MVRDV: Difference between revisions

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| founded              = {{Start date|1993|df=y}}
| founded              = {{Start date|1993|df=y}}
| dissolved            = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} -->
| dissolved            = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} -->
| awards                = [[European Museum of the Year Award|European Museum of the Year]], [[Chicago Athenaeum|International Architecture Award]], Skyscraper of the Year, [[Red Dot]] Design Award, Prix Versailles, [[RIBA House of the Year]] (Public Vote)
| awards                = [[European Museum of the Year Award|European Museum of the Year]], [[Chicago Athenaeum|International Architecture Award]], Skyscraper of the Year, [[Red Dot Design Award|Red Dot]] Design Award, Prix Versailles, [[RIBA House of the Year]] (Public Vote)
| significant_buildings = [[Expo 2000|Hannover World Exhibition Expo 2000]] Dutch Pavilion, [[Silodam Housing]], [[Market Hall (Rotterdam)|Market Hall Rotterdam]]
| significant_buildings = [[Expo 2000|Hannover World Exhibition Expo 2000]] Dutch Pavilion, [[Silodam Housing]], [[Market Hall (Rotterdam)|Market Hall Rotterdam]]
Yongsan Dreamhub
Yongsan Dreamhub
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[[File:Edificio Mirador (Madrid) 01.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Mirador'' building ([[Madrid]], Spain, 2005)]]
[[File:Edificio Mirador (Madrid) 01.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Mirador'' building ([[Madrid]], Spain, 2005)]]


'''MVRDV''' is a [[Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]]-based [[architecture]] and [[urban design]] practice founded in 1993, with additional offices in Berlin, New York, Paris, and Shanghai.<ref>[http://www.mvrdv.nl/#/office/profile MVRDV: Profile], retrieved 13 December 2011</ref> It is currently regarded as one of the world's finest architecture firms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WA100 2020: The big list|url=https://www.bdonline.co.uk/wa100-2020-the-big-list/5103321.article|access-date=2023-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 45 Best Architecture Firms In The World|date=7 June 2023 |url=https://www.archute.com/architecture-firms/|access-date=2023-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=
'''MVRDV''' is a [[Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]]-based [[architecture]] and [[urban design]] practice founded in 1993 by Winy Maas, Jacob van Rijs and Nathalie de Vries, with additional offices in Berlin, New York, Paris, and Shanghai.
 
The name and logo is inspired by the industrial music band [[KMFDM]] which at the time was one of Jacob van Rijs' favorite bands.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leclaire |first=Annemiek |date=2016-06-16 |title='Zuurpruimen kunnen geen goeie leefbare steden maken' |url=https://www.vn.nl/zuurpruimen-kunnen-geen-goeie-leefbare-steden-maken |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-09-03 |work=Vrij Nederland |language=nl}}</ref> It is currently regarded as one of the world's finest architecture firms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WA100 2020: The big list|url=https://www.bdonline.co.uk/wa100-2020-the-big-list/5103321.article|access-date=2023-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 45 Best Architecture Firms In The World|date=7 June 2023 |url=https://www.archute.com/architecture-firms/|access-date=2023-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=
The Home of Invention: MVRDV Is Architizer's 2018 Firm of the Year|date=August 2018 |url=https://architizer.com/blog/inside-architizer/updates/firm-of-the-year-2018/|access-date=2023-06-12}}</ref> MVRDV is an acronym of the founding members' surnames: [[Winy Maas]], [[Jacob van Rijs]], and [[Nathalie de Vries]].
The Home of Invention: MVRDV Is Architizer's 2018 Firm of the Year|date=August 2018 |url=https://architizer.com/blog/inside-architizer/updates/firm-of-the-year-2018/|access-date=2023-06-12}}</ref> MVRDV is an acronym of the founding members' surnames: [[Winy Maas]], [[Jacob van Rijs]], and [[Nathalie de Vries]].


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The trio studied architecture together at the [[Delft University of Technology]], [[Netherlands]] and won the "[[Europan]] 2" competition with their project "Berlinvoids" in 1991 before founding MVRDV two years later.<ref name="aut.cc">{{Cite web|title=Architecture Speaks: The Language of MVRDV — aut. architektur und tirol|url=https://aut.cc/ausstellungen/the-language-of-mvrdv|access-date=2021-05-21|website=aut.cc|date=6 July 2019 |language=de}}</ref> The situation for starting a new office in the Netherlands was favourable – government support for young architects means all three received a grant to help start their architectural practice.<ref name=":1" />
The trio studied architecture together at the [[Delft University of Technology]], [[Netherlands]] and won the "[[Europan]] 2" competition with their project "Berlinvoids" in 1991 before founding MVRDV two years later.<ref name="aut.cc">{{Cite web|title=Architecture Speaks: The Language of MVRDV — aut. architektur und tirol|url=https://aut.cc/ausstellungen/the-language-of-mvrdv|access-date=2021-05-21|website=aut.cc|date=6 July 2019 |language=de}}</ref> The situation for starting a new office in the Netherlands was favourable – government support for young architects means all three received a grant to help start their architectural practice.<ref name=":1" />


It took some time for the company to get going, working without a fixed office until the firm's first major commission arrived.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Frey |first=Darcy |date=2008-06-08 |title=Crowded House |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/magazine/08mvrdv-t.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This was the new offices for the public broadcasting corporation [[VPRO]] in Hilversum, the Netherlands (1993–1997). Other early built works include the Wozoco housing in Amsterdam (1994–1997)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/170/wozoco|title=MVRDV – WoZoCo|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref> and the Dutch Pavilion at the [[Expo 2000|Hannover World Exhibition Expo 2000]] (1997–2000).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/158/expo-2000|title=MVRDV – Expo 2000|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref> These were followed by a business park 'Flight Forum' in [[Eindhoven]], [[Gemini Residence]] silo conversion in Copenhagen, the Silodam Housing complex in Amsterdam, the Matsudai Cultural Centre in Japan, Unterföhring office campus near Munich, the Lloyd Hotel in Amsterdam, an urban plan and housing in The Hague Ypenburg, the rooftop – housing extension Didden Village in Rotterdam, the cultural Centre [[Effenaar|De Effenaar]] in Eindhoven, the boutique shopping building Gyre in Tokyo, part of Veldhoven's Maxima Medical Centre, and the iconic Mirador housing estate in Madrid.  
It took some time for the company to get going, working without a fixed office until the firm's first major commission arrived.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Frey |first=Darcy |date=2008-06-08 |title=Crowded House |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/magazine/08mvrdv-t.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This was the new offices for the public broadcasting corporation [[VPRO]] in Hilversum, the Netherlands (1993–1997). Other early built works include the Wozoco housing in Amsterdam (1994–1997)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/170/wozoco|title=MVRDV – WoZoCo|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref> and the Dutch Pavilion at the [[Expo 2000|Hannover World Exhibition Expo 2000]] (1997–2000).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/158/expo-2000|title=MVRDV – Expo 2000|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref> These were followed by a business park 'Flight Forum' in [[Eindhoven]], [[Gemini Residence]] silo conversion in Copenhagen, the Silodam Housing complex in Amsterdam, the Matsudai Cultural Centre in Japan, Unterföhring office campus near Munich, the Lloyd Hotel in Amsterdam, an urban plan and housing in The Hague Ypenburg, the rooftop – housing extension Didden Village in Rotterdam, the cultural Centre [[Effenaar|De Effenaar]] in Eindhoven, the boutique shopping building Gyre in Tokyo, part of Veldhoven's Maxima Medical Centre, and the iconic Mirador housing estate in Madrid.


