Spathodea: Difference between revisions

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|status = LC
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref =<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author1=Rivers, M.C. |author2=Mark, J. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Spathodea campanulata'' |page=e.T49196213A49196223 |year=2017 |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref>
|status_ref =<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author1=Rivers, M.C. |author2=Mark, J. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Spathodea campanulata'' |article-number=e.T49196213A49196223 |year=2017 |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref>
|display_parents = 3
|display_parents = 3
|genus = Spathodea
|genus = Spathodea
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}}
}}


'''''Spathodea''''' is a [[genus]] in the plant family [[Bignoniaceae]]. The single species it contains, '''''Spathodea campanulata''''', is commonly known as the '''African tulip tree'''.<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SPCA2|taxon=Spathodea campanulata|accessdate=24 November 2015}}</ref> The tree grows between {{convert|7|-|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and is native to [[tropical dry forest]]s of Africa. It has been nominated as among 100 of the "World's Worst" invaders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/100_worst.php |title = GISD}}</ref>
'''''Spathodea''''' is a [[genus]] in the plant family [[Bignoniaceae]]. The single species it contains, '''''Spathodea campanulata''''', is commonly known as the '''African tulip tree''' or the '''Nandi Flame'''.<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SPCA2|taxon=Spathodea campanulata|accessdate=24 November 2015}}</ref> The tree grows between {{convert|7|-|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and is native to [[tropical dry forest]]s of Africa. It has been nominated as among 100 of the "World's Worst" invaders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/100_worst.php |title = GISD}}</ref>


This tree is planted extensively as an [[ornamental plant|ornamental tree]] throughout the tropics and is much appreciated for its very showy reddish-orange or crimson (rarely yellow), campanulate [[flower]]s. The [[Genus#Use in nomenclature|generic name]] comes from the [[Ancient Greek]] words σπαθη (''spathe'') and οιδα (''oida''),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |title=The Names of Plants |first=D. |last=Gledhill |edition=4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86645-3 |year=2008 |page=357}}</ref>{{citation needed|reason=Gledhill seems to confuse -ειδής (= '-like') and οἶδα = 'I know'. A more reliable source is needed.|date=March 2025}} referring to the [[spathe]]-like [[flower|calyx]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names |volume=4 R-Z |year=2000 |first=Umberto |last=Quattrocchi |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |isbn=978-0-8493-2678-3 |page=2526}}</ref> It was identified by Europeans in 1787 on the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] of Africa.<ref>{{citation |title=African Tulip Tropical Tree|url=http://tropicalflowerguide.com/african-tulip-tropical-tree.html}}</ref>
This tree is planted extensively as an [[ornamental plant|ornamental tree]] throughout the tropics and is much appreciated for its very showy reddish-orange or crimson (rarely yellow), campanulate [[flower]]s. The [[Genus#Use in nomenclature|generic name]] comes from the [[Ancient Greek]] words σπαθη (''spathe'') and οιδα (''oida''),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |title=The Names of Plants |first=D. |last=Gledhill |edition=4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86645-3 |year=2008 |page=357}}</ref>{{citation needed|reason=Gledhill seems to confuse -ειδής (= '-like') and οἶδα = 'I know'. A more reliable source is needed.|date=March 2025}} referring to the [[spathe]]-like [[flower|calyx]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names |volume=4 R-Z |year=2000 |first=Umberto |last=Quattrocchi |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |isbn=978-0-8493-2678-3 |page=2526}}</ref> It was identified by Europeans in 1787 on the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] of Africa.<ref>{{citation |title=African Tulip Tropical Tree|url=http://tropicalflowerguide.com/african-tulip-tropical-tree.html}}</ref>
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==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Nandi flame tree in keriovalley.jpg|thumb|Nandi flame tree in [[Kerio Valley]]]]
[[File:Nandi flame tree in keriovalley.jpg|thumb|Nandi flame tree in [[Kerio Valley]]]]
The [[flower bud]] is [[ampule]]-shaped and contains water. People sometimes play with these buds because of their ability to squirt water.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hargreaves|first1=Dorothy|last2=Hargreaves|first2=Bob|title=Tropical Trees of Hawaii|url=https://archive.org/details/tropicaltreesofh00doro_0|url-access=registration|year=1964|publisher=Hargreaves|location=Kailua, Hawaii|page=[https://archive.org/details/tropicaltreesofh00doro_0/page/2 2]|isbn=9780910690027}}</ref> The sap sometimes stains yellow on fingers and clothes. The open flowers are cup-shaped and hold rain and dew, making them attractive to many species of [[bird]]s.
The [[flower bud]] is [[ampule]]-shaped and contains water. People sometimes play with these buds because of their ability to squirt water.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hargreaves|first1=Dorothy|last2=Hargreaves|first2=Bob|title=Tropical Trees of Hawaii|url=https://archive.org/details/tropicaltreesofh00doro_0|url-access=registration|year=1964|publisher=Hargreaves|location=Kailua, Hawaii|page=[https://archive.org/details/tropicaltreesofh00doro_0/page/2 2]|isbn=978-0-910690-02-7}}</ref> The sap sometimes stains yellow on fingers and clothes. The open flowers are cup-shaped and hold rain and dew, making them attractive to many species of [[bird]]s.


