Timok Valley: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Region in Serbia}}
{{short description|Geographical region in Serbia}}
[[File:Bor District and Zaječar District (Timočka Krajina).jpg|thumb|300px|Map of the Timok Valley, in [[Serbia]].]]
[[File:Bor District and Zaječar District (Timočka Krajina).jpg|thumb|220px|Map of the Bor District and Zaječar District (bordered in red) in Serbia.]]
The '''Timok Valley''' ({{langx|sr|Тимочка Крајина|Timočka Krajina}}; {{langx|bg|Тимошко|Timoshko}}; {{langx|ro|Valea Timocului}}) is a [[geographical region]] in east [[Serbia]] around the [[Timok River]]. The Timok Valley corresponds to parts of two Serbian districts ([[Bor District|Bor]] and [[Zaječar District|Zaječar]]), with a total 2022 census population of 200,785.
The '''Timočka Krajina''' ({{langx|sr|Тимочка Крајина}}, {{lit|Timok Frontier}}) or '''Timok Valley''' ({{langx|ro|Valea Timocului}}), is a [[geographical region]] in eastern [[Serbia]] around the [[Timok River]]. It roughly corresponds to two [[Administrative districts of Serbia|administrative districts]], [[Bor District|Bor]] and [[Zaječar District|Zaječar]], which have a combined population of 197,815.


==Name==
==Name==
The Serbian name is derived from the [[hydronym]] ''Timok'' and ''[[krajina]]'' ("frontier, [[March (territorial entity)|march]]"), named such due to its location and history as a borderland. It was introduced in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Interwar period]] as denoting the Timok confluence with the [[Negotin Valley]] and [[Ključ (region)|Ključ]], which are part of the Timok Valley.{{sfn|Živković|2014|p=409}} The term has no historical or geographical basis.{{sfn|Živković|2014|p=409}} In [[Romanian language|Romanian]], the term "Timoc Valley" ({{lang|ro|Valea Timocului}}) is used for the area inhabited by the Romanian-speaking [[Vlachs of Serbia|Vlachs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Timoc |first=Cristea Sandu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5W2OzPFw0oC&pg=PR19 |title=Povești populare românești |date=1988 |publisher=Editura Minerva |location=București |pages=19– |language=ro |quote=<!--românovlahilor din valea Timocului-->}}</ref> "Tribalia" is also used in Romanian.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandu Timoc |first=Cristea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_7PY2eRP4C |title=Poezii populare de la românii din Timoc: Nord-estul Serbiei și nord-vestul Bulgariei |date=2007 |publisher=Editura Ager |isbn=978-973-7961-42-6 |location=Bucureşti |language=ro}}</ref> The region was sometimes known as Podunavia in medieval times.<ref name="Coman 2016">{{Cite book |last=Coman |first=Marian |title=Putere și teritoriu: Țara Românească medievală (secolele XIV-XVI) |date=2016 |publisher=Polirom |isbn=978-9-73463-403-3 |location=Iaşi |language=ro |chapter=Frontiera sârbească a Țării Românești în vremea lui Mircea cel Bătrân}}</ref>
The Serbian name is derived from the [[hydronym]] ''Timok'' and ''[[krajina]]'' ("frontier, [[March (territorial entity)|march]]"), named such due to its location and history as a borderland. The term was in use in the 19th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Jovanović|1883|loc=p. 256: "у Тимочку крајину"}}, {{harvnb|Milićević|1876|p=771}}</ref> In 1876, ''Timočka Krajina'' was described as including the ''okrug'' of Aleksinac, Gurgusovac, Crna Reka and Krajina.{{sfn|Milićević|1876|p=771}} It was introduced officially in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|interwar period]] as denoting the Timok confluence with the ''[[Negotinska Krajina]]'' and Ključ, and is noted as having no historical or geographical basis.{{sfn|Živković|2014|p=409}} The {{ill|Timok Oblast|sr|Тимочка област}} ({{lang|sr|Тимочка област}}), which existed between 1922 and 1929, was also known as ''Timočka Krajina''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Letopis Timočke eparhije|volume=2-3|publisher=Štamparija i knjigoveznica M. Despotovića|date=1924|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Letopis_Timo%C4%8Dke_eparhije/0z8sAQAAMAAJ|p=3|quote=Тимочка област или Тимочка крајина}}</ref>