{{Update|date=April 2025}}
Completed projects between 2012 and 2014 include a public library in [[Spijkenisse]], the Netherlands, a shopping center in [[Schijndel]], the Netherlands, a bank headquarters in [[Oslo]], Norway, and the [[Market Hall (Rotterdam)|Market Hall]] in Rotterdam combining housing and shopping within the shape of an arch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wessel |first=Mark Douglas |date=2025-02-26 |title=10 Years Later: Revisiting MVRDV's Rotterdam Markthal |url=https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/10-years-later-revisiting-mvrdvs-rotterdam-markthal/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Azure Magazine}}</ref>


Recently completed projects include a public library in [[Spijkenisse]], the Netherlands, a shopping center in [[Schijndel]], the Netherlands, a bank headquarters in [[Oslo]], Norway, and most recently a public market hall, combining housing and shopping within the shape of a monumental arch, in [[Rotterdam]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
Current projects in progress or on site include various housing projects in the Netherlands, China, France, India, the United Kingdom, the United States and other countries, a sustainable office building in Paris, a central business district in [[Shanghai]], an office tower in [[Poznań]], a museum of rock music and a community cultural centre in [[Roskilde]] and [[Frederiksberg]] respectively, large scale urban masterplans in [[Oslo]], [[Bordeaux]] and [[Caen]], an entire new eco-city in [[Logrono]], Spain, a structural development vision for Dutch New Town [[Almere]], the masterplan for the Dutch [[Floriade 2022|Floriade Horticultural Expo 202]]2, also in Almere, and a research masterplan into the future of greater Paris which was commissioned by French president [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/mar/13/architects-reveal-grand-paris-redesign Agnès Poirier: ''Architects reveal plans to redesign Paris''], in [[The Guardian]], 13 March 2009, retrieved 4 September 2010</ref> and the mayor of [[Paris]] [[Bertrand Delanoë]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
 
Current projects in progress or on site include various housing projects in the Netherlands, China, France, India, the United Kingdom, the United States and other countries, a sustainable office building in Paris, a central business district in [[Shanghai]], an office tower in [[Poznań]], a museum of rock music and a community cultural centre in [[Roskilde]] and [[Frederiksberg]] respectively, large scale urban masterplans in [[Oslo]], [[Bordeaux]] and [[Caen]], an entire new eco-city in [[Logrono]], Spain, a structural development vision for Dutch New Town [[Almere]], the masterplan for the [[Floriade (Netherlands)]] Horticultural Expo 2022, also in Almere, and a research masterplan into the future of greater Paris which was commissioned by French president [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/mar/13/architects-reveal-grand-paris-redesign Agnès Poirier: ''Architects reveal plans to redesign Paris''], in [[The Guardian]], 13 March 2009, retrieved 4 September 2010</ref> and the mayor of [[Paris]] [[Bertrand Delanoë]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}


MVRDV also maintains a research-oriented project called "The Why Factory",<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-30|title=The Why Factory by MVRDV and Richard Hutten|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2009/11/30/the-why-factory-by-mvrdv-and-richard-hutten|access-date=2024-11-19|website=[[Dezeen]]|language=en}}</ref> which the company describes as an "independent think-tank and research institute". It is run together with the [[Delft University of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Enable cities and landscapes to develop towards a better future|url=https://www.mvrdv.nl/about|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.mvrdv.nl|language=en}}</ref>
MVRDV also maintains a research-oriented project called "The Why Factory",<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-30|title=The Why Factory by MVRDV and Richard Hutten|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2009/11/30/the-why-factory-by-mvrdv-and-richard-hutten|access-date=2024-11-19|website=[[Dezeen]]|language=en}}</ref> which the company describes as an "independent think-tank and research institute". It is run together with the [[Delft University of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Enable cities and landscapes to develop towards a better future|url=https://www.mvrdv.nl/about|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.mvrdv.nl|language=en}}</ref>


==Influences==
==Influences==
In a 2010 interview with [[Designboom]], [[Winy Maas]] cited [[Rem Koolhaas]] as one of the most important people that he had worked with and for, describing parts of MVRDV's work as intellectual responses to Koolhaas's questions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-17|title=MVRDV winy maas interview|url=https://www.designboom.com/interviews/mvrdv-winy-maas-interview/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|language=en}}</ref> The architect and critic [[Rafael Moneo]] has noted the common featured between OMA and MVRDV, starting with the positioning of the architect in their draft process, with projects treated as collaborative efforts and the architect acting as a catalyst,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moneo|first=José Rafael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56442797|title=Theoretical anxiety and design strategies in the work of eight contemporary architects|date=2004|publisher=MIT Press|others=Harvard University. Graduate School of Design|isbn=0-262-13443-8|location=Cambridge, Mass.|oclc=56442797}}</ref> An article in [[El Croquis]] further argued that "if the notion of creation is still present in their discourse, it is more than a co-creation or synergy between all the parties than as the exclusive vision or synthesis of an architect."<ref>{{Cite book|last=publishers and editors|first=Fernando Márquez Cecilia and Richard Levene|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884463993|title=MVRDV : 2003–2014. Ciudad evolutiva = evolutionary city|date=2014|isbn=978-84-88386-81-6|location=Madrid|oclc=884463993}}</ref>
In a 2010 interview with [[Designboom]], [[Winy Maas]] cited [[Rem Koolhaas]] as one of the most important people that he had worked with and for, describing parts of MVRDV's work as intellectual responses to Koolhaas's questions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-17|title=MVRDV winy maas interview|url=https://www.designboom.com/interviews/mvrdv-winy-maas-interview/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|language=en}}</ref> The architect and critic [[Rafael Moneo]] has noted the common featured between OMA and MVRDV, starting with the positioning of the architect in their draft process, with projects treated as collaborative efforts and the architect acting as a catalyst.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moneo|first=José Rafael|title=Theoretical anxiety and design strategies in the work of eight contemporary architects|date=2004|publisher=MIT Press|others=Harvard University. Graduate School of Design|isbn=0-262-13443-8|location=Cambridge, Mass.|oclc=56442797}}</ref> An article in [[El Croquis]] further argued that "if the notion of creation is still present in their discourse, it is more than a co-creation or synergy between all the parties than as the exclusive vision or synthesis of an architect."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernando Márquez Cecilia and Richard Levene |title=MVRDV : 2003–2014. Ciudad evolutiva = evolutionary city |date=2014 |isbn=978-84-88386-81-6 |location=Madrid |oclc=884463993}}</ref>


The concept of densification - where the population density or building density is increased via taller buildings or adding more housing units - is a topic Koolhaas focused heavily on in his book "Delirious New York".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Koolhaas, Rem|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/881684136|title=Delirious new york : a retroactive manifesto for Manhattan|date=July 2014|publisher=The Monacelli Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-58093-410-7|oclc=881684136}}</ref> Reflection on the notion of densification also comprises a significant part of MVRDV's research, for instance in their publications ''FARMAX'' and ''KM3'', with Maas further noting that "... proximity makes sense. That's a fundamental part of our culture for many of us."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pixel prophet: MVRDV's Winy Maas|date=25 March 2013 |url=https://www.iconeye.com/architecture/pixel-prophet-mvrdv-s-winy-maas|access-date=2023-05-13}}</ref> In El Croquis, architect Fernando Márquez Cecilia notes that "through these conceptual overlaps, the projects of the two offices show in some cases even strong formal accordance, as in the case of the VPRO Building and the Educatorium".<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Márquez Cecilia|first=Fernando|title=MVRDV : 1991 – 1997. Artificial Ecologies – Ecologías artificiales|publisher=El Croquis|year=1998|isbn=}}{{ISBN?}}</ref>
The concept of densification - where the population density or building density is increased via taller buildings or adding more housing units - is a topic Koolhaas focused heavily on in his book "Delirious New York".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Koolhaas, Rem|title=Delirious new york : a retroactive manifesto for Manhattan|date=July 2014|publisher=The Monacelli Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-58093-410-7|oclc=881684136}}</ref> Reflection on the notion of densification also comprises a significant part of MVRDV's research, for instance in their publications ''FARMAX'' and ''KM3'', with Maas further noting that "... proximity makes sense. That's a fundamental part of our culture for many of us."<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2013 |title=Pixel prophet: MVRDV's Winy Maas |url=https://www.iconeye.com/architecture/pixel-prophet-mvrdv-s-winy-maas |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=iconeye.com}}</ref> In El Croquis, architect Fernando Márquez Cecilia notes that "through these conceptual overlaps, the projects of the two offices show in some cases even strong formal accordance, as in the case of the VPRO Building and the Educatorium".<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Márquez Cecilia|first=Fernando|title=MVRDV : 1991 – 1997. Artificial Ecologies – Ecologías artificiales|publisher=El Croquis|year=1998}}{{ISBN?}}</ref>


