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'''Coercion''' involves compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner through the use of [[threat]]s, including threats to use [[Force (law)|force]] against that party.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coercion |title= Definition of coercion|work=Merriam-Webster |date= December 2023| quote = the act, process, or power of coercing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schelling|first=Thomas C.|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vm52s |title= Arms and Influence|date= 1966|publisher=Yale University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt5vm52s |jstor= j.ctt5vm52s|isbn=978-0-300-00221-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pape|first=Robert A.|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v|title=Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War|date= 1996 |publisher= Cornell University Press|isbn= 978-0-8014-3134-0|edition= 1| | '''Coercion''' involves compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner through the use of [[threat]]s, including threats to use [[Force (law)|force]] against that party.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coercion |title= Definition of coercion|work=Merriam-Webster |date= December 2023| quote = the act, process, or power of coercing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schelling|first=Thomas C.|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vm52s |title= Arms and Influence|date= 1966|publisher=Yale University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt5vm52s |jstor= j.ctt5vm52s|isbn=978-0-300-00221-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pape|first=Robert A.|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v|title=Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War|date= 1996 |publisher= Cornell University Press|isbn= 978-0-8014-3134-0|edition= 1|page=4|jstor= 10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v | quote = 'Coercion' means efforts to change the behavior of a state by manipulating costs and benefits.}}</ref> It involves a set of forceful actions which violate the [[free will]] of an individual in order to induce a desired response. These actions may include [[extortion]], [[blackmail]], or even [[torture]] and [[sexual assault]]. [[Common-law]] systems codify the act of violating a law while under coercion as a [[Duress in English law|duress crime]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} | ||
Coercion used as leverage may force victims to act in a way contrary to their [[self-interest|own interests]]. Coercion can involve not only the infliction of [[bodily harm]], but also [[psychological abuse]] (the latter intended to enhance the perceived [[credibility]] of the threat). The threat of further harm may also lead to the acquiescence of the person being coerced. The concepts of coercion and [[persuasion]] are similar, but various factors distinguish the two. These include the intent, the willingness to cause [[harm]], the result of the interaction, and the options available to the coerced party.<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Powers|first= Penny|date= 2007-06-12|title= Persuasion and Coercion: A Critical Review of Philosophical and Empirical Approaches|url= https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10730-007-9035-4|journal= HEC Forum|language= en|volume= 19|issue= 2|pages=125–143|doi=10.1007/s10730-007-9035-4|pmid= 17694994|s2cid= 32041658 |issn= 0956-2737|url-access= subscription}}</ref>{{Rp|page=126}} | Coercion used as leverage may force victims to act in a way contrary to their [[self-interest|own interests]]. Coercion can involve not only the infliction of [[bodily harm]], but also [[psychological abuse]] (the latter intended to enhance the perceived [[credibility]] of the threat). The threat of further harm may also lead to the acquiescence of the person being coerced. The concepts of coercion and [[persuasion]] are similar, but various factors distinguish the two. These include the intent, the willingness to cause [[harm]], the result of the interaction, and the options available to the coerced party.<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Powers|first= Penny|date= 2007-06-12|title= Persuasion and Coercion: A Critical Review of Philosophical and Empirical Approaches|url= https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10730-007-9035-4|journal= HEC Forum|language= en|volume= 19|issue= 2|pages=125–143|doi=10.1007/s10730-007-9035-4|pmid= 17694994|s2cid= 32041658 |issn= 0956-2737|url-access= subscription}}</ref>{{Rp|page=126}} | ||
Political authors such as [[John Rawls]], [[Thomas Nagel]], and [[Ronald Dworkin]] contend whether [[Monopoly on violence|governments are inherently coercive]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Christopher W. |date=January 2012 |title=State Coercion and Force |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0265052511000094/type/journal_article |journal=Social Philosophy and Policy |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=28–49 |doi=10.1017/S0265052511000094 |issn=0265-0525 |s2cid=143472087|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Rp|page=28}} In 1919, [[Max Weber]] (1864–1920), building on the view of [[Rudolf von Jhering|Ihering]] (1818–1892),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Park Turner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh5IAwAAQBAJ |title=Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity |last2=Factor |first2=Regis |date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317833369 |editor-last1=Whimster |editor-first1=Sam |edition=reprint |publication-place=Abingdon |page=337 |chapter=Decisionism and Politics: Weber as Constitutional Theorist |quote=The state, as Ihering defined it, is an association that is distinguished as a type of association by its claim of an exclusive right to exercise certain forms of coercion. |access-date=28 March 2023 |orig-date=1987 |editor-last2=Lash |editor-first2=Scott |editor-link2=Scott Lash}}</ref> defined a [[State (polity)|state]] as "a human community that (successfully) claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force".