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'''Edna May Oliver''' (born '''Edna May Nutter''', November 9, 1883 – November 9, 1942) was an American stage and film actress. During the 1930s, she was one of the better-known character actresses in American films, often playing tart-tongued spinsters.
'''Edna May Oliver''' ([[née]] '''Nutter''', November 9, 1883 – November 9, 1942) was an American stage and film actress. During the 1930s, she was one of the better-known character actresses in American films, often playing tart-tongued spinsters.


==Career==
==Career==
Born in [[Malden, Massachusetts]], the daughter of Ida May and Charles Edward Nutter, Oliver quit school at age 14 to pursue a stage career.  
Born in [[Malden, Massachusetts]], the daughter of Ida May and Charles Edward Nutter, Oliver quit school at age 14 to pursue a stage career.  


She achieved her first success in 1917 on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in [[Jerome Kern]]'s musical comedy ''[[Oh, Boy! (musical)|Oh, Boy!]]'', playing the hero's comically dour Aunt Penelope.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/8305 |title=''Oh, Boy'' (1917 production) |website=IBDB.com |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]] }}</ref> In 1925, Oliver appeared on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in ''The Cradle Snatchers'', costarring [[Mary Boland]], [[Gene Raymond]], and [[Humphrey Bogart]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/9887 |title=''Cradle Snatchers'' (1925 production) |website=IBDB.com |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]] }}</ref> Oliver's most notable stage appearance was as Parthy, wife of Cap'n Andy Hawks, in the original 1927 stage production of the musical ''[[Show Boat]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/10538 |title=''Show Boat'' (1927 production) |website=IBDB.com |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]] }}</ref> She reprised her role in the 1932 Broadway revival,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/11593 |title=''Show Boat'' (1932 production) |website=IBDB.com |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]] }}</ref> but turned down the chance to play Parthy in the [[Show Boat (1936 film)|1936 film version]] to play the Nurse in that year's film version of ''[[Romeo and Juliet (1936 film)|Romeo and Juliet]]''.
She achieved her first success in 1917 on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in [[Jerome Kern]]'s musical comedy ''[[Oh, Boy! (musical)|Oh, Boy!]]'', playing the hero's comically dour Aunt Penelope.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/8305 |title=''Oh, Boy'' (1917 production) |website=IBDB.com |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]] }}</ref> In 1923 she appeared as Hannah in the Broadway version of [[Owen Davis|Owen Davis's]] ''[[Icebound (play)|Icebound]]''. She would later reprise the Hannah role in [[William C. De Mille|William C. De Mille's]] silent film of ''[[Icebound (film)|Icebound]]'' the following year.  In 1925, Oliver appeared on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in ''The Cradle Snatchers'', costarring [[Mary Boland]], [[Gene Raymond]], and [[Humphrey Bogart]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/9887 |title=''Cradle Snatchers'' (1925 production) |website=IBDB.com |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]] }}</ref> Oliver's most notable stage appearance was as Parthy, wife of Cap'n Andy Hawks, in the original 1927 stage production of the musical ''[[Show Boat]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/10538 |title=''Show Boat'' (1927 production) |website=IBDB.com |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]] }}</ref> She reprised her role in the 1932 Broadway revival,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/11593 |title=''Show Boat'' (1932 production) |website=IBDB.com |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]] }}</ref> but turned down the chance to play Parthy in the [[Show Boat (1936 film)|1936 film version]] to play the Nurse in that year's film version of ''[[Romeo and Juliet (1936 film)|Romeo and Juliet]]''.


Her film debut was in 1923 in ''Wife in Name Only''.<ref name=WifeIn/> She continued to appear in films until ''[[Lydia (film)|Lydia]]'' in 1941. She first gained major notice in films for her appearances in several comedies starring the team of [[Wheeler & Woolsey]], including ''[[Half Shot at Sunrise]]'', her first film under her [[RKO Radio]] Pictures contract in 1930. Usually in featured parts, she starred in ten films, including ''[[Fanny Foley Herself]]'' (1931) and ''[[Ladies of the Jury]]'' (1932). She played wealthy, domineering Aunt March in the 1933 version of ''[[Little Women (1933 film)|Little Women]]''.
Her film debut was in 1923 in ''Wife in Name Only''.<ref name=WifeIn/> She continued to appear in films until ''[[Lydia (film)|Lydia]]'' in 1941. She first gained major notice in films for her appearances in several comedies starring the team of [[Wheeler & Woolsey]], including ''[[Half Shot at Sunrise]]'', her first film under her [[RKO Radio]] Pictures contract in 1930. Usually in featured parts, she starred in ten films, including ''[[Fanny Foley Herself]]'' (1931) and ''[[Ladies of the Jury]]'' (1932). She played wealthy, domineering Aunt March in the 1933 version of ''[[Little Women (1933 film)|Little Women]]''.