Maas has also noted that the [[Club of Rome]] warnings made in the 1960s over the dangers of global growth, which Maas heard as a ten-year old, contributed to his decision to study landscape architecture and urban planning. This continue to inform his ideas – solutions to what is now acknowledged as the climate crisis must be sought on a large scale.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Voor Winy Maas, de Willy Wonka van de architectuur, is bouwen optimisme én oorlog|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/mensen/voor-winy-maas-de-willy-wonka-van-de-architectuur-is-bouwen-optimisme-en-oorlog~b274d7bd/|access-date=2023-09-13}}</ref>
Maas has also noted that the [[Club of Rome]] warnings made in the 1960s over the dangers of global growth, which Maas heard as a ten-year old, contributed to his decision to study landscape architecture and urban planning. This continues to inform his ideas – solutions to the climate crisis must be sought on a large scale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voor Winy Maas, de Willy Wonka van de architectuur, is bouwen optimisme én oorlog |trans-title=For Winy Maas, the Willy Wonka of architecture, building is optimism and war |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/mensen/voor-winy-maas-de-willy-wonka-van-de-architectuur-is-bouwen-optimisme-en-oorlog~b274d7bd/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230521160844/https://www.volkskrant.nl/mensen/voor-winy-maas-de-willy-wonka-van-de-architectuur-is-bouwen-optimisme-en-oorlog~b274d7bd/ |archive-date=2023-05-21 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=[[de Volkskrant]] |language=nl |quote= |trans-quote=}}</ref>


[[Nathalie de Vries]] cites [[De Stijl]], the Dutch museum director Franks Haks, and [[Mecanoo]]´s housing and neighbourhood projects as influences. Mecanoo would be where de Vries began her professional career.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=A Broader Vision: MVRDV's Nathalie de Vries on Running a Business, Reinventing Practice, and Leading by Example|url=https://www.madamearchitect.org/interviews/2020/3/3/nathalie-de-vries|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Madame Architect|date=4 March 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[Nathalie de Vries]] cites [[De Stijl]], the Dutch museum director Franks Haks, and [[Mecanoo]]´s housing and neighbourhood projects as influences. Mecanoo is where de Vries began her professional career.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=A Broader Vision: MVRDV's Nathalie de Vries on Running a Business, Reinventing Practice, and Leading by Example|url=https://www.madamearchitect.org/interviews/2020/3/3/nathalie-de-vries|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Madame Architect|date=4 March 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Architectural language==
==Architectural language==
The variety of design choices in their buildings demonstrate that MVRDV wishes not to develop a specific style of architecture, but to provide and develop different methods in designing architecture and urban space. Projects are developed by interdisciplinary teams that test different possibilities rather than designing "top-down"{{Explain|date=September 2023}}. Over the years, this strategy led to the development of an architectural language that helps in explaining design choices to others.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-01|title=MVRDV Exhibit "Architecture Speaks" to Open in Innsbruck This Week|url=https://www.archdaily.com/920073/mvrdv-exhibit-architecture-speaks-to-in-innsbruck-open-this-week|access-date=2021-05-21|website=ArchDaily|language=en-US}}</ref>
The variety of design choices in their buildings demonstrate that MVRDV wishes not to develop a specific style of architecture, but to provide and develop different methods in designing architecture and urban space. Projects are developed by interdisciplinary teams that test different possibilities rather than designing "top-down".{{Explain|date=September 2023}} Over the years, this strategy led to the development of an architectural language that helps in explaining design choices to others.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-01|title=MVRDV Exhibit "Architecture Speaks" to Open in Innsbruck This Week|url=https://www.archdaily.com/920073/mvrdv-exhibit-architecture-speaks-to-in-innsbruck-open-this-week|access-date=2021-05-21|website=ArchDaily|language=en-US}}</ref>


The exhibition ''"Architecture speaks" – The Language of MVRDV'' was an opportunity for ''MVRDV'' to present four conceptual themes to describe their work. The [[exhibition]] was shown in the "aut", an architectural centre in the [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]] region of [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]] and was curated by [[Nathalie de Vries|Natalie de Vries]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Architecture Speaks: The Language of MVRDV — aut. architektur und tirol|url=https://aut.cc/ausstellungen/the-language-of-mvrdv|access-date=2021-05-13|website=aut.cc|date=6 July 2019 |language=de}}</ref>
In the exhibition ''"Architecture speaks" – The Language of MVRDV'', ''MVRDV'' presented four conceptual themes to describe their work. The [[exhibition]] was shown in the "aut", an architectural centre in the [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]] region of [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]] and was curated by [[Nathalie de Vries|Natalie de Vries]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Architecture Speaks: The Language of MVRDV — aut. architektur und tirol|url=https://aut.cc/ausstellungen/the-language-of-mvrdv|access-date=2021-05-13|website=aut.cc|date=6 July 2019 |language=de}}</ref>


* "stack": This refers to the ever growing demand in space as well as the approach to stack and connect functions vertically, to create a three-dimensional space. This method came into use for the "Berlinvoids" design, where the office saw an opportunity to renew the standard way to deal with [[densification]].<ref name=":2" />
* "stack": This refers to the ever growing demand in space as well as the approach to stack and connect functions vertically, to create a three-dimensional space. This method came into use for the "Berlinvoids" design, where the office saw an opportunity to renew the standard way to deal with [[densification]].<ref name=":2" />
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=== Valley, [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands ===
=== Valley, [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands ===
{{Main|nl:Valley (Amsterdam)}}
{{Main|nl:Valley (Amsterdam)}}
Winner of the Emporis Skyscraper Award, Valley is a mixed-use, semi-publicly accessible development in the Zuidas business district of Amsterdam. Comprising three towers of heights ranging from 67 to 100 metres tall, it combines offices, shops, catering, cultural facilities, and apartments in one building. Described as “an oasis in a business district dominated by regular office buildings” a green valley winds between the fourth and fifth floors, wholly accessible via two stone external staircases.  
Winner of the Emporis Skyscraper Award, Valley is a mixed-use, semi-publicly accessible development in the Zuidas business district of Amsterdam. Comprising three towers of heights ranging from 67 to 100 metres tall, it combines offices, shops, catering, cultural facilities, and apartments in one building. Described as “an oasis in a business district dominated by regular office buildings” a green valley winds between the fourth and fifth floors, wholly accessible via two stone external staircases.
 
=== Depot Boijmans Van Beuningen, [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands ===
=== Depot Boijmans Van Beuningen, [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands ===
{{Main|nl:Depot Boijmans Van Beuningen}}
{{Main|Depot Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen}}
MVRDV won the design competition for the depot in 2013, for which the assignment was to offer a glimpse behind the scenes of the museum world and make the whole art collection accessible to the public. The world’s first publicly accessible art storage facility and a 2023 Architectural Digest “Work of Wonder”,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Depot: 2023 Works of Wonder|date=15 February 2023 |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/the-depot |access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> the depot displays more than 150,000 works of art and design that the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen previously had no room to exhibit. In addition to the significant amount of storage space required for art and design works, the depot comprises exhibition halls, a rooftop garden, and a restaurant.
 