<ref> | Political authors such as [[John Rawls]], [[Thomas Nagel]], and [[Ronald Dworkin]] contend whether [[Monopoly on violence|governments are inherently coercive]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Christopher W. |date=January 2012 |title=State Coercion and Force |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0265052511000094/type/journal_article |journal=Social Philosophy and Policy |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=28–49 |doi=10.1017/S0265052511000094 |issn=0265-0525 |s2cid=143472087|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Rp|page=28}} In 1919, [[Max Weber]] (1864–1920), building on the view of [[Rudolf von Jhering|Ihering]] (1818–1892),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Park Turner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh5IAwAAQBAJ |title=Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity |last2=Factor |first2=Regis |date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317833369 |editor-last1=Whimster |editor-first1=Sam |edition=reprint |publication-place=Abingdon |page=337 |chapter=Decisionism and Politics: Weber as Constitutional Theorist |quote=The state, as Ihering defined it, is an association that is distinguished as a type of association by its claim of an exclusive right to exercise certain forms of coercion. |access-date=28 March 2023 |orig-date=1987 |editor-last2=Lash |editor-first2=Scott |editor-link2=Scott Lash}}</ref> defined a [[State (polity)|state]] as "a human community that (successfully) claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force".<ref> | ||
{{cite web |last=Weber |first=Max |author-link=Max Weber |year=1919 |orig-date=28 January 1919 |title=Politics as a Vocation |url=https://anthropos-lab.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Weber-Politics-as-a-Vocation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319092642/http://anthropos-lab.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Weber-Politics-as-a-Vocation.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2013 |access-date=28 March 2023 |quote=In the past, the most varied institutions – beginning with the sib – have known the use of physical force as quite normal. Today, however, we have to say that a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.}}</ref><ref>Quoted in: {{cite book |last1=Stanger |first1=Allison |author-link1=Allison Stanger |title=One Nation Under Contract: The Outsourcing of American Power and the Future of Foreign Policy |date=27 October 2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300156324 |page=45 |chapter=State Power in a Privatized World |quote=In Max Weber's classic definition, the state is 'a human community that (successfully) claims the ''monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force'' within a territory.' |access-date=28 March 2023 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foJOC--mQaEC&pg=PA45}}</ref> Morris argues that the state can operate through incentives rather than coercion.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=42}} Healthcare systems may use [[informal coercion]] to make a patient [[Adherence (medicine)|adhere]] to a doctor's treatment plan. Under certain circumstances, medical staff may use physical coercion to [[Involuntary treatment|treat a patient involuntarily.]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Hotzy |first1=Florian |last2=Jaeger |first2=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323809188 |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 | | {{cite web |last=Weber |first=Max |author-link=Max Weber |year=1919 |orig-date=28 January 1919 |title=Politics as a Vocation |url=https://anthropos-lab.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Weber-Politics-as-a-Vocation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319092642/http://anthropos-lab.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Weber-Politics-as-a-Vocation.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2013 |access-date=28 March 2023 |quote=In the past, the most varied institutions – beginning with the sib – have known the use of physical force as quite normal. Today, however, we have to say that a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.}}</ref><ref>Quoted in: {{cite book |last1=Stanger |first1=Allison |author-link1=Allison Stanger |title=One Nation Under Contract: The Outsourcing of American Power and the Future of Foreign Policy |date=27 October 2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300156324 |page=45 |chapter=State Power in a Privatized World |quote=In Max Weber's classic definition, the state is 'a human community that (successfully) claims the ''monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force'' within a territory.' |access-date=28 March 2023 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foJOC--mQaEC&pg=PA45}}</ref> Morris argues that the state can operate through incentives rather than coercion.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=42}} Healthcare systems may use [[informal coercion]] to make a patient [[Adherence (medicine)|adhere]] to a doctor's treatment plan. Under certain circumstances, medical staff may use physical coercion to [[Involuntary treatment|treat a patient involuntarily.]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Hotzy |first1=Florian |last2=Jaeger |first2=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323809188 |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 |page=197 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=5149520 |pmid=28018248 |doi-access=free}}</ref> a practice which raises ethical concerns.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hem |first1=Marit Helene |last2=Molewijk |first2=Bert |last3=Pedersen |first3=Reidar |date=2014-12-04 |title=Ethical challenges in connection with the use of coercion: a focus group study of health care personnel in mental health care |journal=BMC Medical Ethics |volume=15 |page=82 |doi=10.1186/1472-6939-15-82 |doi-access=free |issn=1472-6939 |pmc=4269949 |pmid=25475895}}</ref> Such practices has also been shown to cause moral distress among healthcare staff, especially when staff attitudes toward coercive measures are negative.