==Geography==
In [[Romanian language|Romanian]], the term "Timoc Valley" ({{lang|ro|Valea Timocului}}) is used for the area inhabited by the Romanian-speaking [[Vlachs of Serbia|Vlachs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Timoc |first=Cristea Sandu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5W2OzPFw0oC&pg=PR19 |title=Povești populare românești |date=1988 |publisher=Editura Minerva |location=București |pages=19– |language=ro |quote=<!--românovlahilor din valea Timocului-->}}</ref> The region was sometimes known as Podunavia ([[Podunavlje]]) in medieval times.<ref name="Coman 2016">{{Cite book |last=Coman |first=Marian |title=Putere și teritoriu: Țara Românească medievală (secolele XIV-XVI) |date=2016 |publisher=Polirom |isbn=978-9-73463-403-3 |location=Iaşi |language=ro |chapter=Frontiera sârbească a Țării Românești în vremea lui Mircea cel Bătrân}}</ref>
The Timok Valley roughly corresponds to the [[Bor District|Bor]] and [[Zaječar District|Zaječar]] districts of Serbia. It includes six [[municipality|municipalities]] and two [[city|cities]]:  
 
*[[Zaječar]] – 66,000
==Extent==
*[[Bor, Serbia|Bor]] – 44,000
In the 21st-century, Timočka Krajina is described as extending from the [[Kučaj]] foothills near [[Knjaževac]] to the [[Vratarnica]] river.{{sfn|Vlahović|2006|p=38}} In Socialist Serbia, the region included the towns of Negotin (also belonging to ''[[Negotinska Krajina]]''), Knjaževac and Zaječar.<ref>{{cite book|title=Beogradska operacija|publisher=Vojnoistorijski institut Jugoslovenske narodne armije|date=1989|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Beogradska_operacija/tpN4AAAAIAAJ|p=|quote=Negotinska krajina i Timočka krajina , u kojima su gradovi Negotin , Zaječar i Knjaževac}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marković|first=Jovan Đ|title=Regionalna geografija SFR Jugoslavije|publisher=Građevinska knjiga|date=1980|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Regionalna_geografija_SFR_Jugoslavije/w38cAAAAMAAJ|p=906|quote=Timočka krajina ( Negotin , Knjaževac )}}</ref>
*[[Negotin]] – 37,000
 
*[[Knjaževac]] – 32,000
==History==
*[[Sokobanja]] – 19,000
Early [[Bronze Age]] [[pottery]] of the [[Kostolac-Kocofeni culture]] has been found throughout the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srejovic |first=Dragoslav |date=n.d. |title=Kulture bakarnog i ranog bronzanog doba na tlu Srbije |url=http://www.rastko.rs/arheologija/srejovic/dsrejovic-eneolit.html |website=Projekat Rastko |language=sr}}</ref> During the Roman era, the area was administratively part of the [[Dacia Ripensis]]. During emperor Justinian's reign there were numerous fortifications in the area. Notable Roman sites include [[Timacum Minus]], [[Trajan's Bridge]], [[Diana Fortress]], and others.
*[[Kladovo]] – 21,000
The Bulgarian ruler [[Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria|Ivan Stratsimir]] (Vidin Principate) and Wallachian Voivode [[Mircea I of Wallachia|Mircea the Elder]] controlled the territory of Podunavia (the Timok Valley) until the Ottoman conquest in the 14th century.<ref name="Coman 2016" /> Several settlements in the region received [[Habsburg monarchy]] frontier status after the 1718 [[Treaty of Passarowitz]]; the area became a frontier towards the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dabić |first=Vojin S. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3Sg_1wR4poC&pg=PA200 |title=The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718 |date=2011 |publisher=Purdue University Press |isbn=978-1-55753-594-8 |editor-last=Ingrao |editor-first=Charles W. |location=West Lafayette, Indiana |pages=200– |chapter=The Habsburg-Ottoman War of 1716-1718 and Demographic Changes in War-Afflicted Territories |editor-last2=Samardžić |editor-first2=Nikola |editor-last3=Pesalj |editor-first3=Jovan}}</ref>
*[[Boljevac]] – 15,000
 
*[[Majdanpek]] – 20,000
The area was a battleground between Serbian rebels and the Ottoman Empire during the [[First Serbian Uprising]] (1804–1813).{{sfn|Jovanović|1883|loc=p. 256: "у Тимочку крајину"}}
 
A peasant uprising took place in 1883, known as the [[Timok Rebellion]], resulting from various economic, political, and social factors.
 
