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[[File:MarsReconnaissanceOrbiter-Views-EarthMoon-20220422.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Example of a ''conceptual system'': [[Earth]] and its [[Moon]] (as seen from [[Mars]]).{{efn|name=binarySystem|1=  Earth and Moon form a [[binary system]] whose [[barycenter]] lies within Earth itself. The effect on Earth's trajectory is observed as a "wobble" of an otherwise elliptical orbit of Earth around the [[Sun]].}}]][[Thomas Nagel]] (1974) identified a [[thought experiment]] for non-humans in "[[What is it like to be a bat?]]".<ref>[[Thomas Nagel]],  {{cite journal |author-link= Thomas Nagel |display-authors= 0 |
[[File:MarsReconnaissanceOrbiter-Views-EarthMoon-20220422.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Example of a ''conceptual system'': [[Earth]] and its [[Moon]] (as seen from [[Mars]]).{{efn|name=binarySystem|1=  Earth and Moon form a [[binary system]] whose [[barycenter]] lies within Earth itself. The effect on Earth's trajectory is observed as a "wobble" of an otherwise elliptical orbit of Earth around the [[Sun]].}}]][[Thomas Nagel]] (1974) identified a [[thought experiment]] for non-humans in "[[What is it like to be a bat?]]".<ref>[[Thomas Nagel]],  {{cite journal |author-link= Thomas Nagel |display-authors= 0 |
first= Thomas|last= Nagel |url= http://www.philosopher.eu/others-writings/nagel-what-is-it-like-to-be-a-bat/ |title= What is it like to be a bat? |journal= Philosophical Review |volume= LXXXIII |issue= 4 |date= Oct 1974 |pages= 435–450 |doi=10.2307/2183914|jstor= 2183914 |url-access= subscription }}</ref> [[David Premack]] and Ann James Premack (1983) assert that some non-humans (such as apes) can understand a [[great ape language|non-human language]].<ref name=Mind13>Premack, David & Premack, Ann James. (1983) ''[[The Mind of an Ape]]'', p. 13. {{ISBN|0-393-01581-5}}.</ref>  
first= Thomas|last= Nagel |url= https://www.philosopher.eu/others-writings/nagel-what-is-it-like-to-be-a-bat/ |title= What is it like to be a bat? |journal= Philosophical Review |volume= LXXXIII |issue= 4 |date= Oct 1974 |pages= 435–450 |doi=10.2307/2183914|jstor= 2183914 |url-access= subscription }}</ref> [[David Premack]] and Ann James Premack (1983) assert that some non-humans (such as apes) can understand a [[great ape language|non-human language]].<ref name=Mind13>Premack, David & Premack, Ann James. (1983) ''[[The Mind of an Ape]]'', p. 13. {{ISBN|0-393-01581-5}}.</ref>  
The earliest activities in the [[linguistic description|description of language]] have been attributed to the [[6th century BC|6th-century-BC]] Indian grammarian [[Pāṇini]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present|author=[[Rens Bod]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-966521-1|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaOcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter =Chapter VI: Sanskrit Literature|title = The Imperial Gazetteer of India|volume = 2 |date=1908|page = 263|chapter-url =https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette02hunt}}</ref> who wrote a [[Formal grammar|formal description]] of the [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit language]] in his ''{{IAST|[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]}}'' ([[Devanagari]] अष्टाध्यायी).<ref>{{cite web|title=Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.0|url=http://panini.phil.hhu.de/panini/panini/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=panini.phil.hhu.de|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005527/http://panini.phil.hhu.de/panini/panini/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (2 Vols.) |author=S.C. Vasu (Tr.) |publisher=Vedic Books |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-208-0409-8 |url=http://www.vedicbooks.net/ashtadhyayi-panini-vols-p-2313.html |access-date=17 September 2012 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327172935/http://www.vedicbooks.net/ashtadhyayi-panini-vols-p-2313.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, modern-day theories on [[generative grammar|grammar]] employ many of the principles that were laid down then.<ref>{{cite journal |title=On Panini and the Generative Capacity of Contextualised Replacement Systems |first1=Gerald |last1=Penn |first2=Paul |last2=Kiparski |url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2092.pdf |journal=Proceedings of COLING 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005455/https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2092.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |pages=943–950}}</ref>
The earliest activities in the [[linguistic description|description of language]] have been attributed to the [[6th century BC|6th-century-BC]] Indian grammarian [[Pāṇini]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present|author=[[Rens Bod]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-966521-1|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaOcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter =Chapter VI: Sanskrit Literature|title = The Imperial Gazetteer of India|volume = 2 |date=1908|page = 263|chapter-url =https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette02hunt}}</ref> who wrote a [[Formal grammar|formal description]] of the [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit language]] in his ''{{IAST|[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]}}'' ([[Devanagari]] अष्टाध्यायी).<ref>{{cite web|title=Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.0|url=http://panini.phil.hhu.de/panini/panini/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=panini.phil.hhu.de|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005527/http://panini.phil.hhu.de/panini/panini/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (2 Vols.) |author=S.C. Vasu (Tr.) |publisher=Vedic Books |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-208-0409-8 |url=http://www.vedicbooks.net/ashtadhyayi-panini-vols-p-2313.html |access-date=17 September 2012 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327172935/http://www.vedicbooks.net/ashtadhyayi-panini-vols-p-2313.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, modern-day theories on [[generative grammar|grammar]] employ many of the principles that were laid down then.<ref>{{cite journal |title=On Panini and the Generative Capacity of Contextualised Replacement Systems |first1=Gerald |last1=Penn |first2=Paul |last2=Kiparski |url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2092.pdf |journal=Proceedings of COLING 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005455/https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2092.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |pages=943–950}}</ref>


