Grigori Voitinsky: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Russian communist official (1893–1953)}} | {{Short description|Russian communist official (1893–1953)}} | ||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| name = Grigori Voitinsky | | name = Grigori Voitinsky | ||
| image = G.N. Voitrngsky.jpg | | image = G.N. Voitrngsky.jpg | ||
| image_size = | | image_size = | ||
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| death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | | death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | ||
| occupation = | | occupation = | ||
| order = | | order = Representative of the [[Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International]] | ||
| term_start = | | term_start = | ||
| term_end = | | term_end = | ||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
| predecessor = | | predecessor = | ||
| successor = | | successor = | ||
| party = [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU) | | party = [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU)<br>[[Socialist Party of America]] | ||
| spouse = | | spouse = | ||
| relations = | | relations = | ||
| native_name = Григорий Войтинский | |||
| native_name_lang = ru | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Grigori Naumovich Voitinsky''', born '''Zarkhin''' ({{Langx|ru|Григорий Наумович Войтинский}}; 17 April 1893 – 11 June 1953) was a Soviet [[Communist International]] (Comintern) official. | '''Grigori Naumovich Voitinsky''', born '''Zarkhin''' ({{Langx|ru|Григорий Наумович Войтинский}}; 17 April 1893 – 11 June 1953) was a Soviet [[Communist International]] (Comintern) official. At age 27, he was sent to the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in 1920 by the Comintern to contact top prominent Chinese revolutionaries such as [[Chen Duxiu]] and establish the infrastructure for a communist party, just before the [[1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|founding]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP).<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=95}} Voitinsky is considered to be a "chief architect" in founding the CCP.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dirlik |first=Arif |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofchinese00dirl |title=The Origins of Chinese Communism |date=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-505454-5 |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
He was born on 17 April 1893 in [[Nevel (town)|Nevel]] to a [[Russian Jewish]] family. In 1918 | == Early life == | ||
He was born on 17 April 1893 in [[Nevel (town)|Nevel]] to a [[Russian Jewish]] family. Voitinsky graduated from school in 1907 and worked as a typesetter and accountant.<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=96}} In 1913, he moved to the United States to find employment and joined the [[Socialist Party of America]].<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=96, 116}} After five years in the United States and Canada, he returned to Russia in the spring of 1918 and he joined the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] in [[Vladivostok]].<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=96}} He took an active part in the [[Far Eastern Front in the Russian Civil War]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yoshihiro |first=Ishikawa |url=https://archive.org/details/formationofchine0000ishi |title=The Formation of the Chinese Communist Party |date=2012-01-31 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-50416-4 |location= |doi=10.7312/ishi15808 |jstor=10.7312/ishi15808 |oclc=840119719}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=96}} | |||
== Work in China == | == Work in the Republic of China == | ||
In 1920, the [[Soviet Union]] established the [[Far Eastern Bureau of the | In 1920, the [[Soviet Union]] established the [[Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International]] in [[Siberia]]. It was directly responsible for managing the establishment of a communist party in the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] and other countries in the region. Soon after the bureau's establishment, [[Vladimir Vilensky-Sibiryakov]] sent Voitinsky to China as its representative.<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=112}} Voitinsky arrived in [[Beijing]] in April 1920 under the guise of journalist and contacted [[Li Dazhao]].<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=97, 105}} Li arranged for Voitinsky to meet with another communist leader, [[Chen Duxiu]], in [[Shanghai]].<ref name="Exporting Revolution">{{cite book |last1=Yang Kuisong |author1-link=Yang Kuisong |title=A Short History of Sino-Soviet Relations, 1917–1991 |date=2020 |isbn=978-981-13-8640-4 |series=China Connections |pages=3–18 |chapter=Exporting Revolution Against the Backdrop of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between China and the Soviet Union |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-8641-1_1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vie7DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22V+D+Vilensky%22&pg=PA7 |s2cid=211340779}}</ref> [[Yang Mingzhai]] served as Voitinsky's interpreter and traveling companion.<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=109}} In Shanghai, Voitinsky helped to found the Socialist League and funded the translation and dissemination of propaganda materials such as ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]''.<ref name="Exporting Revolution" /> | ||