Between 1918 and 1922, there were two districts of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]] in the area – Krajina District, with seat in [[Negotin]], and Timok District with seat in [[Zaječar]]. In 1922, these two districts were merged into the newly formed Timok Oblast with seat in Zaječar. Timok Oblast existed until 1929 when it was included into the newly formed [[Morava Banovina]] with seat in [[Niš]].
 
During [[World War II in Serbia|World War II]] it was an area of operations of the [[Yugoslav Partisans]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dedijer|first=Vladimir|chapter=TIMOČKA KRAJINA|title=Novi prilozi za biografiju Josipa Broza Tita|publisher=Liburnija|date=1981|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Novi_prilozi_za_biografiju_Josipa_Broza/L7EfAQAAMAAJ|pp=616-|quote=<!--U Timočkoj krajini dejstvovali-->}}</ref>
 
At present there are two [[Administrative districts of Serbia|administrative districts]] encompassing the area: Bor District with seat in [[Bor, Serbia|Bor]]; and Zaječar District with seat in [[Zaječar]].
 
==Demographics==
=== Towns ===
There are three towns with over 10,000 inhabitants.
* [[Zaječar]]: 32,448
* [[Bor, Serbia|Bor]]: 28,822
* [[Negotin]]: 14,647
 
=== Ethnic structure ===
{{see also|Vlachs of Serbia|Romanian language in Serbia}}
[[File:Eastern Serbia, according to 2011 census.png|thumb|220px|Ethnic map of eastern Serbia by settlements and municipalities, 2011 census]]
The region is inhabited by a majority of [[Serbs]] and minority of [[Vlachs of Serbia|Vlachs]]. The Serb community traditionally speak the Kosovo–Resava dialect in the north and the Prizren-Timok dialect in the south; however, standard [[Serbian language|Serbian]] is used in formal communication. The Vlachs speak a variety of two dialects ([[Banat Romanian dialect|Banat]] and [[Oltenian dialect|Oltenian]] dialects) of the Romanian language, which awaits standardization into a hypothetical new language for the Vlachs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2007 |title=Romanii din Valea Timocului, recunoscuti drept minoritate nationala. |url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a103742/romanii-din-valea-timocului-recunoscuti-drept-minoritate-nationala.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926222741/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a103742/romanii-din-valea-timocului-recunoscuti-drept-minoritate-nationala.html |archive-date=2007-09-26 |access-date=2007-10-19 |website=România liberă |language=ro}}</ref> Both Serbs and Vlachs are Eastern Orthodox by denomination. There is ongoing debate over the ethnic identification of the Vlach community and whether they are Romanians or not.


The largest city in the region is [[Zaječar]], and therefore functions as its cultural, urban, and economic centre. It consists of four municipalities: Stari grad (old parts of the city: Vlačić, Kraljevica, Karađorđev venac, Šljivarsko brdo, Lubničko brdo, [[Oskoruša]], Pazaršte, Zvezdan, Podliv, Veliki izvor), Kotlujevac (Ključ 1,2,3,4, Živinarnik, Selište, Vlaško brdo, Beli breg), Grljan (south suburban parts and Višnjar) and Salaš (north suburban parts). The largest municipality is Koltlujevac, with a population of over 25,000.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Ethnicity
!Population<ref>{{Cite web| title=Ethnicity - Data by municipalities and cities | url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20234001.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428110851/https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/pdf/G20234001.pdf | archive-date=2023-04-28}}</ref>
!Share
|-
| [[Serbs]]
| 162,414
| 82.1%
|-
| [[Vlachs of Serbia|Vlachs]]
| 11,336
| 5.7%
|-
| [[Romani people in Serbia|Roma]]
| 3,521
| 1.7%
|-
|Others
| 5,736
| 2.9%
|-
|Undeclared/Unknown
| 16,548
| 8.3%
|}