MVRDV won the design competition for the depot in 2013, for which the assignment was to offer a glimpse behind the scenes of the museum world and make the whole art collection accessible to the public. The world's first publicly accessible art storage facility and a 2023 Architectural Digest “Work of Wonder”,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Depot: 2023 Works of Wonder|date=15 February 2023 |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/the-depot |access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> the depot displays more than 150,000 works of art and design that the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen previously had no room to exhibit. In addition to the significant amount of storage space required for art and design works, the depot comprises exhibition halls, a rooftop garden, and a restaurant.
 
=== Tianjin Binhai Library, [[Tianjin]], China ===
=== Tianjin Binhai Library, [[Tianjin]], China ===
{{main article|Tianjin Binhai Library}}
{{main|Tianjin Binhai Library}}
 
Nicknamed “The Eye”, the [[Tianjin Binhai Library]] is part of the Binhai Cultural Center, and MVRDV's second complered project in the Chinese municipality. A five-level library possessing a total floor space of 33,700 square metres, it features floor-to-ceiling terraced bookshelves able to hold 1.2 million books, with a 110-capacity auditorium set in a central sphere. According to [[Newsweek]]’s culture writer, Anna Menta, the library is “breathtaking” and “every book lover’s dream.”<ref>{{Cite web|title=China's Breathtaking, Futuristic Tianjin Library Is Every Book Lover's Dream |website=[[Newsweek]] |date=14 November 2017 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/tianjin-binhai-library-710828|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> This was MVRDV's fastest realised project to date, taking only three years from the first sketch to the opening.
Nicknamed “The Eye”, the [[Tianjin Binhai Library]] is part of the Binhai Cultural Center, and MVRDV's second complered project in the Chinese municipality. A five-level library possessing a total floor space of 33,700 square metres, it features floor-to-ceiling terraced bookshelves able to hold 1.2 million books, with a 110-capacity auditorium set in a central sphere. According to [[Newsweek]]’s culture writer, Anna Menta, the library is “breathtaking” and “every book lover’s dream.”<ref>{{Cite web|title=China's Breathtaking, Futuristic Tianjin Library Is Every Book Lover's Dream |website=[[Newsweek]] |date=14 November 2017 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/tianjin-binhai-library-710828|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> This was MVRDV's fastest realised project to date, taking only three years from the first sketch to the opening.


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== Awards ==
== Awards ==
MVRDV has won awards across multiple architectural categories including housing, public buildings, commercial buildings, mixed-used developments, interior design, exterior design, and landscape architecture.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Awards |url=https://www.mvrdv.com/about/awards |access-date=2024-02-15}}</ref> Notable accolades include the [[RIBA House of the Year]] (Public Vote),<ref>{{Cite news|title=RIBA awards 2011: the winners – in pictures|newspaper=The Guardian |date=18 May 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2011/may/19/riba-international-awards-2011-winners|access-date=2023-05-09 |last1=Glancey |first1=Jonathan }}</ref> European Museum of the Year Jury Prize,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Depot Boijmans wint European Museum of the Year Awards 2023|url=https://www.stedebouwarchitectuur.nl/artikel/depot-boijmans-wint-european-museum-of-the-year-awards-2023|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Emporis Skyscraper Award,<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV's rugged Valley hailed as 2022's best skyscraper|date=30 August 2022 |url=https://newatlas.com/architecture/2022-emporis-skyscraper-award/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> ArchDaily Building of the Year,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atelier Gardens Studio 1 / MVRDV|url=https://boty.archdaily.com/us/2023/candidates/152508/atelier-gardens-studio-1-slash-mvrdv|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=One Green Mile / MVRDV|url=https://boty.archdaily.com/us/2023/candidates/155187/one-green-mile-slash-mvrdv|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Prix Versailles,<ref>{{Cite web|title=M·CUBE AND BULGARI KUALA LUMPUR WIN PRIX VERSAILLES AWARDS|url=https://www.mvrdv.com/news/1418/m%C2%B7cube-and-bulgari-kuala-lumpur-win-prix-versailles-awards|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> International Architecture Award,<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV Is Honoured To Receive International Architecture Award 2020 For Valley Project|url=https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/egppc/mvrdv-is-honoured-to-receive-international-architecture-award-2020-for-valley-project.html|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Architizer A+ Award,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Architizer – Firm of the Year 2018 – MVRDV| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PzKA6KXEPk|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> and Red Dot Design Award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spijkenisse Book Mountain|url=https://www.red-dot.org/project/spijkenisse-book-mountain-30723|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> MVRDV's work has been exhibited in multiple locations including Gallery MA, Tokyo;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Architecture for Dogs|url=https://jp.toto.com/gallerma/ex131025/index_e.htm|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Het Nieuwe Instituut, Rotterdam;<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV Exhibition Shows Behind-the-Scenes Look into the Firm's Archive and Creative Process|date=29 December 2021 |url=https://www.archdaily.com/974354/mvrdv-exhibition-shows-behind-the-scenes-look-into-the-firms-archive-and-creative-process|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> ArchiLib Gallery, Paris;,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Architecture taking action:MVRDV and The Why Factory exhibition in Paris|url=https://thewhyfactory.com/news/architecture-taking-action-mvrdv-and-the-why-factory-exhibition-in-paris/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Kyoto Global Design Awards –  Environmental Design category <ref name=":4" /> and Architektur Galerie, Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV celebrates opening of its Berlin office with MVRDV Haus Berlin exhibition|url=https://archello.com/nl/news/mvrdv-celebrates-opening-of-its-berlin-office-with-mvrdv-haus-berlin-exhibition|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref>
MVRDV has won awards across multiple architectural categories including housing, public buildings, commercial buildings, mixed-used developments, interior design, exterior design, and landscape architecture.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Awards |url=https://www.mvrdv.com/about/awards |access-date=2024-02-15}}</ref> Notable accolades include the [[RIBA House of the Year]] (Public Vote),<ref>{{Cite news|title=RIBA awards 2011: the winners – in pictures|newspaper=The Guardian |date=18 May 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2011/may/19/riba-international-awards-2011-winners|access-date=2023-05-09 |last1=Glancey |first1=Jonathan }}</ref> [[European Museum of the Year Award|European Museum of the Year]] Jury Prize,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Depot Boijmans wint European Museum of the Year Awards 2023|url=https://www.stedebouwarchitectuur.nl/artikel/depot-boijmans-wint-european-museum-of-the-year-awards-2023|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> [[Emporis]] Skyscraper Award,<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV's rugged Valley hailed as 2022's best skyscraper|date=30 August 2022 |url=https://newatlas.com/architecture/2022-emporis-skyscraper-award/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> [[ArchDaily]] Building of the Year,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atelier Gardens Studio 1 / MVRDV|url=https://boty.archdaily.com/us/2023/candidates/152508/atelier-gardens-studio-1-slash-mvrdv|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=One Green Mile / MVRDV|url=https://boty.archdaily.com/us/2023/candidates/155187/one-green-mile-slash-mvrdv|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> [[Prix Versailles]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=M·CUBE AND BULGARI KUALA LUMPUR WIN PRIX VERSAILLES AWARDS|url=https://www.mvrdv.com/news/1418/m%C2%B7cube-and-bulgari-kuala-lumpur-win-prix-versailles-awards|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> International Architecture Award,<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV Is Honoured To Receive International Architecture Award 2020 For Valley Project|url=https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/egppc/mvrdv-is-honoured-to-receive-international-architecture-award-2020-for-valley-project.html|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> [[Architizer]] A+ Award,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Architizer – Firm of the Year 2018 – MVRDV| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PzKA6KXEPk|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> and [[Red Dot Design Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spijkenisse Book Mountain|url=https://www.red-dot.org/project/spijkenisse-book-mountain-30723|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> MVRDV's work has been exhibited in multiple locations including Gallery MA, Tokyo;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Architecture for Dogs|url=https://jp.toto.com/gallerma/ex131025/index_e.htm|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> [[Het Nieuwe Instituut]], Rotterdam;<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV Exhibition Shows Behind-the-Scenes Look into the Firm's Archive and Creative Process|date=29 December 2021 |url=https://www.archdaily.com/974354/mvrdv-exhibition-shows-behind-the-scenes-look-into-the-firms-archive-and-creative-process|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> ArchiLib Gallery, Paris;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Architecture taking action:MVRDV and The Why Factory exhibition in Paris|url=https://thewhyfactory.com/news/architecture-taking-action-mvrdv-and-the-why-factory-exhibition-in-paris/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Kyoto Global Design Awards –  Environmental Design category<ref name=":4" /> and Architektur Galerie, Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV celebrates opening of its Berlin office with MVRDV Haus Berlin exhibition|url=https://archello.com/nl/news/mvrdv-celebrates-opening-of-its-berlin-office-with-mvrdv-haus-berlin-exhibition|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref>


