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{{Short description|Rough version of a motion picture or television program}} | {{Short description|Rough version of a motion picture or television program}} | ||
[[File:Workprintstill.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Frame captured from a digital editing workprint. The [[timecode]] on the left begins with a userbit designating the lab roll and the code on the right is a [[Keykode]].]] | [[File:Workprintstill.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Frame captured from a digital editing workprint. The [[timecode]] on the left begins with a userbit designating the lab roll and the code on the right is a [[Keykode]].]] | ||
A '''workprint''' is a rough version of a [[motion picture]] or television program, used by the [[film editor]]s during the editing process. Such copies generally contain original recorded sound that will later be re-dubbed, [[stock footage]] as placeholders for missing shots or [[special effects]], and [[animation]] tests for in-production animated shots or sequences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projectspace.adc.rmit.edu.au/2006/comm2320/digifilm/Forms%20of%20Piracy.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301104217/http://projectspace.adc.rmit.edu.au/2006/comm2320/digifilm/Forms%20of%20Piracy.htm|archive-date=2012-03-01|title=What are the different types of Piracy?|author=Christopher George}}</ref><ref name="VCDQuality">{{cite web|url=http://www.vcdq.com/index.php?page=faq#7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529101730/http://www.vcdq.com/index.php?page=faq |archive-date=May 29, 2010 |title=VCDQuality: Terms}} Lists recent video releases in the [[warez scene]].</ref><ref name=Craig2005> | A '''workprint''' is a rough version of a [[Film|motion picture]] or television program, used by the [[film editor]]s during the editing process. Such copies generally contain original recorded sound that will later be re-dubbed, [[stock footage]] as placeholders for missing shots or [[special effects]], and [[animation]] tests for in-production animated shots or sequences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projectspace.adc.rmit.edu.au/2006/comm2320/digifilm/Forms%20of%20Piracy.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301104217/http://projectspace.adc.rmit.edu.au/2006/comm2320/digifilm/Forms%20of%20Piracy.htm|archive-date=2012-03-01|title=What are the different types of Piracy?|author=Christopher George}}</ref><ref name="VCDQuality">{{cite web|url=http://www.vcdq.com/index.php?page=faq#7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529101730/http://www.vcdq.com/index.php?page=faq |archive-date=May 29, 2010 |title=VCDQuality: Terms}} Lists recent video releases in the [[warez scene]].</ref><ref name=Craig2005> | ||
{{cite book | {{cite book | ||
|last1=Craig | |last1=Craig | ||
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}}</ref><ref name="cnnleakxmen" /> | }}</ref><ref name="cnnleakxmen" /> | ||
For most of the first century of filmmaking, workprints were done using second-generation [[Film stock|print]]s from the [[original camera negative]]s. After the editor and director approved of the final edit of the workprint, the same edits were made to the negative. With the conversion to [[digital editing]], workprints are now generally created on a [[non-linear editing system]] using [[telecine]]d footage from the original film or video sources (in contrast to a pirate "[[telecine (copying)|telecine]]", which is made with a much [[Generation loss|higher-generation]] film print). Occasionally, early digital workprints of films have been [[Bootleg recording|bootleg]]ged and made available on the [[Internet]].<ref name="cnnleakxmen">{{cite news|title='X-Men Origins: Wolverine' leaked to Web |first=Alan |last=Duke |work=[[CNN]] |date=2009-04-03 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/04/02/xmen.piracy/index.html |access-date=2010-02-21 |quote="It was without many effects, had missing and unedited scenes and temporary sound and music," the studio said. [...] He said the movie is a rough cut, using placeholder images in many sections and special effects that look like "video games 12 years ago."}}</ref><ref name="bbcleakxmen">{{cite news|title=New Wolverine film leaked online|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=2009-04-01|url= | ==History== | ||
For most of the first century of filmmaking, workprints were done using second-generation [[Film stock|print]]s from the [[original camera negative]]s. After the editor and director approved of the final edit of the workprint, the same edits were made to the negative. With the conversion to [[digital editing]], workprints are now generally created on a [[non-linear editing system]] using [[telecine]]d footage from the original film or video sources (in contrast to a pirate "[[telecine (copying)|telecine]]", which is made with a much [[Generation loss|higher-generation]] film print). Occasionally, early digital workprints of films have been [[Bootleg recording|bootleg]]ged and made available on the [[Internet]].<ref name="cnnleakxmen">{{cite news|title='X-Men Origins: Wolverine' leaked to Web |first=Alan |last=Duke |work=[[CNN]] |date=2009-04-03 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/04/02/xmen.piracy/index.html |access-date=2010-02-21 |quote="It was without many effects, had missing and unedited scenes and temporary sound and music," the studio said. [...] He said the movie is a rough cut, using placeholder images in many sections and special effects that look like "video games 12 years ago."