[[File:David Copperfield lobby card.jpg|thumb|right|Oliver (center) in lobby card for ''[[David Copperfield (1935 film)|David Copperfield]]'' (1935)]]
[[File:David Copperfield lobby card.jpg|thumb|right|Oliver (center) in lobby card for ''[[David Copperfield (1935 film)|David Copperfield]]'' (1935)]]
[[File:Scene from Romeo and Juliet 2.jpg|thumb|right| [[John Barrymore]], Oliver and [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]] in ''[[Romeo and Juliet (1936 film)|Romeo and Juliet]]'' (1936) ]]
[[File:Scene from Romeo and Juliet 2.jpg|thumb|right| [[John Barrymore]], Oliver and [[Leslie Howard]] in ''[[Romeo and Juliet (1936 film)|Romeo and Juliet]]'' (1936) ]]


Oliver's most popular star vehicles were mystery-comedies, starring as spinster sleuth [[Hildegarde Withers]] from the popular [[Stuart Palmer (author)|Stuart Palmer]] novels. The series ended prematurely when she left RKO to sign with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] in 1935; the studio attempted to continue the series with [[Helen Broderick]] and then [[ZaSu Pitts]] as Withers.{{sfn|Palmer|2013|p=4}}
Oliver's most popular star vehicles were mystery-comedies, starring as spinster sleuth [[Hildegarde Withers]] from the popular [[Stuart Palmer (author)|Stuart Palmer]] novels. The series ended prematurely when she left RKO to sign with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] in 1935; the studio attempted to continue the series with [[Helen Broderick]] and then [[ZaSu Pitts]] as Withers.{{sfn|Palmer|2013|p=4}}


While at MGM, [[David O. Selznick]] cast Oliver in two film versions of novels by [[Charles Dickens]], as the prim, acidic Miss Pross ''[[A Tale of Two Cities (1935 film)|A Tale of Two Cities]]''<ref name=Tale/> (1935), starring [[Ronald Colman]], and as the title character's eccentric aunt, Betsy Trotwood in ''[[David Copperfield (1935 film)|David Copperfield]]''<ref name=Copperfield/> (also 1935).
While at MGM, [[David O. Selznick]] cast Oliver in two film versions of novels by [[Charles Dickens]], as the prim, acidic Miss Pross, in ''[[A Tale of Two Cities (1935 film)|A Tale of Two Cities]]''<ref name=Tale/> (1935), starring [[Ronald Colman]], and as the title character's eccentric aunt, Betsy Trotwood, in ''[[David Copperfield (1935 film)|David Copperfield]]''<ref name=Copperfield/> (also 1935).


She appeared in the Shirley Temple film ''[[Little Miss Broadway]]'' (1938) as the landlord of a hotel for vaudevillians who wants to shut it down. She also performed in two 1939 movie musicals: with [[Tyrone Power]] in the [[Sonja Henie]] skating film ''[[Second Fiddle (1939 film)|Second Fiddle]]'',<ref name=Fiddle/> and in a supporting role as the agent of the title characters in the [[Fred Astaire]]/[[Ginger Rogers]] musical ''[[The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle]]''.<ref name=Castle/> A 1940 comic performance as [[Laurence Olivier]]'s [[Mr. Darcy]]'s domineering aunt [[Lady Catherine de Bourgh (character)|Lady Catherine de Bourgh]] in ''[[Pride and Prejudice (1940 film)|Pride and Prejudice]]''<ref name=Pride/> and a 1941 role as [[Merle Oberon]]'s grandmother in ''[[Lydia (film)|Lydia]]''<ref name=Lydia/> concluded her film career.
She appeared in the Shirley Temple film ''[[Little Miss Broadway]]'' (1938) as the landlord of a hotel for vaudevillians who wants to shut it down. She also performed in two 1939 movie musicals: with [[Tyrone Power]] in the [[Sonja Henie]] skating film ''[[Second Fiddle (1939 film)|Second Fiddle]]'',<ref name=Fiddle/> and in a supporting role as the agent of the title characters in the [[Fred Astaire]]/[[Ginger Rogers]] musical ''[[The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle]]''.<ref name=Castle/> A 1940 comic performance as [[Laurence Olivier]]'s [[Mr. Darcy]]'s domineering aunt [[Lady Catherine de Bourgh]] in ''[[Pride and Prejudice (1940 film)|Pride and Prejudice]]''<ref name=Pride/> and a 1941 role as [[Merle Oberon]]'s grandmother in ''[[Lydia (film)|Lydia]]''<ref name=Lydia/> concluded her film career.