==Geography==
===Climate===
===Climate===
Zaječar, the biggest city in the region, has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Dfa''), bordering on a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfa'').
Zaječar, the biggest town in the region, has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Dfa''), bordering on a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfa'').
{{Weather box
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|width = auto
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|date=November 2015
|date=November 2015
}}
}}
==History==
Early [[Bronze Age]] [[pottery]] of the [[Kostolac-Kocofeni culture]] has been found throughout the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srejovic |first=Dragoslav |date=n.d. |title=Kulture bakarnog i ranog bronzanog doba na tlu Srbije |url=http://www.rastko.rs/arheologija/srejovic/dsrejovic-eneolit.html |website=Projekat Rastko |language=sr}}</ref> During the Roman era, the area was administratively part of the [[Dacia Ripensis]]. During emperor Justinian's reign there were numerous fortifications in the area. Notable Roman sites include [[Timacum Minus]], [[Trajan's Bridge]], [[Diana Fortress]], and others.
The Bulgarian ruler [[Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria|Ivan Stratsimir]] (Vidin principate) and Wallachian Voivode [[Mircea I of Wallachia|Mircea the Elder]] controlled the territory of Podunavia until the Ottoman conquest in the 14th century.<ref name="Coman 2016" /> Several settlements in the region received [[Habsburg monarchy]] frontier status after the [[Treaty of Passarowitz]] (1718); the area became a frontier towards the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dabić |first=Vojin S. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3Sg_1wR4poC&pg=PA200 |title=The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718 |date=2011 |publisher=Purdue University Press |isbn=978-1-55753-594-8 |editor-last=Ingrao |editor-first=Charles W. |location=West Lafayette, Indiana |pages=200– |chapter=The Habsburg-Ottoman War of 1716-1718 and Demographic Changes in War-Afflicted Territories |editor-last2=Samardžić |editor-first2=Nikola |editor-last3=Pesalj |editor-first3=Jovan}}</ref>
A peasant uprising took place in 1883 in the Timok Valley, in Eastern Serbia, known as the [[Timok Rebellion]]. The peasant movement of 1883 resulted from economic, political and social factors.
Between 1918 and 1922, two districts of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] existed in the area – Krajina District, with seat in [[Negotin]], and Timok District with seat in [[Zaječar]]. In 1922, these two districts were merged into the newly formed Timok Oblast with seat in Zaječar. Timok Oblast existed until 1929 when it was included into the newly formed [[Morava Banovina]] with seat in [[Niš]]. At present there are two districts in the area: [[Bor District]] with seat in [[Bor, Serbia|Bor]]; and [[Zaječar District]] with seat in Zaječar.
==Culture==
===Ethnic groups===
{{see also|Vlachs of Serbia|Romanian language in Serbia|Bulgarian language in Serbia}}
[[File:Map of Vlach community in eastern Serbia.jpg|thumb|The Vlach community in eastern Serbia.]]
The region is inhabited by a majority of [[Serbs]] and minority of [[Romanians]]/[[Vlachs of Serbia|Vlachs]]. Based on the 2002 census and results in the Bor and Zaječar Districts (which together had 284,112 inhabitants), there were 85,58% Serbs, 8,31% Vlachs and 0,96% [[Romani in Serbia|Romani]]. The Serb community traditionally speak the Kosovo–Resava dialect in the north and the Prizren-Timok dialect in the south; however, Standard [[Serbian language|Serbian]] is used in formal communication. The Vlachs speak a variety of two dialects ([[Banat Romanian dialect|Banat]] and [[Oltenian dialect|Oltenian]] dialects) of the Romanian language, which awaits standardization into a hypothetical new language for the Vlachs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2007 |title=Romanii din Valea Timocului, recunoscuti drept minoritate nationala. |url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a103742/romanii-din-valea-timocului-recunoscuti-drept-minoritate-nationala.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926222741/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a103742/romanii-din-valea-timocului-recunoscuti-drept-minoritate-nationala.html |archive-date=2007-09-26 |access-date=2007-10-19 |website=România liberă |language=ro}}</ref> Both Serbs and Vlachs are Eastern Orthodox by denomination. There is currently controversy regarding the ethnic identification of the Vlach community and whether they are Romanians or not.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:IJzeren_Poort_Stuwdam.JPG|[[Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station|Iron Gate I dam]]  