== Criticism ==
== Criticism ==
MVRDV's rise to that of a significant force<ref>{{Cite web|title=30 Best Architecture Firms in the Netherlands|date=24 February 2023 |url=https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/collections/best-architecture-firms-in-netherlands/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Work globally: How does the internationally active architecture firm MVRDV work in times of Corona?|url=https://www.detail.de/en/de_en/work-globally-how-does-the-internationally-active-architecture-firm-mvrdv-work-in-times-of-corona|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> within the architecture industry has been accompanied by critical voices. The [[Market Hall (Rotterdam)|Markthal]] in [[Rotterdam]], despite winning several awards,<ref>{{Cite web|title=MIPIM Award voor Rotterdamse Markthal|url=https://architectenweb.nl/nieuws/artikel.aspx?ID=36470|access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Markthal is the best shopping center in the world!|url=https://www.eur.nl/en/news/markthal-best-shopping-center-world |access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV's Markthal Rotterdam Wins European Property Award|date=3 October 2015 |url=https://www.archdaily.com/774681/mvrdvs-markthal-rotterdam-wins-european-property-award|access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref> did not  
MVRDV's rise to that of a significant force<ref>{{Cite web|title=30 Best Architecture Firms in the Netherlands|date=24 February 2023 |url=https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/collections/best-architecture-firms-in-netherlands/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Work globally: How does the internationally active architecture firm MVRDV work in times of Corona?|url=https://www.detail.de/en/de_en/work-globally-how-does-the-internationally-active-architecture-firm-mvrdv-work-in-times-of-corona|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> within the architecture industry has been accompanied by critical voices. The [[Market Hall (Rotterdam)|Markthal]] in [[Rotterdam]], despite winning several awards,<ref>{{Cite web|title=MIPIM Award voor Rotterdamse Markthal|url=https://architectenweb.nl/nieuws/artikel.aspx?ID=36470|access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Markthal is the best shopping center in the world!|url=https://www.eur.nl/en/news/markthal-best-shopping-center-world |access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV's Markthal Rotterdam Wins European Property Award|date=3 October 2015 |url=https://www.archdaily.com/774681/mvrdvs-markthal-rotterdam-wins-european-property-award|access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref> did not meet with universal acclaim. Rob Bevan of ''[[Architectural Review]]'' described it as being part of an overall mistaken preference in Rotterdam for a "stodgy diet of instant icons" and indicative of "noodle-headed re-shaping and architectural gymnastics", the implication being that more modest designs as part of a more integrated city-wide planning would create more successful buildings, although Bevan tempered his criticism in acknowledging that "There is curiosity value then in MVRDV’s immovable feast with its seemingly calculated ''jolie laide'' proportions and it has brought vigour to a corner of the city demanding it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bevan |first=Rob |date=2015-01-05 |title=Markthal in Rotterdam by MVRDV |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/today/markthal-in-rotterdam-by-mvrdv |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=[[Architectural Review]] |language=en}}</ref>
meet with universal acclaim. Rob Bevan of ''[[Architectural Review]]'' described it as being part of an overall mistaken preference in Rotterdam for a "stodgy diet of instant icons" and indicative of "noodle-headed re-shaping and architectural gymnastics", the implication being that more modest designs as part of a more integrated city-wide planning would create more successful buildings, although Bevan tempered his criticism in acknowledging that "There is curiosity value then in MVRDV’s immovable feast with its seemingly calculated ''jolie laide'' proportions and it has brought vigour to a corner of the city demanding it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bevan |first=Rob |date=2015-01-05 |title=Markthal in Rotterdam by MVRDV |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/today/markthal-in-rotterdam-by-mvrdv |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=[[Architectural Review]] |language=en}}</ref>


The urban and architectural geographer Mark Minkjan expressed a belief that contemporary architects often serve as makeup artists of sales pitches, or producers of visually pleasing "eye candies" using MVRDV's "Valley" to illustrate his view.<ref name=":8" /> As a case study, he made a specific critique of the renderings of Valley, an MVRDV project located in an emerging business district of Amsterdam and subsequently named the world's best skyscraper in the 2021 Emporis Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emporis Skyscraper Award 2021| date=13 November 2022 |url=https://www.e-architect.com/awards/emporis-skyscraper-award-2021-news?expand_article=1|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Minkjan saw the renderings as cosmetic, deceptive images that hid the environmental, financial challenges that would occur during and after the building's construction, saying "In reality ... the building will never turn out like the rendering".<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=What this MVRDV Rendering Says About Architecture and the Media|date=15 February 2016 |url=https://failedarchitecture.com/what-this-mvrdv-rendering-says-about-architecture-and-media/|access-date=2023-04-08}}</ref> Furthermore, despite "Valley's" commercial spaces receiving [[BREEAM]] "Excellent" certification, the building's energy performance being 30% better than local regulations require, and the residential area scoring 8 out of 10 on the GPR Building Scale,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Valley skyscraper. Towards an ecology of inclusion|date=10 December 2022 |url=https://ifdm.design/2022/12/10/the-valley-skyscraper-towards-an-ecology-of-inclusion/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Minkjan nonetheless accuses the office of [[greenwashing]], stating his view that the unrealistic illustration of rooftop gardens and terraces, which ignore the effects of smog, wind, poor soil and changing seasons, deflect attention from the sizeable {{CO2}} emissions of the building construction.<ref name=":8" /> Minkjan's criticism notwithstanding, "Valley" has been positively received,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karst away|url=https://www.stylepark.com/en/news/mvrdv-valley-amsterdam-architecture-stylepark|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=With Valley, MVRDV Adds Topography to Amsterdam's Business District|date=28 April 2022 |url=https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/with-valley-mvrdv-adds-topography-to-amsterdams-business-district/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV Delivers yet another Iconic Architectural Masterpiece!|date=20 September 2022 |url=https://www.indiaartndesign.com/mvrdv-delivers-yet-another-iconic-architectural-masterpiece/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Business bolster, 'green' pit, that is the multifunctional Valley building on Amsterdam's Zuidas|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/cultuur-media/zakelijke-bolster-groene-pit-dat-is-het-multifunctionele-gebouw-valley-op-de-amsterdamse-zuidas~b4728f67/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> and garden designer [[Piet Oudolf]] worked with MVRDV on the building, using around 13,500 plants in 370 planting areas over 27 floors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV's angular Valley skyscraper opens in Amsterdam|date=20 September 2022 |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2022/09/20/valley-skyscraper-mvrdv-open-amsterdam/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref>
The urban and architectural geographer Mark Minkjan expressed a belief that contemporary architects often serve as makeup artists of sales pitches, or producers of visually pleasing "eye candies" using MVRDV's "Valley" to illustrate his view.<ref name=":8" /> As a case study, he made a specific critique of the renderings of Valley, an MVRDV project located in an emerging business district of Amsterdam and subsequently named the world's best skyscraper in the 2021 Emporis Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emporis Skyscraper Award 2021| date=13 November 2022 |url=https://www.e-architect.com/awards/emporis-skyscraper-award-2021-news?expand_article=1|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Minkjan saw the renderings as cosmetic, deceptive images that hid the environmental, financial challenges that would occur during and after the building's construction, saying "In reality ... the building will never turn out like the rendering".<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=What this MVRDV Rendering Says About Architecture and the Media|date=15 February 2016 |url=https://failedarchitecture.com/what-this-mvrdv-rendering-says-about-architecture-and-media/|access-date=2023-04-08}}</ref> Furthermore, despite "Valley's" commercial spaces receiving [[BREEAM]] "Excellent" certification, the building's energy performance being 30% better than local regulations require, and the residential area scoring 8 out of 10 on the GPR Building Scale,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Valley skyscraper. Towards an ecology of inclusion|date=10 December 2022 |url=https://ifdm.design/2022/12/10/the-valley-skyscraper-towards-an-ecology-of-inclusion/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Minkjan nonetheless accuses the office of [[greenwashing]], stating his view that the unrealistic illustration of rooftop gardens and terraces, which ignore the effects of smog, wind, poor soil and changing seasons, deflect attention from the sizeable {{CO2}} emissions of the building construction.<ref name=":8" /> Minkjan's criticism notwithstanding, "Valley" has been positively received,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasparek |first=David |date=2022-11-16 |title=Karst away |url=https://www.stylepark.com/en/news/mvrdv-valley-amsterdam-architecture-stylepark |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=stylepark.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saltsman |first=Peter |date=28 April 2022 |title=With Valley, MVRDV Adds Topography to Amsterdam's Business District |url=https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/with-valley-mvrdv-adds-topography-to-amsterdams-business-district/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=[[Azure (design magazine)|]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hannema |first=Kirsten |date=2022-06-13 |title=Zakelijke bolster, ‘groene’ pit, dat is het multifunctionele gebouw Valley op de Amsterdamse Zuidas |trans-title=Business bolster, 'green' pit, that is the multifunctional Valley building on Amsterdam's Zuidas |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/cultuur-media/zakelijke-bolster-groene-pit-dat-is-het-multifunctionele-gebouw-valley-op-de-amsterdamse-zuidas~b4728f67/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=[[de Volkskrant]]}}</ref> and garden designer [[Piet Oudolf]] worked with MVRDV on the building, using around 13,500 plants in 370 planting areas over 27 floors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlson |first=Cajsa |date=20 September 2022 |title=MVRDV's angular Valley skyscraper opens in Amsterdam |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2022/09/20/valley-skyscraper-mvrdv-open-amsterdam/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=[[Dezeen]]}}</ref>