}}</ref><ref name="bbcleakxmen">{{cite news|title=New Wolverine film leaked online|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=2009-04-01|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7977265.stm|access-date=2009-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scenerules.org/t.html?id=vcd.nfo|title=VCD Guidelines |quote=Workprint: This category represents movies that were taken usually from VHS tape. If the source is as good as first generation VHS demo tape with GOOD encoding, it should be labeled Screener. All other home-made VCDs must be labeled Workprint. If you know your copy is not complete, use this label. (missing scenes, missing audio tracks, additional scenes, alternate ending etc.)}} [[Standard (warez)|VCD standards]] set by the [[warez scene]].</ref> They sometimes appear months in advance of an official release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://torrentfreak.com/good-pirate-reviews-more-important-than-piracy-itself-game-devs-say-140103/ |title=Good 'Pirate' Reviews More Important Than Piracy Itself, Game Devs Say |author=Andy |date=2014-01-03 |website=[[TorrentFreak]]}}</ref> | |||
There are also [[director's cut]] versions of films that are only available on bootleg, such as the workprint version of [[Richard Williams (animator)|Richard Williams]]' ''[[The Thief and the Cobbler]]''.<ref>{{cite web| first= Alex| last= Williams| title = The Thief And The Cobbler| url= http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.12/articles/williams1.12.html| publisher = Animation World Magazine|date=March 1997| access-date = 2009-05-09}}</ref> Although movie studios generally do not make full-length workprints readily available to the public, there are exceptions. Examples include the "Work-In-Progress" version of ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' (albeit it is unfinished footage intertwined with the DVD release on top with the finalized sound mix), and the Denver/Dallas pre-release version of ''[[Blade Runner]]''. Deleted scenes or bonus footage included on DVD releases are sometimes left in workprint format as well, e.g. the ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'' DVD extras.<ref>{{cite video |date=2005-11-15 |title=Practice, Practice, Malpractice – Scrubs outtakes |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OU1j2AgN_fc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/OU1j2AgN_fc| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|medium=DVD |publisher=Buena Vista Home Entertainment}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A workprint as source for a leaked television show is rather unusual, but it happened with the third season's first episode of ''[[Homeland (TV series)|Homeland]]'' a month before it aired.<ref name="homeland">{{cite web |url=http://torrentfreak.com/homeland-season-3-workprint-leaks-a-month-in-advance-130902/ |author=Ernesto |date=2013-09-02 |website=[[TorrentFreak]] |title=Homeland Season 3 Workprint Leaks a Month in Advance}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-23941929 |title=Homeland series 3 opener leaked online |date=2013-09-03 |website=BBC}}</ref> | There are also [[director's cut]] versions of films that are only available on bootleg, such as the workprint version of [[Richard Williams (animator)|Richard Williams]]' ''[[The Thief and the Cobbler]]''.<ref>{{cite web| first= Alex| last= Williams| title = The Thief And The Cobbler| url= http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.12/articles/williams1.12.html| publisher = Animation World Magazine|date=March 1997| access-date = 2009-05-09}}</ref> Although movie studios generally do not make full-length workprints readily available to the public, there are exceptions. Examples include the "Work-In-Progress" version of ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' (albeit it is unfinished footage intertwined with the DVD release on top with the finalized sound mix), and the Denver/Dallas pre-release version of ''[[Blade Runner]]''. Deleted scenes or bonus footage included on DVD releases are sometimes left in workprint format as well, e.g. the ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'' DVD extras.<ref>{{cite video |date=2005-11-15 |title=Practice, Practice, Malpractice – Scrubs outtakes |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OU1j2AgN_fc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/OU1j2AgN_fc| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|medium=DVD |publisher=Buena Vista Home Entertainment}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A workprint as source for a leaked television show is rather unusual, but it happened with the third season's first episode of ''[[Homeland (TV series)|Homeland]]'' a month before it aired.<ref name="homeland">{{cite web |url=http://torrentfreak.com/homeland-season-3-workprint-leaks-a-month-in-advance-130902/ |author=Ernesto |date=2013-09-02 |website=[[TorrentFreak]] |title=Homeland Season 3 Workprint Leaks a Month in Advance}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-23941929 |title=Homeland series 3 opener leaked online |date=2013-09-03 |website=BBC}}</ref> | ||
==One-light== | |||
A '''one-light'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Easy One Light Video Set Up |url=https://www.desktop-documentaries.com/easy-one-light-video-set-up.html |website=desktop-documentaries.com |access-date=6 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[film timing|timed]] workprint made using a ''single'' setting of the three lights (red, green and blue) used to make a color film print. Since a fully timed print requires the presence of a skilled person called a color timer (US) or [[color grading|film grader]] (UK), a one-light print is more economical for printing [[dailies]] (positive) from rushes (negative). Cinematographers often require one-light workprints to better judge their film exposures. | |||