Image:IJzeren_Poort_Stuwdam.JPG|[[Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station]]  
Image:IJzeren Poort 2.jpg|The Kazan gorge
Image:IJzeren Poort 2.jpg|The Kazan Gorge
Image:Tabula_Traiana.jpg|[[Tabula Traiana]]
Image:Tabula_Traiana.jpg|[[Tabula Traiana]]
Image:Sokobanja view.JPG|Panoramic view of [[Sokobanja]]
File:Iabucovat.jpg|Folkloric group in Vlach traditional costumes from [[Jabukovac, Negotin|Jabukovac]]  
File:Region between Timok and Morava from Map of Banat of Temesvár (1740).jpg|Timok in 1740
File:Iabucovat.jpg|Folkloric group from [[Jabukovac, Negotin|Jabukovac]]  
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 165: Line 195:
==Sources==
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Paunović |first=Marinko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6H06AQAAIAAJ |title=Đerdap i Timočka Krajina |date=1970 |publisher=Binoza |language=sr}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14sSAAAAIAAJ |title=Timočka Krajina |date=1928 |publisher=Izd. Udruženja Timočana i Krajinaca |location=Beograd |language=sr |script-title=sr:Тимочка Крајина}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Istorijski institut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1541AAAAMAAJ |title=Timočka krajina u XIX veku: zbornik radova |last2=Međuopštinski odbor za obeležavanje sto pedesetogodišnjice oslobođenja Timočke krajine od Turaka |date=1988 |publisher=Istorijski institut |script-title=sr:Тимочка крајина у XIX веку: Зборник радова |language=sr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Božić |first=Sofija |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhwkBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 |date=2014 |publisher=Institut za nоviju istоriju Srbije, Geоgrafski institut "Jоvan Cvijić" SАNU, Institut za slavistku Ran |isbn=978-86-7005-125-6 |location=Beograd |pages=409– |language=sr,en |script-title=sr:Историја и географија: Сусрети и прожимања / History and geography: Meetings and permeations}}
* {{Cite book |last=Božić |first=Sofija |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhwkBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 |date=2014 |publisher=Institut za nоviju istоriju Srbije, Geоgrafski institut "Jоvan Cvijić" SАNU, Institut za slavistku Ran |isbn=978-86-7005-125-6 |location=Beograd |pages=409– |language=sr,en |script-title=sr:Историја и географија: Сусрети и прожимања / History and geography: Meetings and permeations}}
* {{cite journal|last=Jovanović|first=Dragoljub K.|title=Црна река|journal=Glasnik Srpskog učenog društva|volume=54|date=1883|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Glasnik_Srpskog_u%25C4%258Denog_dru%25C5%25A1tva/VhI9qHx9JrwC|pp=187-256}}
* {{cite book|last=Milićević|first=M. Đ|chapter=Тимочка Крајина|title=Kneževina Srbija|publisher=Sloboda|date=1876|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Kne%C5%BEevina_Srbija/JlFQAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&pg=PA771|pp=771-}}
* {{cite book|last=Paunović|first=Marinko|title=Đerdap i Timočka Krajina|publisher=Binoza|date=1970|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%C4%90erdap_i_Timo%C4%8Dka_Krajina/AzsBAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Radovanović|first1=Olica|last2=Tošić|first2=Snežana|title=Characteristics and problems of demographic development of Timočka Krajina in the second half of the 20th century|journal=Zbornik Matice srpske za društvene nauke|volume=131|year=2010|pp=387-395}}
* {{cite journal|last=Todorović|first=Miodrag|title=Evolucija stanovništva Timočke krajine 1901–2002|journal=Zbornik radova Instituta za savremenu istoriju|volume=10|year=2007|pp=145-153}}
* {{cite book|last=Vlahović|first=Petar|title=Serbia: The Country, People, Life, Customs|publisher=Ethnographic Museum|date=2006|isbn=978-86-7891-031-9|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Serbia/Dx4qAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Živković|first1=Ljiljana|last2=Jovanović|first2=Slavoljub|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhwkBgAAQBAJ&q=Territorial-demographic+and+functional+organisation+of+the+Negotinska+Krajina+settlement+net&pg=PA407|title=Territorial-demographic and functional organisation of the Negotinska Krajina settlement net|journal=Историја и географија: Сусрети и прожимања|pages=407–421|year=2014|isbn=9788670051256}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Latest revision as of 05:29, 9 September 2025