==Flower anatomy==
==Flower anatomy==
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==Geographic distribution==
==Geographic distribution==
*Native to: Angola, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
*Native to: Angola, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
*Exotic in: Australia, Bangladesh,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/1471856/ফুটেছে-রুদ্রপলাশ |title = ফুটেছে রুদ্রপলাশ {{!}} প্রথম আলো| date=18 April 2018 }}</ref>[[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], Costa Rica, Cuba, Fiji, [[Hawaii]], India, Jamaica, [[Mauritius]], [[Mexico]], Papua New Guinea, [[Puerto Rico]], Sri Lanka, [[Zanzibar]], Philippines
*Exotic in: Australia, Bangladesh,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/1471856/ফুটেছে-রুদ্রপলাশ |title = ফুটেছে রুদ্রপলাশ {{!}} প্রথম আলো| date=18 April 2018 }}</ref>[[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], Costa Rica, Cuba, Fiji, [[Hawaii]], [[Honduras]], India, Jamaica, [[Mauritius]], [[Mexico]], Papua New Guinea, [[Puerto Rico]], Sri Lanka, [[Zanzibar]], Philippines


It has become an [[invasive species]] in many tropical areas, such as Hawaii, Queensland (Australia), Fiji, Papua New Guinea, South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|title=African tulip tree – Invasive Species South Africa|url=https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/african-tulip-tree/|access-date=17 February 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> and the wet and intermediate zones of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{citation |title=Invasive Species Compendium|url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/?compid=5&dsid=51139&loadmodule=datasheet&page=481&site=144}} and Lalith Gunasekera, ''Invasive Plants: A guide to the identification of the most invasive plants of Sri Lanka'', Colombo 2009, pp. 70–71.</ref>{{clear|left}}
It has become an [[invasive species]] in many tropical areas, such as Hawaii, Queensland (Australia), Fiji, Papua New Guinea, South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|title=African tulip tree – Invasive Species South Africa|url=https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/african-tulip-tree/|access-date=17 February 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> and the wet and intermediate zones of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{citation |title=Invasive Species Compendium|url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/?compid=5&dsid=51139&loadmodule=datasheet&page=481&site=144}} and Lalith Gunasekera, ''Invasive Plants: A guide to the identification of the most invasive plants of Sri Lanka'', Colombo 2009, pp. 70–71.</ref>{{clear|left}}
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[[Category:Garden plants of Africa]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Africa]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Invasive plant species in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Monotypic Lamiales genera]]
[[Category:Monotypic Lamiales genera]]

Latest revision as of 21:22, 18 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Speciesbox

Spathodea is a genus in the plant family Bignoniaceae. The single species it contains, Spathodea campanulata, is commonly known as the African tulip tree or the Nandi Flame.[1] The tree grows between Script error: No such module "convert". tall and is native to tropical dry forests of Africa. It has been nominated as among 100 of the "World's Worst" invaders.[2]

This tree is planted extensively as an ornamental tree throughout the tropics and is much appreciated for its very showy reddish-orange or crimson (rarely yellow), campanulate flowers. The generic name comes from the Ancient Greek words σπαθη (spathe) and οιδα (oida),[3]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". referring to the spathe-like calyx.[4] It was identified by Europeans in 1787 on the Gold Coast of Africa.[5]

Description

File:Nandi flame tree in keriovalley.jpg
Nandi flame tree in Kerio Valley

The flower bud is ampule-shaped and contains water. People sometimes play with these buds because of their ability to squirt water.[6] The sap sometimes stains yellow on fingers and clothes. The open flowers are cup-shaped and hold rain and dew, making them attractive to many species of birds.