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* [[George Lakoff]], "[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-98016-003 What is a Conceptual System?]", in: Willis F. Overton & David Stuart Palermo eds., ''The Nature and Ontogenesis of Meaning'', 1994.
* [[George Lakoff]], "[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-98016-003 What is a Conceptual System?]", in: Willis F. Overton & David Stuart Palermo eds., ''The Nature and Ontogenesis of Meaning'', 1994.
* [[Thomas Nagel]], {{cite journal |author-link= Thomas Nagel |display-authors= 0 |
* [[Thomas Nagel]], {{cite journal |author-link= Thomas Nagel |display-authors= 0 |
first= Thomas|last= Nagel |url= http://www.philosopher.eu/others-writings/nagel-what-is-it-like-to-be-a-bat/ |title= What is it like to be a bat? |journal= Philosophical Review |volume= LXXXIII |issue= 4 |date= Oct 1974 |pages= 435–450 |doi=10.2307/2183914|jstor= 2183914 |url-access= subscription }}
first= Thomas|last= Nagel |url= https://www.philosopher.eu/others-writings/nagel-what-is-it-like-to-be-a-bat/ |title= What is it like to be a bat? |journal= Philosophical Review |volume= LXXXIII |issue= 4 |date= Oct 1974 |pages= 435–450 |doi=10.2307/2183914|jstor= 2183914 |url-access= subscription }}
* [[Stuart A. Umpleby]] (1997), [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cybernetics-of-Conceptual-Systems-Umpleby/b9fe5b7cadf8b41e2b294cc3fec0390ed3a4d0ce "Cybernetics of conceptual systems" ''Cybernetics & Systems'' '''28''' (8), 635-651] <!--[http://www.gwu.edu/~umpleby/Conceptual_Systems.txt ''The cybernetics of conceptual systems''], Paper prepared for the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria. 1994-->
* [[Stuart A. Umpleby]] (1997), [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cybernetics-of-Conceptual-Systems-Umpleby/b9fe5b7cadf8b41e2b294cc3fec0390ed3a4d0ce "Cybernetics of conceptual systems" ''Cybernetics & Systems'' '''28''' (8), 635-651] <!--[http://www.gwu.edu/~umpleby/Conceptual_Systems.txt ''The cybernetics of conceptual systems''], Paper prepared for the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria. 1994-->


Latest revision as of 00:54, 28 September 2025

Template:Short description A conceptual system is a system of abstract concepts, of various kinds.Template:Efn-ua The abstract concepts can range "from numbers, to emotions, and from social roles, to mental states ..".Template:Efn-ua These abstract concepts are themselves grounded in multiple systems.Template:Efn-uaTemplate:Efn In psychology, a conceptual system is an individual's mental model of the world; in cognitive science the model is gradually diffused to the scientific community; in a society the model can become an institution.Template:Efn In humans, a conceptual system may be understood as kind of a metaphor for the world.[1] A belief system is composed of beliefs; Jonathan Glover, following Meadows (2008)Template:Efn suggests that tenets of belief, once held by tenants, are surprisingly difficult for the tenants to reverse, or to unhold, tenet by tenet.[2][3][4][5]

File:MarsReconnaissanceOrbiter-Views-EarthMoon-20220422.jpg
Example of a conceptual system: Earth and its Moon (as seen from Mars).Template:Efn

Thomas Nagel (1974) identified a thought experiment for non-humans in "What is it like to be a bat?".[6] David Premack and Ann James Premack (1983) assert that some non-humans (such as apes) can understand a non-human language.[7]

The earliest activities in the description of language have been attributed to the 6th-century-BC Indian grammarian Pāṇini[8][9] who wrote a formal description of the Sanskrit language in his Script error: No such module "lang". (Devanagari अष्टाध्यायी).[10][11] Today, modern-day theories on grammar employ many of the principles that were laid down then.[12]

In the formal sciences, formal systems can have an ontological status independent of human thought, which cross across languages. Formal logical systems in a fixed formal language are an object of study. Logical forms can be objects in these formal systems. Abstract rewriting systems can operate on these objects. Axiomatic systems, and logic systems build upon axioms, and upon logical rules respectively, for their rewriting actions. Proof assistants are finding acceptance in the mathematical community.Template:Efn Artificial intelligence in machines and systems need not be restricted to hardware, but can confer a relative advantage to the institutions that adopt it, and adapt to it.[13]Template:Efn Canonical forms in a suitable format and in a critical mass for acceptance can be monitored, commented upon, adopted, and applied by cooperating institutions in an upward spiral. See Best practice

In technology, Chiplets are tiny hardware subsystem implementations of SoCs (systems on a chip) which can be interconnected into larger, or more responsive surroundings. Packaging SoCs into small hardware multi-chip packages allows more effective functions which confer a competitive advantage in economics, wars, or politics.[14]

File:Conveyor belt.svg
The global conveyor belt on a continuous-ocean map [ (animation)] From: Wikipedia article on thermohaline circulation.

The thermohaline circulation can occur from the deep oceans to the ocean's surface.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". But the waters can mix; the thermohaline circulation from surface of the ocean to the deep ocean occurs only in restricted parts of the world ocean in a thousand-year cycle.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The Wilson Cycle is an explanation of the formation of the Atlantic Ocean; the supercontinent cycles are a theory of the formation of supercontinent Pangea (335 million years ago) and its predecessor supercontinent Rodinia (1.2 billion years ago to 0.9 billion years ago).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

See also

Notes and references

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  5. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  6. ↑ Thomas Nagel, Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Premack, David & Premack, Ann James. (1983) The Mind of an Ape, p. 13. Template:ISBN.
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Breaking Defense (27 July 2023) How new modular chiplets in advanced semiconductors defend against dynamic threats

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Further reading

External links

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