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eder |first1=Nora |last2=Nordenberg |first2=Kristin |last3=Långström |first3=Niklas |last4=Rozental |first4=Alexander |last5=Moell |first5=Astrid |date=2025-02-28 |title=Moral distress among inpatient child and adolescent psychiatry staff: a mixed-methods study of experiences and associated factors |journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=16 |doi=10.1186/s13034-025-00868-7 |doi-access=free |issn=1753-2000 |pmc=11871634 |pmid=40022125}}</ref> To minimize the need for coercion in psychiatric care, various models such as ''Safewards'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bowers |first=L. |date=August 2014 |title=S afewards: a new model of conflict and containment on psychiatric wards |journal=Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing |language=en |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=499–508 |doi=10.1111/jpm.12129 |issn=1351-0126 |pmc=4237187 |pmid=24548312}}</ref> and ''Six Core Strategies'' have been implemented with promising results.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=Justine |last2=Spittal |first2=Mathew |last3=Brophy |first3=Lisa |last4=Tibble |first4=Holly |last5=Kinner |first5=Stuart |last6=Elsom |first6=Steve |last7=Hamilton |first7=Bridget |date=October 2017 |title=Outcomes of the Victorian Safewards trial in 13 wards: Impact on seclusion rates and fidelity measurement |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/inm.12380 |journal=International Journal of Mental Health Nursing |language=en |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=461–471 |doi=10.1111/inm.12380 |pmid=28960739 |issn=1445-8330|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Revision as of 02:28, 8 June 2025
Template:Short description Template:Hatnote group Template:Use dmy dates Template:Behavioural influences Coercion involves compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner through the use of threats, including threats to use force against that party.[1][2][3] It involves a set of forceful actions which violate the free will of an individual in order to induce a desired response. These actions may include extortion, blackmail, or even torture and sexual assault. Common-law systems codify the act of violating a law while under coercion as a duress crime.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Coercion used as leverage may force victims to act in a way contrary to their own interests. Coercion can involve not only the infliction of bodily harm, but also psychological abuse (the latter intended to enhance the perceived credibility of the threat). The threat of further harm may also lead to the acquiescence of the person being coerced. The concepts of coercion and persuasion are similar, but various factors distinguish the two. These include the intent, the willingness to cause harm, the result of the interaction, and the options available to the coerced party.[4]Template:Rp
Political authors such as John Rawls, Thomas Nagel, and Ronald Dworkin contend whether governments are inherently coercive.[5]Template:Rp In 1919, Max Weber (1864–1920), building on the view of Ihering (1818–1892),[6] defined a state as "a human community that (successfully) claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force".[7][8] Morris argues that the state can operate through incentives rather than coercion.[5]Template:Rp Healthcare systems may use informal coercion to make a patient adhere to a doctor's treatment plan. Under certain circumstances, medical staff may use physical coercion to treat a patient involuntarily.,[9] a practice which raises ethical concerns.[10] Such practices has also been shown to cause moral distress among healthcare staff, especially when staff attitudes toward coercive measures are negative.[11] To minimize the need for coercion in psychiatric care, various models such as Safewards [12] and Six Core Strategies have been implemented with promising results.[13]
Overview
The purpose of coercion is to substitute one's aims with weaker ones that the aggressor wants the victim to have. For this reason, many social philosophers have considered coercion as the polar opposite to freedom.[14] Various forms of coercion are distinguished: first on the basis of the kind of injury threatened, second according to its aims and scope, and finally according to its effects, from which its legal, social, and ethical implications mostly depend.
Physical
Physical coercion is the most commonly considered form of coercion, where the content of the conditional threat is the use of force against a victim, their relatives or property. An often used example is "putting a gun to someone's head" (at gunpoint) or putting a "knife under the throat" (at knifepoint or cut-throat) to compel action under the threat that non-compliance may result in the attacker harming or even killing the victim. These are so common that they are also used as metaphors for other forms of coercion.
Armed forces in many countries use firing squads to maintain discipline and intimidate the masses, or opposition, into submission or silent compliance. However, there also are nonphysical forms of coercion, where the threatened injury does not immediately imply the use of force. Byman and Waxman (2000) define coercion as "the use of threatened force, including the limited use of actual force to back up the threat, to induce an adversary to behave differently than it otherwise would."[15] Coercion does not in many cases amount to destruction of property or life since compliance is the goal.
Pain compliance
See also
Notes
References
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- Lifton, Robert J. (1961) Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism, Penguin Books. Template:ISBN
External links
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- Template:Cite SEP.
- Carter, Barry E. Economic Coercion, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (subscription required)
Template:*mail Template:Bullying Template:Authority control
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- ↑ Byman, Daniel L.; Waxman, Matthew C.: Kosovo and the Great Air Power Debate, International Security, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Spring, 2000), pp. 5–38.