==Notable examples== | ==Notable examples== | ||
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* ''[[Doctor Who]]'' – Workprints of the first five episodes of [[Doctor Who (series 8)|series 8]] were leaked online months in advance of their premieres. These versions were in black and white, were watermarked, and lacked the computer-generated effects seen in the final releases. Producer [[Steven Moffat]] publicly condemned the leaks, and urged fans to avoid watching the leaked episodes until they properly aired on TV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Doctor Who "Into the Dalek" Workprint Fully Leaks Online|url=https://torrentfreak.com/doctor-who-enter-the-dalek-workprint-fully-leaks-online-140812/|access-date=2025-04-06|website=torrentfreak.com}}</ref> | * ''[[Doctor Who]]'' – Workprints of the first five episodes of [[Doctor Who (series 8)|series 8]] were leaked online months in advance of their premieres. These versions were in black and white, were watermarked, and lacked the computer-generated effects seen in the final releases. Producer [[Steven Moffat]] publicly condemned the leaks, and urged fans to avoid watching the leaked episodes until they properly aired on TV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Doctor Who "Into the Dalek" Workprint Fully Leaks Online|url=https://torrentfreak.com/doctor-who-enter-the-dalek-workprint-fully-leaks-online-140812/|access-date=2025-04-06|website=torrentfreak.com}}</ref> | ||
* ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]'' - a workprint containing more raunchy content leaked before the film's official release,<ref>{{Citation|last=Universal Pictures|title=American Pie (1999) "EViLiSO" Workprint|date=1999|url=https://archive.org/details/apworkprint|access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=April 2025}} giving way to an unrated edition for home release; this would become commonplace among films similar to ''American Pie'', including its sequels.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} | * ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]'' - a workprint containing more raunchy content leaked before the film's official release,<ref>{{Citation|last=Universal Pictures|title=American Pie (1999) "EViLiSO" Workprint|date=1999|url=https://archive.org/details/apworkprint|access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=April 2025}} giving way to an unrated edition for home release; this would become commonplace among films similar to ''American Pie'', including its sequels.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} | ||
* [[A Minecraft Movie | * ''[[A Minecraft Movie]]'' - a workprint containing unfinished, unrendered CGI leaked shortly before the film's official release.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unfinished Copy of 'A Minecraft Movie' Leaks on Pirate Sites|url=https://torrentfreak.com/unfinished-copy-of-a-minecraft-movie-leaks-on-pirate-sites-250404/|access-date=2025-04-06|website=torrentfreak.com}}</ref> | ||
* [[Overwatch 2]] – a workprint of “Kiriko” animated short containing unfinished, unrendered CGI leaked a month before the official premiere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=10-minute Overwatch 2 short workprint leaks, introduces New Hero 'Kiriko' |url=https://www.resetera.com/threads/10-minute-overwatch-2-short-workprint-leaks-introduces-new-hero-kiriko.629728/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=ResetEra |language=en-US}}</ref> | * [[Overwatch 2]] – a workprint of “Kiriko” animated short containing unfinished, unrendered CGI leaked a month before the official premiere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=10-minute Overwatch 2 short workprint leaks, introduces New Hero 'Kiriko' |url=https://www.resetera.com/threads/10-minute-overwatch-2-short-workprint-leaks-introduces-new-hero-kiriko.629728/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=ResetEra |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
* ''[[ | * ''[[The Swan Princess]]'' - Storyboard 90-minutes-long{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} | ||
*''[[The King and I (1999 film)]]'' - Storyboard 89-minutes-long{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} | *''[[The King and I (1999 film)]]'' - Storyboard 89-minutes-long{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} | ||
*''[[ | *''[[The Prince of Egypt]]'' - Storyboard 99-minutes-long{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} | ||
*''[[The Day the Clown Cried]]'' - An unfinished and unreleased film; in 2025 it was revealed that {{interlanguage link|Hans Crispin|sv}} had stolen and made a copy of a workprint ({{langx|sv|arbetskopia}}) of the Swedish segment of this film while working at [[Europafilm]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.svt.se/kultur/hans-crispin-stal-jerry-lewis-film-som-varit-forsvunnen-i-45-ar|website=[[SVT Nyheter]]|date=2025-05-28|accessdate=2025-05-28|title=Hans Crispin stal Jerry Lewis-film som varit "försvunnen" i 45 år|author=Hannes Fossbo|lang=sv}}</ref> | *''[[The Day the Clown Cried]]'' - An unfinished and unreleased film; in 2025 it was revealed that {{interlanguage link|Hans Crispin|sv}} had stolen and made a copy of a workprint ({{langx|sv|arbetskopia}}) of the Swedish segment of this film while working at [[Europafilm]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.svt.se/kultur/hans-crispin-stal-jerry-lewis-film-som-varit-forsvunnen-i-45-ar|website=[[SVT Nyheter]]|date=2025-05-28|accessdate=2025-05-28|title=Hans Crispin stal Jerry Lewis-film som varit "försvunnen" i 45 år|author=Hannes Fossbo|lang=sv}}</ref> | ||
