpaeniformes, are now classified in the Perciformes.[4]

Evolution

The earliest fossil perciform is the extinct stem group-perciform[5] Paleoserranus (originally considered an early serranid) from the Early Paleocene of Mexico, but potential records of "percoids" are known from the Maastrichtian, including Eoserranus and Prolates, although their exact taxonomic identity remains uncertain.[6][7] The earliest crown-group perciform fossils are known from the Early Eocene, including the scorpaenoid Eosynanceja and platycephalid otoliths from New Zealand.[5]

Classification

Classification of this group has long been controversial, with various families being placed in and out of Perciformes depending on the study. Only in recent decades, with the advent of molecular phylogenetics, has the classification of the family been largely resolved. Based on these studies, many suborders formerly placed within the Perciformes are better placed elsewhere in the Percomorpha, but former members of the Scorpaeniformes, Gasterosteiformes, and some members of the Trachiniformes (including the type genus) are now considered true perciforms.[8][9]

Present classification

The following classification is based on Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes:[9]

Past classifications

As traditionally defined before the introduction of cladistics, the Perciformes are almost certainly paraphyletic. Other orders that should possibly be included as suborders are the Scorpaeniformes, Tetraodontiformes, and Pleuronectiformes. Of the presently recognized suborders, several may be paraphyletic, as well. These are grouped by suborder/superfamily, generally following the text Fishes of the World.[3][10][11][12]

File:Perciformes 01.jpg
Perciformes display at the National Museum of Natural History.
File:Pomacanthus semicirculatus 1.jpg
Pomacanthus semicirculatus
Nelson 2016[12] Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2017[8]

Characteristics

The dorsal and anal fins are divided into anterior spiny and posterior soft-rayed portions, which may be partially or completely separated. The pelvic fins usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under the chin or under the belly. Scales are usually ctenoid (rough to the touch), although sometimes they are cycloid (smooth to the touch) or otherwise modified.

References

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