She was also cast in noncomedic films such as ''[[Cimarron (1931 film)|Cimarron]]''<ref name=Cimarron/> (1931), ''[[Ann Vickers (film)|Ann Vickers]]''<ref name=Vickers/> (1933), and ''[[Romeo and Juliet (1936 film)|Romeo and Juliet]]''<ref name=Romeo/> (1936).
She was also cast in noncomedic films such as ''[[Cimarron (1931 film)|Cimarron]]''<ref name=Cimarron/> (1931), ''[[Ann Vickers (film)|Ann Vickers]]''<ref name=Vickers/> (1933), and ''[[Romeo and Juliet (1936 film)|Romeo and Juliet]]''<ref name=Romeo/> (1936).
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|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |title=America at the Movies|website=catalog.afi.com |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/53915-AMERICA-AT-THE-MOVIES?cxt=filmography |access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref>
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==Radio==
Oliver was a regular cast member from 1941 to 1942 on the [[Bob Burns (humorist) |Bob Burns]] series ''[[The Bob Burns Show|The Arkansas Traveler]]''. She often played the character of an off-beat nurse, the type of role she had already performed earlier during her movie career.<ref name="dunning">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwtRbXNca0oC&dq=%22The+Bob+Burns+Show+regional+humor%22+%22Edna+May%22&pg=PA102 |last=Dunning |first=John |author-link=John Dunning (detective fiction author) |title=On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio |section=The Bob Burns Show |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-507678-3 |page=102 |edition=Revised |access-date=August 13, 2025}}</ref>
On July 7, 1942 Oliver started a new summer radio series titled ''The Remarkable Miss Tuttle''.<ref name="Gettysburg">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nKQlAAAAIBAJ&pg=7025%2C3083930 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=RADIO PROGRAMS |newspaper=Gettysburg Times |date=1942-06-15 |page=6 |agency=World Wide |access-date=2025-08-13 }}</ref> She played the lead role of Josephine Tuttle, and the program had a planned 13-week run. However, Oliver quickly became ill and her role was taken over by her friend [[Mary Boland]].<ref name="Petersburg">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tBtPAAAAIBAJ&pg=5788%2C5485214|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Your Radio Today |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |date=1942-08-23 |page=22 |access-date=2025-08-13 }}</ref> When it became apparent that Oliver could not return, the title of the program was changed to ''The Remarkable Miss Crandall'', with Boland playing the new lead character. This new format only lasted two weeks, and for the remaining four weeks the program was replaced by a new series, ''[[Mayor of the Town (radio program)|Mayor of the Town]]'', starring [[Lionel Barrymore]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgwEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Still+Wrangling+Over+Barrymore%22&pg=PT5 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Still Wrangling Over Barrymore for 'Mayor'; MGM Angle |page=6 |magazine=Billboard |date=1942-09-12 |access-date=2025-08-13 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Actresses from Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American silent film actresses]]
[[Category:American silent film actresses]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:People from Malden, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Actors from Malden, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:RKO Pictures contract players]]
[[Category:RKO Pictures contract players]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players]]

Latest revision as of 23:14, 5 December 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use American English Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for clobbered parameters".Template:Wikidata image

Edna May Oliver (née Nutter, November 9, 1883 – November 9, 1942) was an American stage and film actress. During the 1930s, she was one of the better-known character actresses in American films, often playing tart-tongued spinsters.

Career

Born in Malden, Massachusetts, the daughter of Ida May and Charles Edward Nutter, Oliver quit school at age 14 to pursue a stage career.