MVRDV's design of the [[Marble Arch Mound]] in London was not well received.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-london-58001770|title=Marble Arch Mound: 'I wouldn't pay £4 to walk up a hill'|work=[[BBC News]]|date=28 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> Critics named the creation of an artificial hill around and over London's Marble Arch to be pointless, a massive waste of time and material,<ref name="Architects' Journal">{{cite web|url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/critics-pile-onto-mvrdvs-mound-as-council-admits-attraction-is-not-ready|title=Critics pile onto MVRDV's Marble Arch mound as council admits attraction is 'not ready'|work=[[Architects' Journal]]|date=27 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> a pile of rubble,<ref name="CNN">{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/amp/london-mound-marble-arch/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728111830/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/amp/london-mound-marble-arch/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 28, 2021|title=Marble Arch Mound: London's newest attraction is a heap of earth|work=[[CNN]]|date=28 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> and London's worst attraction.<ref name="Metro">{{cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/07/27/london-marble-arch-mound-refunds-offered-after-its-branded-trash-heap-14996424/amp/|title=Marble Arch Mound: £2,000,000 Marble Arch Mound offers refunds after visitors call it a 'trash heap'|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)]]|date=27 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> MVRDV acknowledged the poor architectural result but also pointed to [[Westminster City Council]] for watering down their design, excluding the studio from overseeing the construction, and ignoring their advice.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV blames "loveless execution of our designs" for Marble Arch Mound fiasco|date=7 February 2022 |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2022/02/07/mvrdv-marble-arch-mound-fiasco/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref>
MVRDV's design of the [[Marble Arch Mound]] in London was not well received.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-london-58001770|title=Marble Arch Mound: 'I wouldn't pay £4 to walk up a hill'|work=[[BBC News]]|date=28 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> Critics named the creation of an artificial hill around and over London's Marble Arch to be pointless, a massive waste of time and material,<ref name="Architects' Journal">{{cite web|url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/critics-pile-onto-mvrdvs-mound-as-council-admits-attraction-is-not-ready|title=Critics pile onto MVRDV's Marble Arch mound as council admits attraction is 'not ready'|work=[[Architects' Journal]]|date=27 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> a pile of rubble,<ref name="CNN">{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/amp/london-mound-marble-arch/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728111830/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/amp/london-mound-marble-arch/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 28, 2021|title=Marble Arch Mound: London's newest attraction is a heap of earth|work=[[CNN]]|date=28 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> and London's worst attraction.<ref name="Metro">{{cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/07/27/london-marble-arch-mound-refunds-offered-after-its-branded-trash-heap-14996424/|title=Marble Arch Mound: £2,000,000 Marble Arch Mound offers refunds after visitors call it a 'trash heap'|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)]]|date=27 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> MVRDV acknowledged the poor architectural result but also pointed to [[Westminster City Council]] for watering down their design, excluding the studio from overseeing the construction, and ignoring their advice.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV blames "loveless execution of our designs" for Marble Arch Mound fiasco|date=7 February 2022 |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2022/02/07/mvrdv-marble-arch-mound-fiasco/|access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref>


== Research ==
== Research ==
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The Why Factory is a global [[think tank]] and [[research institute]] at [[Delft University of Technology]], led by professor [[Winy Maas]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=About {{!}}|url=https://thewhyfactory.com/about/|access-date=2021-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Its [[research]] revolves around analyzing [[Urban Development|urban developments]] and providing [[scenario]]s for future [[City|cities]] and [[societies]].<ref name=":7" /> There is particular focus on opening engaging the public in architectural debate through [[exhibition]]s, workshops, [[publication]]s and [[panel discussion]]s.<ref name=":7" /> Founded in 2007, the think tank also provides an experimental outlook on the [[Urban area|urban]] [[landscape]] of the future by exploring imaginary narratives and their interlinked new [[social context]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-21|title=The Why Factory at TU Delft Dares to Ask, Why Not?|url=https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/why-factory-at-tu-delft-dares-to-ask-why-not/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Azure Magazine}}</ref> To develop scenarios further, the Why Factory also uses computational design tools for analyzing and generating these concepts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Why Factory|url=https://www.tudelft.nl/onderwijs/opleidingen/masters/aubs/msc-architecture-urbanism-and-building-sciences/master-tracks/architecture/programme/studios/the-why-factory/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=TU Delft|language=nl-NL}}</ref>
The Why Factory is a global [[think tank]] and [[research institute]] at [[Delft University of Technology]], led by professor [[Winy Maas]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=About {{!}}|url=https://thewhyfactory.com/about/|access-date=2021-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Its [[research]] revolves around analyzing [[Urban Development|urban developments]] and providing [[scenario]]s for future [[City|cities]] and [[societies]].<ref name=":7" /> There is particular focus on opening engaging the public in architectural debate through [[exhibition]]s, workshops, [[publication]]s and [[panel discussion]]s.<ref name=":7" /> Founded in 2007, the think tank also provides an experimental outlook on the [[Urban area|urban]] [[landscape]] of the future by exploring imaginary narratives and their interlinked new [[social context]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-21|title=The Why Factory at TU Delft Dares to Ask, Why Not?|url=https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/why-factory-at-tu-delft-dares-to-ask-why-not/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Azure Magazine}}</ref> To develop scenarios further, the Why Factory also uses computational design tools for analyzing and generating these concepts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Why Factory|url=https://www.tudelft.nl/onderwijs/opleidingen/masters/aubs/msc-architecture-urbanism-and-building-sciences/master-tracks/architecture/programme/studios/the-why-factory/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=TU Delft|language=nl-NL}}</ref>