Latest revision as of 10:40, 26 November 2025
A workprint is a rough version of a motion picture or television program, used by the film editors during the editing process. Such copies generally contain original recorded sound that will later be re-dubbed, stock footage as placeholders for missing shots or special effects, and animation tests for in-production animated shots or sequences.[1][2][3][4]
History
For most of the first century of filmmaking, workprints were done using second-generation prints from the original camera negatives. After the editor and director approved of the final edit of the workprint, the same edits were made to the negative. With the conversion to digital editing, workprints are now generally created on a non-linear editing system using telecined footage from the original film or video sources (in contrast to a pirate "telecine", which is made with a much higher-generation film print). Occasionally, early digital workprints of films have been bootlegged and made available on the Internet.[4][5][6] They sometimes appear months in advance of an official release.[7]
There are also director's cut versions of films that are only available on bootleg, such as the workprint version of Richard Williams' The Thief and the Cobbler.[8] Although movie studios generally do not make full-length workprints readily available to the public, there are exceptions. Examples include the "Work-In-Progress" version of Beauty and the Beast (albeit it is unfinished footage intertwined with the DVD release on top with the finalized sound mix), and the Denver/Dallas pre-release version of Blade Runner. Deleted scenes or bonus footage included on DVD releases are sometimes left in workprint format as well, e.g. the Scrubs DVD extras.[9] A workprint as source for a leaked television show is rather unusual, but it happened with the third season's first episode of Homeland a month before it aired.[10][11]
One-light
A one-light[12] is a timed workprint made using a single setting of the three lights (red, green and blue) used to make a color film print. Since a fully timed print requires the presence of a skilled person called a color timer (US) or film grader (UK), a one-light print is more economical for printing dailies (positive) from rushes (negative). Cinematographers often require one-light workprints to better judge their film exposures.
Notable examples
- Rocky V – A low quality workprint of the film encoded through DivX Video was released on the internet in 2002.[13]Template:Primary source inline
- Hulk – Appeared on the internet two weeks before the film opening.[14][15][16]
- Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith – Appeared on the web within hours of the release.[3][14]
- X-Men Origins: Wolverine – Available on the internet before the premiere.[17]
- Apocalypse Now – A 289-minute-long workprint circulates amongst collectors on the internet.[18]
- This Is Spinal Tap – A 270-minute-long workprint exists on the internet (three times the final film's length).[19]
- Vampires Suck – Appeared on the internet around a month prior to the film's theatrical release.[20]
- Homeland – "Tin Man Is Down", the first episode of the third season leaked a month before airing. It being an unfinished version is rather unusual for a TV show.[21]
- Doctor Who – Workprints of the first five episodes of series 8 were leaked online months in advance of their premieres. These versions were in black and white, were watermarked, and lacked the computer-generated effects seen in the final releases. Producer Steven Moffat publicly condemned the leaks, and urged fans to avoid watching the leaked episodes until they properly aired on TV.[22]
- American Pie - a workprint containing more raunchy content leaked before the film's official release,[23]Template:Primary source inline giving way to an unrated edition for home release; this would become commonplace among films similar to American Pie, including its sequels.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
- A Minecraft Movie - a workprint containing unfinished, unrendered CGI leaked shortly before the film's official release.[24]
- Overwatch 2 – a workprint of “Kiriko” animated short containing unfinished, unrendered CGI leaked a month before the official premiere.[25]
- The Swan Princess - Storyboard 90-minutes-longScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
- The King and I (1999 film) - Storyboard 89-minutes-longScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
- The Prince of Egypt - Storyboard 99-minutes-longScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
- The Day the Clown Cried - An unfinished and unreleased film; in 2025 it was revealed that Template:Interlanguage link had stolen and made a copy of a workprint (Template:Langx) of the Swedish segment of this film while working at Europafilm in 1980.[26]
References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Lists recent video releases in the warez scene.
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". VCD standards set by the warez scene.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Template:Cite videoTemplate:Cbignore
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Further reading
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