Template:Short description

File:Bor District and Zaječar District (Timočka Krajina).jpg
Map of the Bor District and Zaječar District (bordered in red) in Serbia.

The Timočka Krajina (Template:Langx, Template:Lit) or Timok Valley (Template:Langx), is a geographical region in eastern Serbia around the Timok River. It roughly corresponds to two administrative districts, Bor and Zaječar, which have a combined population of 197,815.

Name

The Serbian name is derived from the hydronym Timok and krajina ("frontier, march"), named such due to its location and history as a borderland. The term was in use in the 19th century.[1] In 1876, Timočka Krajina was described as including the okrug of Aleksinac, Gurgusovac, Crna Reka and Krajina.Template:Sfn It was introduced officially in the interwar period as denoting the Timok confluence with the Negotinska Krajina and Ključ, and is noted as having no historical or geographical basis.Template:Sfn The Template:Ill (Script error: No such module "Lang".), which existed between 1922 and 1929, was also known as Timočka Krajina.[2]

In Romanian, the term "Timoc Valley" (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is used for the area inhabited by the Romanian-speaking Vlachs.[3] The region was sometimes known as Podunavia (Podunavlje) in medieval times.[4]

Extent

In the 21st-century, Timočka Krajina is described as extending from the Kučaj foothills near Knjaževac to the Vratarnica river.Template:Sfn In Socialist Serbia, the region included the towns of Negotin (also belonging to Negotinska Krajina), Knjaževac and Zaječar.[5][6]

History

Early Bronze Age pottery of the Kostolac-Kocofeni culture has been found throughout the region.[7] During the Roman era, the area was administratively part of the Dacia Ripensis. During emperor Justinian's reign there were numerous fortifications in the area. Notable Roman sites include Timacum Minus, Trajan's Bridge, Diana Fortress, and others. The Bulgarian ruler Ivan Stratsimir (Vidin Principate) and Wallachian Voivode Mircea the Elder controlled the territory of Podunavia (the Timok Valley) until the Ottoman conquest in the 14th century.[4] Several settlements in the region received Habsburg monarchy frontier status after the 1718 Treaty of Passarowitz; the area became a frontier towards the Ottoman Empire.[8]

The area was a battleground between Serbian rebels and the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813).Template:Sfn

A peasant uprising took place in 1883, known as the Timok Rebellion, resulting from various economic, political, and social factors.

Between 1918 and 1922, there were two districts of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in the area – Krajina District, with seat in Negotin, and Timok District with seat in Zaječar. In 1922, these two districts were merged into the newly formed Timok Oblast with seat in Zaječar. Timok Oblast existed until 1929 when it was included into the newly formed Morava Banovina with seat in Niš.

During World War II it was an area of operations of the Yugoslav Partisans.[9]

At present there are two administrative districts encompassing the area: Bor District with seat in Bor; and Zaječar District with seat in Zaječar.

Demographics

Towns

There are three towns with over 10,000 inhabitants.

Ethnic structure

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File:Eastern Serbia, according to 2011 census.png
Ethnic map of eastern Serbia by settlements and municipalities, 2011 census

The region is inhabited by a majority of Serbs and minority of Vlachs. The Serb community traditionally speak the Kosovo–Resava dialect in the north and the Prizren-Timok dialect in the south; however, standard Serbian is used in formal communication. The Vlachs speak a variety of two dialects (Banat and Oltenian dialects) of the Romanian language, which awaits standardization into a hypothetical new language for the Vlachs.[10] Both Serbs and Vlachs are Eastern Orthodox by denomination. There is ongoing debate over the ethnic identification of the Vlach community and whether they are Romanians or not.

Ethnicity Population[11] Share
Serbs 162,414 82.1%
Vlachs 11,336 5.7%
Roma 3,521 1.7%
Others 5,736 2.9%
Undeclared/Unknown 16,548 8.3%

Geography

Climate

Zaječar, the biggest town in the region, has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa), bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa). Script error: No such module "weather box".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Gallery

References

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Sources

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External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Geographical regions of Serbia

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