Some of research projects of MVRDV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV – Research|url=https://www.mvrdv.nl/themes/8/research|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.mvrdv.nl|date=1999 |language=en}}</ref>
Some of research projects of MVRDV:<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVRDV – Research|url=https://www.mvrdv.nl/themes/8/research|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.mvrdv.nl|date=1999 |language=en}}</ref>
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* Gwangju Folly
* Gwangju Folly
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== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.mvrdv.nl}}
* {{Official website|http://www.mvrdv.nl}}
*[http://www.archicentral.com/tag/mvrdv/ Archicentral.com: MVRDV projects]
*[http://www.archicentral.com/tag/mvrdv/ Archicentral.com: MVRDV projects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110022219/http://www.archicentral.com/tag/mvrdv/ |date=2010-01-10 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070821050651/http://www.danda.be/gallery/architect/mvrdv/ Danda.be: MVRDV projects photo gallery]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070821050651/http://www.danda.be/gallery/architect/mvrdv/ Danda.be: MVRDV projects photo gallery]
*[http://www.archello.com/en/company/mvrdv/ Archello.com: MVRDV publications]
*[http://www.archello.com/en/company/mvrdv/ Archello.com: MVRDV publications]

Latest revision as of 12:39, 21 November 2025

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File:Edificio Mirador (Madrid) 01.jpg
Mirador building (Madrid, Spain, 2005)

MVRDV is a Rotterdam, Netherlands-based architecture and urban design practice founded in 1993 by Winy Maas, Jacob van Rijs and Nathalie de Vries, with additional offices in Berlin, New York, Paris, and Shanghai.

The name and logo is inspired by the industrial music band KMFDM which at the time was one of Jacob van Rijs' favorite bands.[1] It is currently regarded as one of the world's finest architecture firms.[2][3][4] MVRDV is an acronym of the founding members' surnames: Winy Maas, Jacob van Rijs, and Nathalie de Vries.

History

Maas and Van Rijs worked at OMA, De Vries at Mecanoo before starting MVRDV.[5]

The trio studied architecture together at the Delft University of Technology, Netherlands and won the "Europan 2" competition with their project "Berlinvoids" in 1991 before founding MVRDV two years later.[6] The situation for starting a new office in the Netherlands was favourable – government support for young architects means all three received a grant to help start their architectural practice.[7]

It took some time for the company to get going, working without a fixed office until the firm's first major commission arrived.[8] This was the new offices for the public broadcasting corporation VPRO in Hilversum, the Netherlands (1993–1997). Other early built works include the Wozoco housing in Amsterdam (1994–1997)[9] and the Dutch Pavilion at the Hannover World Exhibition Expo 2000 (1997–2000).[10] These were followed by a business park 'Flight Forum' in Eindhoven, Gemini Residence silo conversion in Copenhagen, the Silodam Housing complex in Amsterdam, the Matsudai Cultural Centre in Japan, Unterföhring office campus near Munich, the Lloyd Hotel in Amsterdam, an urban plan and housing in The Hague Ypenburg, the rooftop – housing extension Didden Village in Rotterdam, the cultural Centre De Effenaar in Eindhoven, the boutique shopping building Gyre in Tokyo, part of Veldhoven's Maxima Medical Centre, and the iconic Mirador housing estate in Madrid.

Completed projects between 2012 and 2014 include a public library in Spijkenisse, the Netherlands, a shopping center in Schijndel, the Netherlands, a bank headquarters in Oslo, Norway, and the Market Hall in Rotterdam combining housing and shopping within the shape of an arch.[11]

Current projects in progress or on site include various housing projects in the Netherlands, China, France, India, the United Kingdom, the United States and other countries, a sustainable office building in Paris, a central business district in Shanghai, an office tower in Poznań, a museum of rock music and a community cultural centre in Roskilde and Frederiksberg respectively, large scale urban masterplans in Oslo, Bordeaux and Caen, an entire new eco-city in Logrono, Spain, a structural development vision for Dutch New Town Almere, the masterplan for the Dutch Floriade Horticultural Expo 2022, also in Almere, and a research masterplan into the future of greater Paris which was commissioned by French president Nicolas Sarkozy[12] and the mayor of Paris Bertrand Delanoë.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

MVRDV also maintains a research-oriented project called "The Why Factory",[13] which the company describes as an "independent think-tank and research institute". It is run together with the Delft University of Technology.[14]

Influences

In a 2010 interview with Designboom, Winy Maas cited Rem Koolhaas as one of the most important people that he had worked with and for, describing parts of MVRDV's work as intellectual responses to Koolhaas's questions.[15] The architect and critic Rafael Moneo has noted the common featured between OMA and MVRDV, starting with the positioning of the architect in their draft process, with projects treated as collaborative efforts and the architect acting as a catalyst.[16] An article in El Croquis further argued that "if the notion of creation is still present in their discourse, it is more than a co-creation or synergy between all the parties than as the exclusive vision or synthesis of an architect."[17]

The concept of densification - where the population density or building density is increased via taller buildings or adding more housing units - is a topic Koolhaas focused heavily on in his book "Delirious New York".[18] Reflection on the notion of densification also comprises a significant part of MVRDV's research, for instance in their publications FARMAX and KM3, with Maas further noting that "... proximity makes sense. That's a fundamental part of our culture for many of us."[19] In El Croquis, architect Fernando Márquez Cecilia notes that "through these conceptual overlaps, the projects of the two offices show in some cases even strong formal accordance, as in the case of the VPRO Building and the Educatorium".[20]

Maas has also noted that the Club of Rome warnings made in the 1960s over the dangers of global growth, which Maas heard as a ten-year old, contributed to his decision to study landscape architecture and urban planning. This continues to inform his ideas – solutions to the climate crisis must be sought on a large scale.[21]

Nathalie de Vries cites De Stijl, the Dutch museum director Franks Haks, and Mecanoo´s housing and neighbourhood projects as influences. Mecanoo is where de Vries began her professional career.[7]

Architectural language

The variety of design choices in their buildings demonstrate that MVRDV wishes not to develop a specific style of architecture, but to provide and develop different methods in designing architecture and urban space. Projects are developed by interdisciplinary teams that test different possibilities rather than designing "top-down".Template:Explain Over the years, this strategy led to the development of an architectural language that helps in explaining design choices to others.[22]

In the exhibition "Architecture speaks" – The Language of MVRDV, MVRDV presented four conceptual themes to describe their work. The exhibition was shown in the "aut", an architectural centre in the Tyrol region of Innsbruck, Austria and was curated by Natalie de Vries.[23]

  • "stack": This refers to the ever growing demand in space as well as the approach to stack and connect functions vertically, to create a three-dimensional space. This method came into use for the "Berlinvoids" design, where the office saw an opportunity to renew the standard way to deal with densification.[22]
  • "pixel": The term "pixel" deals with the boundaries of space and provides the smallest unit in an agglomeration of units. It was initially developed as a measuring tool for the offices software "The Function mixer" and transformed into a flexible form that is adapted to the needs of its function.[22]
  • "village": With the manifestation of the term village, MVRDV takes the next step into not only wanting to develop the immediate building but also the context. They use the "village" to be an example for ideal homes and neighbourhoods that can work as a basis for "healthy community-making"(DeVries, 2019).[22]
  • "activator": Spaces that engage social interaction are referred to as "activators". These projects provide structures that exceed habitable use, being descriptive of the social interaction process rather than the formalistic character of the structure itself.[22]

Notable works

Valley, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Winner of the Emporis Skyscraper Award, Valley is a mixed-use, semi-publicly accessible development in the Zuidas business district of Amsterdam. Comprising three towers of heights ranging from 67 to 100 metres tall, it combines offices, shops, catering, cultural facilities, and apartments in one building. Described as “an oasis in a business district dominated by regular office buildings” a green valley winds between the fourth and fifth floors, wholly accessible via two stone external staircases.