Flower anatomy

The African tulip tree flower produces large flamboyant reddish-orange flowers that have approximately five petals and are 8–15 cm long. The flowers are bisexual and zygomorphic. These are displayed in a terminal corymb-like raceme inflorescence. Its pedicel is approximately 6 cm long. This flower also has a yellow margin and throat. The pistil can be found at center of four stamens that is inserted on the corolla tube. This flower has a slender ovary that is superior and is two celled. The seeds of this tree are flat, thin, and broadly winged.

Species associations

In Neotropical gardens and parks, their nectar is popular with many hummingbirds, such as the black-throated mango (Anthracothorax nigricollis), the black jacobin (Florisuga fusca), or the gilded hummingbird (Hylocharis chrysura).[7] The wood of the tree is soft and is used for nesting by many hole-building birds such as barbets.[8] Unfortunately the flowers have a natural defence killing bees, and it is thought various other species who harvest its pollen.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Geographic distribution

It has become an invasive species in many tropical areas, such as Hawaii, Queensland (Australia), Fiji, Papua New Guinea, South Africa[10] and the wet and intermediate zones of Sri Lanka.[11]

Spathodea campanulata is a declared class 3 pest species in Queensland, Australia, under the Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002.[12] It is known to be toxic to Australian native stingless bees, such as Lipotriches (Austronomia) flavoviridis.[13]

Pests and diseases

In Uganda, two lepidopteran species, two termite species, and one bark beetle attack S. campanulata. In Puerto Rico nine insect species in the orders Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera have been reported as feeding on various parts of S. campanulata. The species is quite susceptible to butt and heart rot; wood of the tree rots quickly when in contact with the ground.

Use

Its wood is too weak for construction use but ideal enough for boxes and toothpicks. Fijian children sometimes use its flower buds as water pistols.[14]

Common names

  • Afrikaans: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".[15]
  • Bangla: Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • English: African tulip tree, fountain tree, Nandi flame, Nile flame, squirt tree, tulip tree, Uganda flame, Flame Tree of Thika
  • Fijian: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".[14]
  • French: tulipier de Gabon[15]
  • Hindi: Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Javanese: Script error: No such module "Lang". crut-crutan
  • Kannada: Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Luganda: Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Luhya: Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Malay: Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Malayalam: African Poomaram (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Sinhala: Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".
  • Spanish: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., in Puerto Rico Script error: No such module "Lang"., in Guatemala Script error: No such module "Lang"..[15]
  • Sundanese: Script error: No such module "Lang". kaï acret or Script error: No such module "Lang". kiacret[16][15]
  • Swahili: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Telugu: Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Tamil: Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".)

Nandi: Septet (singular),Septonok (plural)

  • Trade name: Nandi flame

Gallery

Footnotes

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Baza Mendonça & dos Anjos (2005)
  8. ↑ de QUEIROZ, A. C. M., VENTURIERI, G., VENTURIERI, G., & de OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, M. C. M. (2012). Effect of toxicity of nectar and pollen of african tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata) on Melipona fasciculata and M. seminigra (Apidae, Meliponini). In Embrapa Amazônia Oriental-Resumo em anais de congresso (ALICE). In: ENCONTRO SOBRE ABELHAS, 10., 2012, Ribeirão Preto. Anais... Ribeirão Preto: FUNPEC, 2012
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". and Lalith Gunasekera, Invasive Plants: A guide to the identification of the most invasive plants of Sri Lanka, Colombo 2009, pp. 70–71.
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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References

  • <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Baza Mendonça, Luciana & dos Anjos, Luiz (2005): Beija-flores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil [Hummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil]. [Portuguese with English abstract] Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22(1): 51–59. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers". PDF fulltext
  • http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=75

External links

Template:Taxonbar

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