The ''[[Shanghai Chronicle]]'' (not to be confused with the [[Shanghai Jewish Chronicle]]) was set up in 1919 in Shanghai by [[Shemeshko]] and other Russians with [[socialism|socialist]] leanings, and received financial aid from the Soviet Russian government in early 1920. In | The ''[[Shanghai Chronicle]]'' (not to be confused with the [[Shanghai Jewish Chronicle]]) was set up in 1919 in Shanghai by [[Shemeshko|G. F. Shemeshko]] and other Russians with [[socialism|socialist]] leanings, and received financial aid from the Soviet Russian government in early 1920.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Li |first=Danyang |title=Li Hanjun and the early Communist movement in China |date=2011 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Cardiff University]] |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/27335/ |language=en |page=104}}</ref> In April 1920, Voitinsky and his colleagues arrived in the Republic of China on a mission to establish a communist party.<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=96}} They not only came to China in the guise of editors and reporters for the newspaper, but also set up the Comintern's [[East Asia Secretariat]] in the newspaper office. From then on, the ''Shanghai Chronicle'' became both a propaganda vehicle for the East Asia Secretariat and a cover for Comintern activity in China. Because the newspaper staff assisted Soviet Russian and Comintern personnel stationed under cover at the newspaper in activities to establish a communist organization in the Republic of China, the newspaper as a whole played a special role in the early communist movement in China.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Britton |first=Frank L. |url=https://archive.org/details/B-001-002-034 |title=Behind Communism 1917-2010 |date=2017-08-09 |publisher=Blurb, Incorporated |isbn=978-1-389-75235-3 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
In November 1920, Voitinsky, working with Chen Duxiu and others, issued ''The Chinese Communist Party Manifesto'' and started a monthly publication called ''The Communist Party''.<ref name="Exporting Revolution" /> Voitinsky left the Republic of China in early 1921, prior to the [[1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]] in July 1921.<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=123}} | |||
== Later career == | == Later career == | ||
He worked as Comintern representative until 1926. Then worked in the Siberian government in [[Irkutsk]] until 1929, when he moved to Moscow, where he worked in various [[Oriental studies|Orientalist]] institutions. In 1934, he became a professor in [[Moscow State University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pseudology.org/Bolsheviki_lenintsy/Voitinsky_Zaxrin.htm |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.pseudology.org}}</ref> | He worked as Comintern representative until 1926. Then worked in the Siberian government in [[Irkutsk]] until 1929, when he moved to Moscow, where he worked in various [[Oriental studies|Orientalist]] institutions. In 1934, he became a professor in [[Moscow State University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pseudology.org/Bolsheviki_lenintsy/Voitinsky_Zaxrin.htm |access-date=2023-08-09 |title=Григорий Наумович Зархин - Войтинский|website=www.pseudology.org}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=October 2025}} | ||
He is considered one of the founders of Soviet [[Sinology]]. He wrote several books about contemporary China politics. He died in 1953 during an unsuccessful surgical operation.{{cn|date=August 2023}} | He is considered one of the founders of Soviet [[Sinology]]. He wrote several books about contemporary China politics. He died in 1953 during an unsuccessful surgical operation.{{cn|date=August 2023}} | ||
== Significance == | |||
The significance of Voitinsky in the founding of the Chinese Communist Party remains debated. Some contend that Voitinsky was fundamental in setting the party's formation in motion.<ref name=":2" /> Others, including the CCP's [[Institute of Party History and Literature]], contend that [[Li Dazhao]] and [[Chen Duxiu]] had discussed forming a communist party before Voitinsky arrived in China.<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=101}} According to academic Yoshihiro Ishikawa, "This may at first glance seem like a trivial matter, but in fact, it contains the essential issue of whether the formation of the CCP was a result of the Soviet Union's revolutionary export or a product of the revolutionary movement of the Chinese themselves."<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=101}} | |||
== See also == | |||
* [[History of the Chinese Communist Party]] | |||
* [[Vladimir Neumann]] | |||
* [[Henk Sneevliet]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Jewish Soviet politicians]] | [[Category:Jewish Soviet politicians]] | ||
[[Category:People from Nevelsky Uyezd]] | [[Category:People from Nevelsky Uyezd]] | ||
[[Category:Members of the Socialist Party of America]] | |||
Latest revision as of 23:09, 29 December 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".