She achieved her first success in 1917 on Broadway in Jerome Kern's musical comedy Oh, Boy!, playing the hero's comically dour Aunt Penelope.[1] In 1923 she appeared as Hannah in the Broadway version of Owen Davis's Icebound. She would later reprise the Hannah role in William C. De Mille's silent film of Icebound the following year. In 1925, Oliver appeared on Broadway in The Cradle Snatchers, costarring Mary Boland, Gene Raymond, and Humphrey Bogart.[2] Oliver's most notable stage appearance was as Parthy, wife of Cap'n Andy Hawks, in the original 1927 stage production of the musical Show Boat.[3] She reprised her role in the 1932 Broadway revival,[4] but turned down the chance to play Parthy in the 1936 film version to play the Nurse in that year's film version of Romeo and Juliet.

Her film debut was in 1923 in Wife in Name Only.[5] She continued to appear in films until Lydia in 1941. She first gained major notice in films for her appearances in several comedies starring the team of Wheeler & Woolsey, including Half Shot at Sunrise, her first film under her RKO Radio Pictures contract in 1930. Usually in featured parts, she starred in ten films, including Fanny Foley Herself (1931) and Ladies of the Jury (1932). She played wealthy, domineering Aunt March in the 1933 version of Little Women.

File:David Copperfield lobby card.jpg
Oliver (center) in lobby card for David Copperfield (1935)
File:Scene from Romeo and Juliet 2.jpg
John Barrymore, Oliver and Leslie Howard in Romeo and Juliet (1936)

Oliver's most popular star vehicles were mystery-comedies, starring as spinster sleuth Hildegarde Withers from the popular Stuart Palmer novels. The series ended prematurely when she left RKO to sign with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1935; the studio attempted to continue the series with Helen Broderick and then ZaSu Pitts as Withers.Template:Sfn

While at MGM, David O. Selznick cast Oliver in two film versions of novels by Charles Dickens, as the prim, acidic Miss Pross, in A Tale of Two Cities[6] (1935), starring Ronald Colman, and as the title character's eccentric aunt, Betsy Trotwood, in David Copperfield[7] (also 1935).

She appeared in the Shirley Temple film Little Miss Broadway (1938) as the landlord of a hotel for vaudevillians who wants to shut it down. She also performed in two 1939 movie musicals: with Tyrone Power in the Sonja Henie skating film Second Fiddle,[8] and in a supporting role as the agent of the title characters in the Fred Astaire/Ginger Rogers musical The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle.[9] A 1940 comic performance as Laurence Olivier's Mr. Darcy's domineering aunt Lady Catherine de Bourgh in Pride and Prejudice[10] and a 1941 role as Merle Oberon's grandmother in Lydia[11] concluded her film career.

She was also cast in noncomedic films such as Cimarron[12] (1931), Ann Vickers[13] (1933), and Romeo and Juliet[14] (1936).

Death

Oliver died at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (today Cedars-Sinai Medical Center) on her 59th birthday in 1942 shortly after being diagnosed with abdominal cancer, and was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.[15]

Awards and honors

Oliver received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Drums Along the Mohawk (1939).[16]

Stage

(This list is limited to New York/Broadway theatrical productions.)

Broadway credits of Edna May Oliver
Date Title Role Ref(s)
December 5, 1916 - January 1917 The Master [17]
February 20, 1917 – March 30, 1918 Oh Boy Miss Penelope Budd [18]
November 25, 1919 – January 7, 1920 The Rose of China Mrs. Hobson [19]
February 2, 1920 – May 1, 1920 My Golden Girl Mrs. Judson Mitchell [20]
November 1, 1920 – December 11, 1920 The Half Moon Mrs. Francis Adams Jarvis [21]
September 26, 1921 – unknown Wait 'Til We're Married Aunt Meridian [22]
November 28, 1921 – December 1921 Her Salary Man Mrs. Sophie Perkins [23]
September 6, 1922 – September 1922 Wild Oats Lane June [24]
February 10, 1923 – June 1923 Icebound Hannah [25]
October 13, 1924 – November 15, 1924 In His Arms Mrs. John Clarendon [26]
January 13, 1925 – February 1925 Isabel Mrs. John Clarendon [27]
September 7, 1925 – October 1926 Cradle Snatchers Ethel Drake [28]
December 27, 1927 – May 4, 1929 Show Boat Parthy Ann Hawks [29]
May 19, 1932 – October 22, 1932 Show Boat Parthy Ann Hawks [30]