Depot Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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MVRDV won the design competition for the depot in 2013, for which the assignment was to offer a glimpse behind the scenes of the museum world and make the whole art collection accessible to the public. The world's first publicly accessible art storage facility and a 2023 Architectural Digest “Work of Wonder”,[24] the depot displays more than 150,000 works of art and design that the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen previously had no room to exhibit. In addition to the significant amount of storage space required for art and design works, the depot comprises exhibition halls, a rooftop garden, and a restaurant.

Tianjin Binhai Library, Tianjin, China

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Nicknamed “The Eye”, the Tianjin Binhai Library is part of the Binhai Cultural Center, and MVRDV's second complered project in the Chinese municipality. A five-level library possessing a total floor space of 33,700 square metres, it features floor-to-ceiling terraced bookshelves able to hold 1.2 million books, with a 110-capacity auditorium set in a central sphere. According to Newsweek’s culture writer, Anna Menta, the library is “breathtaking” and “every book lover’s dream.”[25] This was MVRDV's fastest realised project to date, taking only three years from the first sketch to the opening.

Current Projects

As of 2023, MVRDV's current projects include:

Europe

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  • Innovation Park Artificial Intelligence, Heilbronn, Germany[26]
  • Project Gomila, Palma, Mallorca, Spain[27]
  • Skanderbeg Building, Tirana, Albania[28]
  • Tripolis Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands[29]
  • Gagarin Valley, Gagarin, Armenia[30]
  • Portlantis, Rotterdam, Netherlands[31]
  • Magasin 113, Gothenburg, Sweden[32]
  • The Sax, Rotterdam, Netherlands[33]
  • (Y)our City Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom[34]
  • Fabryczna Offices, Łódź, Poland[35]
  • Turm Mit Taille, Vienna, Austria[36]
  • Basel Rheincity, Basel, Switzerland[37]
  • Grand Paris, Paris, France[38]

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Americas

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  • Ziel, Montevideo, Uruguay[39]
  • Glass Mural, Detroit, United States[40]
  • The Hills, Guayaquil, Ecuador[41]
  • Armourdale Area Master Plan, Kansas City, United States[42]
  • The Canyon, San Francisco, United States

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Asia

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  • Chengdu Jiaozi Courtyard Towers, Chengdu, China[43]
  • Hangzhou Oil Refinery Factory Park, Hangzhou, China[44]
  • Wuhan Library, Wuhan, China[45]
  • Sun Rock, Taichung, Taiwan[46]
  • Irwell Hill Residences, Singapore[47]
  • Shenzhen Terraces, Shenzhen, China[48]
  • Hoowave Water Factory, Huwei, Taiwan[49]
  • Oasis Towers, Nanjing, China[50]
  • LAD HQ, Shanghai, China[51]
  • The Weaves, Seoul, South Korea[52]
  • Zhangjiang Future Park, Shanghai, China[53]
  • Pixel, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates[54]

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Gallery

Awards

MVRDV has won awards across multiple architectural categories including housing, public buildings, commercial buildings, mixed-used developments, interior design, exterior design, and landscape architecture.[55] Notable accolades include the RIBA House of the Year (Public Vote),[56] European Museum of the Year Jury Prize,[57] Emporis Skyscraper Award,[58] ArchDaily Building of the Year,[59][60] Prix Versailles,[61] International Architecture Award,[62] Architizer A+ Award,[63] and Red Dot Design Award.[64] MVRDV's work has been exhibited in multiple locations including Gallery MA, Tokyo;[65] Het Nieuwe Instituut, Rotterdam;[66] ArchiLib Gallery, Paris;[67] Kyoto Global Design Awards – Environmental Design category[55] and Architektur Galerie, Berlin.[68]

Criticism

MVRDV's rise to that of a significant force[69][70] within the architecture industry has been accompanied by critical voices. The Markthal in Rotterdam, despite winning several awards,[71][72][73] did not meet with universal acclaim. Rob Bevan of Architectural Review described it as being part of an overall mistaken preference in Rotterdam for a "stodgy diet of instant icons" and indicative of "noodle-headed re-shaping and architectural gymnastics", the implication being that more modest designs as part of a more integrated city-wide planning would create more successful buildings, although Bevan tempered his criticism in acknowledging that "There is curiosity value then in MVRDV’s immovable feast with its seemingly calculated jolie laide proportions and it has brought vigour to a corner of the city demanding it".[74]

The urban and architectural geographer Mark Minkjan expressed a belief that contemporary architects often serve as makeup artists of sales pitches, or producers of visually pleasing "eye candies" using MVRDV's "Valley" to illustrate his view.[75] As a case study, he made a specific critique of the renderings of Valley, an MVRDV project located in an emerging business district of Amsterdam and subsequently named the world's best skyscraper in the 2021 Emporis Awards.[76] Minkjan saw the renderings as cosmetic, deceptive images that hid the environmental, financial challenges that would occur during and after the building's construction, saying "In reality ... the building will never turn out like the rendering".[75] Furthermore, despite "Valley's" commercial spaces receiving BREEAM "Excellent" certification, the building's energy performance being 30% better than local regulations require, and the residential area scoring 8 out of 10 on the GPR Building Scale,[77] Minkjan nonetheless accuses the office of greenwashing, stating his view that the unrealistic illustration of rooftop gardens and terraces, which ignore the effects of smog, wind, poor soil and changing seasons, deflect attention from the sizeable CO2 emissions of the building construction.[75] Minkjan's criticism notwithstanding, "Valley" has been positively received,[78][79][80] and garden designer Piet Oudolf worked with MVRDV on the building, using around 13,500 plants in 370 planting areas over 27 floors.[81]

MVRDV's design of the Marble Arch Mound in London was not well received.[82] Critics named the creation of an artificial hill around and over London's Marble Arch to be pointless, a massive waste of time and material,[83] a pile of rubble,[84] and London's worst attraction.[85] MVRDV acknowledged the poor architectural result but also pointed to Westminster City Council for watering down their design, excluding the studio from overseeing the construction, and ignoring their advice.[86]

Research

The Why Factory

The Why Factory is a global think tank and research institute at Delft University of Technology, led by professor Winy Maas.[87] Its research revolves around analyzing urban developments and providing scenarios for future cities and societies.[87] There is particular focus on opening engaging the public in architectural debate through exhibitions, workshops, publications and panel discussions.[87] Founded in 2007, the think tank also provides an experimental outlook on the urban landscape of the future by exploring imaginary narratives and their interlinked new social contexts.[88] To develop scenarios further, the Why Factory also uses computational design tools for analyzing and generating these concepts.[89]

Some of research projects of MVRDV:[90]

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  • Gwangju Folly
  • Crystal Houses
  • Almere Oosterworld
  • Grand Paris
  • Almere 2030
  • Airbus UAM
  • Pampus Harbour
  • North Sea Wind Park
  • Pig City
  • The NEXT ITMO
  • Oslo Le Grand
  • Stadt Land Schweiz
  • Skycar City
  • Metacity/Datatown
  • Myst Light Fixture
  • The Why Factory
  • Architecture Speaks: The Language of MVRDV
  • Infinity Kitchen
  • Vertical Village IBA
  • Vertical Village Seoul
  • House of Clothing
  • NL28 Olympic Fire
  • Freeland @ the Biennale
  • Vertical City Taipei
  • Bi-City Biennale 2017
  • MVRDV Haus Berlin
  • Porous City Lego Towers
  • The Hungry Box
  • MVRDVH20
  • China Hills

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Publications

Further reading

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Orlandoni, Alessandra: "Interview with Winy Maas" – The Plan 013, March 2006, retrieved 4 September 2010
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Agnès Poirier: Architects reveal plans to redesign Paris, in The Guardian, 13 March 2009, retrieved 4 September 2010
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:ISBN?
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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