Grigori Naumovich Voitinsky, born Zarkhin (Template:Langx; 17 April 1893 – 11 June 1953) was a Soviet Communist International (Comintern) official. At age 27, he was sent to the Republic of China in 1920 by the Comintern to contact top prominent Chinese revolutionaries such as Chen Duxiu and establish the infrastructure for a communist party, just before the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).[1]Template:R/superscript Voitinsky is considered to be a "chief architect" in founding the CCP.[2]
Early life
He was born on 17 April 1893 in Nevel to a Russian Jewish family. Voitinsky graduated from school in 1907 and worked as a typesetter and accountant.[1]Template:R/superscript In 1913, he moved to the United States to find employment and joined the Socialist Party of America.[1]Template:R/superscript After five years in the United States and Canada, he returned to Russia in the spring of 1918 and he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Vladivostok.[1]Template:R/superscript He took an active part in the Far Eastern Front in the Russian Civil War.[1]Template:R/superscript
Work in the Republic of China
In 1920, the Soviet Union established the Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International in Siberia. It was directly responsible for managing the establishment of a communist party in the Republic of China and other countries in the region. Soon after the bureau's establishment, Vladimir Vilensky-Sibiryakov sent Voitinsky to China as its representative.[1]Template:R/superscript Voitinsky arrived in Beijing in April 1920 under the guise of journalist and contacted Li Dazhao.[1]Template:R/superscript Li arranged for Voitinsky to meet with another communist leader, Chen Duxiu, in Shanghai.[3] Yang Mingzhai served as Voitinsky's interpreter and traveling companion.[1]Template:R/superscript In Shanghai, Voitinsky helped to found the Socialist League and funded the translation and dissemination of propaganda materials such as The Communist Manifesto.[3]
The Shanghai Chronicle (not to be confused with the Shanghai Jewish Chronicle) was set up in 1919 in Shanghai by G. F. Shemeshko and other Russians with socialist leanings, and received financial aid from the Soviet Russian government in early 1920.[4][5] In April 1920, Voitinsky and his colleagues arrived in the Republic of China on a mission to establish a communist party.[1]Template:R/superscript They not only came to China in the guise of editors and reporters for the newspaper, but also set up the Comintern's East Asia Secretariat in the newspaper office. From then on, the Shanghai Chronicle became both a propaganda vehicle for the East Asia Secretariat and a cover for Comintern activity in China. Because the newspaper staff assisted Soviet Russian and Comintern personnel stationed under cover at the newspaper in activities to establish a communist organization in the Republic of China, the newspaper as a whole played a special role in the early communist movement in China.[4]
In November 1920, Voitinsky, working with Chen Duxiu and others, issued The Chinese Communist Party Manifesto and started a monthly publication called The Communist Party.[3] Voitinsky left the Republic of China in early 1921, prior to the 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in July 1921.[1]Template:R/superscript
Later career
He worked as Comintern representative until 1926. Then worked in the Siberian government in Irkutsk until 1929, when he moved to Moscow, where he worked in various Orientalist institutions. In 1934, he became a professor in Moscow State University.[6]Template:Better source needed
He is considered one of the founders of Soviet Sinology. He wrote several books about contemporary China politics. He died in 1953 during an unsuccessful surgical operation.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Significance
The significance of Voitinsky in the founding of the Chinese Communist Party remains debated. Some contend that Voitinsky was fundamental in setting the party's formation in motion.[2] Others, including the CCP's Institute of Party History and Literature, contend that Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu had discussed forming a communist party before Voitinsky arrived in China.[1]Template:R/superscript According to academic Yoshihiro Ishikawa, "This may at first glance seem like a trivial matter, but in fact, it contains the essential issue of whether the formation of the CCP was a result of the Soviet Union's revolutionary export or a product of the revolutionary movement of the Chinese themselves."[1]Template:R/superscript
See also
References
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