Filmography

Silent films
Year Title Role Studio/distributor Ref(s)
1923 Wife in Name Only Mrs. Dornham Pyramid Pictures [5]
1923 Three O'Clock in the Morning Hetty C. C. Burr Pictures [31]
1924 Restless Wives Benson's Secretary C. C. Burr Pictures [32]
1924 Icebound Hannah Famous Players–Lasky [33]
1924 Manhattan Mrs. Trapes Famous Players–Lasky [34]
1925 The Lucky Devil Mrs. McDee Famous Players–Lasky [35]
1925 Lovers in Quarantine Amelia Pincent Famous Players–Lasky [36]
1925 The Lady Who Lied First National Pictures Template:Sfn
1926 The American Venus Mrs. Niles Famous Players–Lasky [37]
1926 Let's Get Married J. W. Smith Famous Players–Lasky [38]
Talkies
Year Title Role Studio/Distributor Ref(s)
1929 The Saturday Night Kid Miss Streeter Paramount Productions [39]
1930 Half Shot at Sunrise Mrs. Marshall RKO Pictures [40]
1931 Cimarron Mrs. Tracy Wyatt RKO Pictures [12]
1931 Forbidden Adventure Bessie Tate Paramount Productions [41]
1931 Fanny Foley Herself Fanny Foley RKO Pictures [42]
1931 Laugh and Get Rich Sarah Austin RKO Pictures [43]
1931 Cracked Nuts Aunt Minnie Van Varden RKO Pictures [44]
1932 The Penguin Pool Murder Miss Hildegarde Martha Withers RKO Pictures [45]
1932 Ladies of the Jury Mrs. Livingston Baldwin Crane RKO Pictures [46]
1932 The Conquerors Matilda Blake RKO Pictures [47]
1932 Hold 'Em Jail Violet RKO Pictures [48]
1933 Ann Vickers Malvina Wormser RKO Pictures [13]
1933 Meet the Baron Dean Primrose MGM [49]
1933 The Great Jasper Madame Talma RKO Pictures [50]
1933 It's Great to Be Alive Dr. Prodwell Fox Film Corp. [51]
1933 Only Yesterday Leona Universal Pictures [52]
1933 Little Women Aunt March RKO Pictures [53]
1933 Alice in Wonderland The Red Queen Paramount Productions [54]
1934 The Last Gentleman Augusta Pritchard 20th Century Fox [55]
1934 The Poor Rich Harriet Spottiswood Universal Pictures [56]
1934 Murder on the Blackboard Hildegarde Withers RKO Pictures [57]
1934 We're Rich Again Maude RKO Pictures [58]
1935 David Copperfield Aunt Betsey Trotwood MGM [7]
1935 No More Ladies Mrs. Fanny "Grandma" Townsend MGM [59]
1935 Murder on a Honeymoon Hildegarde Withers RKO Pictures [60]
1935 A Tale of Two Cities Miss Pross MGM [6]
1937 My Dear Miss Aldrich Mrs. Lou Atherton MGM [61]
1937 Parnell Aunt Ben Wood MGM [62]
1937 Rosalie Queen of Romanza MGM [63]
1937 Romeo and Juliet The Nurse MGM
Note: Premiered August 20, 1936, but not released until April 16, 1937 		[14]
1938 Little Miss Broadway Sarah Wendling 20th Century Fox [64]
1938 Paradise for Three Mrs. Julia Kunkel MGM [65]
1939 Nurse Edith Cavell Countess de Mavon Imperadio Pictures Ltd [66]
1939 Drums Along the Mohawk Mrs. McKlennar 20th Century Fox [67]
1939 The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle Maggie Sutton RKO Pictures [9]
1939 Second Fiddle Aunt Phoebe 20th Century Fox [8]
1940 Pride and Prejudice Lady Catherine de Bourgh MGM [10]
1941 Lydia Sarah MacMillan Alexander Korda Films [11]
1976 America at the Movies Footage American Film Institute [68]

Radio

Oliver was a regular cast member from 1941 to 1942 on the Bob Burns series The Arkansas Traveler. She often played the character of an off-beat nurse, the type of role she had already performed earlier during her movie career.[69]

On July 7, 1942 Oliver started a new summer radio series titled The Remarkable Miss Tuttle.[70] She played the lead role of Josephine Tuttle, and the program had a planned 13-week run. However, Oliver quickly became ill and her role was taken over by her friend Mary Boland.[71] When it became apparent that Oliver could not return, the title of the program was changed to The Remarkable Miss Crandall, with Boland playing the new lead character. This new format only lasted two weeks, and for the remaining four weeks the program was replaced by a new series, Mayor of the Town, starring Lionel Barrymore.[72]

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Bibliography

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Further reading

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External links

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Template:Authority control

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